Royal Society Open Science最新文献

Increased threat learning after social isolation in human adolescents. 人类青少年在社会隔离后的威胁学习能力增强。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240101

E Towner, K Thomas, L Tomova, S-J Blakemore

{"title":"Increased threat learning after social isolation in human adolescents.","authors":"E Towner, K Thomas, L Tomova, S-J Blakemore","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240101","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240101","url":null,"abstract":"In animal models, social isolation impacts threat responding and threat learning, especially during development. This study examined the effects of acute social isolation on threat learning in human adolescents using an experimental, within-participant design. Participants aged 16-19 years underwent a session of complete isolation and a separate session of isolation with virtual social interactions, counterbalanced between participants, as well as a baseline session. At baseline and following each isolation session, participants reported their psychological state and completed a threat learning task in which self-report ratings and physiological responses to learned threat and safety cues were measured. Threat learning increased after both isolation sessions in two ways. First, participants found the learned threat cue more anxiety-inducing and unpleasant after isolation compared with baseline. Second, during threat extinction, electrodermal activity was partially elevated after isolation compared with baseline. Further, the results suggested that isolation influenced threat learning through state loneliness. Threat learning is central to threat-related disorders including anxiety, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and our findings suggest that isolation and loneliness in adolescence might increase vulnerability to the emergence of these disorders through increased threat learning.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"240101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Signal growth in a pure time-modulated transmission line and the loss effect. 纯时间调制传输线中的信号增长和损耗效应。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240569

Mohamed F Hagag, Thomas R Jones, Karim Seddik, Dimitrios Peroulis

{"title":"Signal growth in a pure time-modulated transmission line and the loss effect.","authors":"Mohamed F Hagag, Thomas R Jones, Karim Seddik, Dimitrios Peroulis","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240569","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240569","url":null,"abstract":"We present the first comprehensive study for signal growth in transmission lines (TL) with purely time-modulated characteristic impedance <math><msub><mi>Z</mi> <mi>o</mi></msub> </math> (infinite superluminality). This study pioneers the investigation into the effects of varying the cell's electrical length and the impact of loss on momentum bandgaps and amplification levels. It also thoroughly examines how time-modulated transmission line truncation by a static load influences the sensitivity of amplification gain to the relative phase between the incoming signal and modulation, comparing these findings with the case of parametric amplification. Varying <math><msub><mi>Z</mi> <mi>o</mi></msub> </math> is accomplished by loading TLs with a sinusoidally time-modulated capacitor (TMC). The study starts with a simple lumped model cell to facilitate understanding of the phenomena. Following this, transmission lines are introduced, and the effects of incorporating loss are examined. To accomplish this, three models are investigated: a lossless L-C TL lumped model loaded with a shunt lossless TMC and a TL loaded with a shunt lossless and lossy TMC. Dispersion diagrams are plotted and momentum bandgaps are identified at a modulation frequency double the signal frequency. Within the momentum bandgap, only imaginary frequencies are found and correlated to momentum bandgap width and signal growth level. Signal growth is confirmed using harmonic balance and transient simulations, and the results are consistent with the dispersion diagram outcomes.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"240569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11558071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the measurement invariance of Free Will and Determinism Plus scale across four languages: a registered report. 评估自由意志和决定论 Plus 量表在四种语言中的测量不变性：注册报告。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220876

Siqi Duan, Chenghao Zhou, Qinglan Liu, Yixin Gong, Zenan Dou, Jingguang Li, Hu Chuan-Peng

{"title":"Assessing the measurement invariance of Free Will and Determinism Plus scale across four languages: a registered report.","authors":"Siqi Duan, Chenghao Zhou, Qinglan Liu, Yixin Gong, Zenan Dou, Jingguang Li, Hu Chuan-Peng","doi":"10.1098/rsos.220876","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.220876","url":null,"abstract":"Free will is assumed to be the core of an individual's self-concept. Belief in free will has been studied extensively and was found to be correlated with many behavioural and psychological outcomes. Although developed and validated in the West, the Free will and Determinism Plus (FAD-Plus) scale has been translated, used, and interpreted as a measurement of free will beliefs in multiple cultures. However, the cross-cultural measurement invariance of FAD-Plus has not been examined. Given the cultural differences in understanding the concept of 'free will', items of FAD-Plus may have different interpretations in different cultures, which may compromise its cross-cultural measurement invariance. To provide empirical evidence for the lack of cross-cultural measurement invariance, we collected data in China and analyzed these data together with open datasets of FAD-Plus in three other languages: Japanese, French and English. We only found partial measurement invariance between the Chinese and English datasets, as well as the Japanese and English datasets. These results provided the first assessment of cross-cultural measure invariance of FAD-Plus. We discussed the potential implications of the current study for future studies in the field.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"220876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Demographics of co-ageing complex systems: from infected worms to chess games. 共龄复杂系统的人口统计学：从感染蠕虫到国际象棋游戏。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240932

