Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Parrot politics: social decision-making in wild parrots relies on both individual recognition and intrinsic markers.","authors":"Julia Penndorf, Damien R Farine, John M Martin, Lucy M Aplin","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dominance hierarchies are generally thought to form over time via memory of repeated interactions. Yet dominance hierarchies are also occasionally reported in species with fission-fusion social dynamics, where individuals may encounter large numbers of individuals, leading to incomplete social information. In these cases, three potential mechanisms have been proposed. First, the complex decision-making required could increase selection for social cognition. Second, so-called 'badge-of-status' could evolve as shortcuts. Third, mixed strategies could evolve that rely on memory for interactions with familiars and status signals for strangers. Here, we test these hypotheses in wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (<i>Cacatua galerita</i>), recording social associations and aggressive interactions of 411 individuals across three neighbouring roosts. We find cockatoos use a twofold social strategy when initiating or reacting to aggression. For familiar individuals, aggressions were initiated or responded to based on differences in dominance rank. However, when facing less familiar individuals, decisions to interact-or respond-were based on body weight, with interactions directed towards, and more likely to respond to, individuals of similar weight. Our results suggest that social knowledge remains an important determinant of aggressive interactions in fission-fusion systems, but that individuals can dynamically incorporate other cues of competitive ability when knowledge is lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing three-phase induction motor reliability with health index and artificial intelligence-driven predictive maintenance.","authors":"Felipe Lima Aires, Gabriel Dias Galeno, Fernando Nunes Belchior, Antonio Melo Oliveira, Julian David Hunt","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this work is to assist in the maintenance of three-phase induction motors by creating a health index for this equipment. The proposed approach is based on power quality concepts, the creation of an algebraic algorithm to determine the health index and the use of artificial intelligence algorithms for modelling time series, such as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Facebook Prophet, to predict the future health of the motor based on its historical data. The use of historical data makes it possible to anticipate potential failures and guide predictive maintenance strategies, helping to reduce costs and minimize unplanned downtime. The study examines various causes of failure in three-phase induction motors, analysing some of the most recurrent failures, their implications and the resulting impacts on the performance of the three-phase induction motor.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241946"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-compliance with and non-enforcement of UK loot box industry self-regulation on the Apple App Store: a longitudinal study on poor implementation.","authors":"Leon Y Xiao, Mie Lange Lund","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loot boxes in video games can be purchased with real-world money in exchange for random rewards. Stakeholders are concerned about loot boxes' similarities to gambling and their potential harms (e.g. overspending money and developing gambling problems). The previous Conservative UK Government decided to first try relying on industry self-regulation to address the issue, rather than to impose legislation. These self-regulations have since been published by the industry trade body, Ukie (UK Interactive Entertainment). Responding to many stakeholders' desires for a transparent and independent assessment of their implementation, we assessed companies' compliance with three empirically testable measures and also whether the rules were actively enforced. The 100 highest-grossing iPhone games were longitudinally examined both prior to the self-regulations coming into effect on 18 July 2024 (i.e. between January and June 2024) and after to check for potential improvement (i.e. between July and December 2024). Disappointingly, widespread non-compliance and non-enforcement were observed. Among games with loot boxes, none (0.0%) sought to obtain explicit parental consent prior to enabling loot box purchasing by under-18s. Only 23.5% disclosed loot box presence, and the few disclosures were all visually obscured and difficult to access. A mere 8.6% consistently disclosed the probabilities of obtaining different rewards for all loot boxes found. The rules were not enforced, contrary to Ukie's promise: all of the games that were non-compliant before the self-regulations came into effect remained non-compliant many months later, despite Ukie and the Apple App Store having been provided with evidence of the contraventions and put on notice to delist those games if remedial actions were not forthcoming. Because Ukie itself cannot enforce these self-regulations, platforms (e.g. app stores), the advertising regulator and the consumer protection regulators must better enforce pre-existing rules to ensure adequate consumer protection as already promised. Video games and loot boxes are no longer novel; laws that apply to all industries must also be enforced against this one. Governments are advised against relying on industry self-regulation, especially after repeated demonstrations of its many failings. Stricter legal regulation of loot boxes should be adopted. Preregistered Stage 1 protocol: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3KNYB (date of in-principle acceptance: 25 March 2024).</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"250704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersal and habitat preference of juvenile emperor penguins-implications for conservation management.","authors":"Azwianewi Benedict Makhado, Robert J M Crawford, Bruce M Dyer, Makhudu Masotla, Andrew Lowther","doi":"10.1098/rsos.231800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seabirds can disperse widely when searching for prey, particularly during nonbreeding periods. Conservation measures predominately focus on protecting breeding colonies, while spatial protection at sea is often based on knowledge of the distribution of breeding adults, despite accumulating evidence that marine habitats used by immature birds sometimes differ from those of adults. Juvenile emperor penguins from Atka Bay, west Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, tracked immediately after fledging performed long migrations to the northern extents of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources subareas 48.4 and 48.6. Individuals did not remain long at their northern positions, before commencing a rapid southerly movement to within a few hundred km of the marginal ice zone (MIZ). The initial migratory movement was broadly synchronous across individuals. The southward movement and subsequent change to area-restricted searching were consistent with the MIZ representing a potentially important feeding habitat for juvenile emperor penguins. Spatio-temporal management mechanisms may be beneficial in reducing threats to these young penguins.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"231800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12118580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A topological method of generating action potentials and electroencephalography oscillations in a surface network.","authors":"Siddhartha Sen","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain is a source of continuous electrical activity, which includes one-dimensional voltage pulses (action potentials) that propagate along nerve fibres, transient localized oscillations and persistent surface oscillations in five distinct frequency bands. However, a unified theoretical framework for modelling these excitations is lacking. In this article, we provide such a framework by constructing a special surface network in which all observed brain-like signals, including surface oscillations, can be generated by topological means. Analytic expressions for all these excitations are found, and the values of the five frequency bands of surface oscillations are correctly predicted. It is shown how input signals of the system produce their own communication code to encode the information they carry and how the response output propagating signals produced carry this input information with them and can transfer it to the pathways they traverse as a non-transient topological memory structure of aligned spin-half protons. It is conjectured that the memory structure is located in the insulating sheaths of nerve fibres and is stable only if the pathways between the assembly of neurons, which represents a memory structure, include loops. The creation time and size of memory structures are estimated, and a memory-specific excitation frequency for a memory structure is identified and determined, which can be used to recall memories.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale epidemiological modelling: scanning for mosquito-borne diseases spatio-temporal patterns in Brazil.","authors":"Eduardo C Araujo, Cláudia T Codeço, Sandro Loch, Luã B Vacaro, Laís Picinini Freitas, Raquel M