Cagatay Eskin, Dervis Can Vural

引用次数: 0

Stochastic analysis of Ebola infection in small zoonotic niches. 小型人畜共患病龛位中埃博拉病毒感染的随机分析。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240298

Sena Mursel, Paolo Bocchini, Javier Buceta

引用次数: 0

Prey detection by a stepwise visual template matching mechanism. 通过逐步视觉模板匹配机制检测猎物。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241042

Jules Silverman, Brad W Taylor

{"title":"Prey detection by a stepwise visual template matching mechanism.","authors":"Jules Silverman, Brad W Taylor","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241042","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241042","url":null,"abstract":"Predators can improve prey capture using a search image, and recent prey provide a visual template with which subsequent prey are compared. Considering trout feeding responses to mayfly prey of different sizes and phenological availability across years, we tested if changing relative abundances (ratios) of prey of the same species, but different body sizes, shifted trout feeding behaviour. For example, we hypothesized that a feeding switch from larger to smaller prey required continuous exposure to the novel smaller prey. The hypothesis that continuous exposure to novel small prey results in their acceptance was not supported. Rather, we discovered that trout identify novel prey using a dynamic stepwise visual neural template prey matching process, which involves the formation of focal prey template based on size or type, rejection of novel prey that do not match the size or type templates and modification of the existing or development of multiple prey templates that eventually enabled recognition of novel, small prey. We also discovered trout store multiple visual prey templates in memory. These results have implications for predator and prey dynamics, optimal foraging, the persistence of rare prey, prey species coexistence and predator selection on prey phenology.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"241042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Directionality theory and the origin of life. 定向理论与生命起源。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230623

Lloyd A Demetrius

{"title":"Directionality theory and the origin of life.","authors":"Lloyd A Demetrius","doi":"10.1098/rsos.230623","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.230623","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of cellular life can be described in terms of the transition from inorganic matter to the emergence of cooperative assemblies of organic matter: DNA and proteins, capable of replication and metabolism. Directionality theory is a mathematical theory of the collective behaviour of networks of organic matter: activated macromolecules, cells and higher organisms. Evolutionary entropy, a generalization of the thermodynamic entropy of Boltzmann, is a statistical measure of the cooperativity of the biotic components. The cornerstone of Directionality theory is the Entropic Principle of Evolution: evolutionary entropy increases in systems driven by a stable energy source, and decreases in systems subject to a fluctuating energy source. This article invokes the Entropic Principle of Evolution-an extension to biological systems of the Second Law of Thermodynamics-to provide an adaptive rationale for the following sequence of transformations that define the emergence of cellular life: (i) the self-assembly of activated macromolecules from inorganic matter; (ii) the emergence of an RNA world, defined by RNA molecules with catalytic and replicative properties; and (iii) the origin of cellular life, the integration of the three carbon-based polymers-DNA, proteins and lipids, to generate a metabolic and replicative unit.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"230623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11558456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Animal emotions and consciousness: a preliminary assessment of researchers' perceptions and biases and prospects for future progress. 动物情感与意识：对研究人员的看法和偏见的初步评估以及对未来进展的展望。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241255

Matthew N Zipple, Caleb Hazelwood, Mackenzie F Webster, Marcela E Benítez

{"title":"Animal emotions and consciousness: a preliminary assessment of researchers' perceptions and biases and prospects for future progress.","authors":"Matthew N Zipple, Caleb Hazelwood, Mackenzie F Webster, Marcela E Benítez","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241255","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241255","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists and philosophers have long struggled with the question of whether non-human animals experience emotions or consciousness. Yet, it is unclear where the scientific consensus on these topics lies today. To address this gap, we administered a survey of professional animal behaviour researchers to assess perceptions regarding (i) the taxonomic distribution of emotions and consciousness in non-human animals, (ii) respondents' confidence in this assessment, and (iii) attitudes towards pitfalls and potential for progress when addressing these questions. Respondents (n = 100) ascribe emotionality and consciousness to a broad swath of the animal taxonomy, including non-human primates, other mammals, birds and cephalopods. Respondents' attribution of these phenomena was strongly associated with their confidence in their assessments (R 2 > 0.9), with respondents assuming an absence of emotions and consciousness when they were unsure. We also identify an emergent consensus of the components involved in a functional definition of emotions. Researchers are optimistic that tools either currently exist or will exist in the future to rigorously address these questions (>85%) and that animal behaviour, as a field, should do more to encourage research works on emotions (>70%). We discuss implications for publication bias and future work in this area as well as ethical considerations regarding animal care and use.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"241255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11558068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancement of reactive oxygen species production by ultra-short electron pulses. 超短电子脉冲增强活性氧的产生。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240898

J Tye, O Solgaard, R J England, J V Trapp, A Fielding, C P Brown

{"title":"Enhancement of reactive oxygen species production by ultra-short electron pulses.","authors":"J Tye, O Solgaard, R J England, J V Trapp, A Fielding, C P Brown","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240898","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240898","url":null,"abstract":"The development of laser-driven accelerators-on-chip has provided an opportunity to miniaturize devices for electron radiotherapy delivery. Laser-driven accelerators produce highly time-compressed electron pulses, on the 100 fs to 1 ps scale. This delivers electrons at high peak power yet low average beam current compared with conventional delivery devices, which generate pulses of approximately 3 µs. The biophysical effects of this time structure, however, are unclear. Here, we use a Monte Carlo simulation approach to explore the effects of the electron beam time structure on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water. Our results show a power law increase in the generation of hydroxyl ions per deposited electron with decreasing pulse length over the pulse length range of 10 µs to 100 fs. Similar trends were observed for hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroperoxyl, hydronium and solvated electrons. In practical terms, this indicates a fourfold increase in the efficiency of free radical production for sub-picosecond pulses, relative to that of conventional microsecond pulses, for the same number of deposited electrons.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"240898"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating vaccination timing, hesitancy and effectiveness to prevent future outbreaks: insights from COVID-19 modelling and transmission dynamics. 评估疫苗接种时机、犹豫性和有效性以预防未来疫情爆发：从 COVID-19 建模和传播动态中获得的启示。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 eCollection Date: 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240833

Komal Tanwar, Nitesh Kumawat, Jai Prakash Tripathi, Sudipa Chauhan, Anuj Mubayi

{"title":"Evaluating vaccination timing, hesitancy and effectiveness to prevent future outbreaks: insights from COVID-19 modelling and transmission dynamics.","authors":"Komal Tanwar, Nitesh Kumawat, Jai Prakash Tripathi, Sudipa Chauhan, Anuj Mubayi","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240833","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240833","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 vaccine has been available in India since January 2021, although many individuals have refused to take the vaccine for various reasons. Vaccination plays a crucial role in disease control by preventing a substantial number of cases and associated disabilities. However, vaccine hesitancy poses a barrier that hinders these efforts. Our article presents a novel approach by proposing a mathematical model for COVID-19 that incorporates vaccine hesitancy, vaccine efficacy and behaviour compensation post-vaccination. The model is calibrated with COVID-19 incidence data for India from 13 February 2021 to 12 January 2022, using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The analysis examines the effects of hesitancy and social interventions through a series of practical simulations. The simulation results show that while COVID-19-infected individuals may have natural immunity, vaccination post-recovery is crucial to reduce cases by up to 64.1%. Social interventions, such as face masks and distancing, remain essential to prevent a rise in cases and ensure effective disease control. The model demonstrates that vaccination, combined with continued social interventions, is crucial for effectively reducing COVID-19 cases and preventing future outbreaks. Addressing vaccine hesitancy and maintaining preventive measures are key to successfully controlling the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 11","pages":"240833"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0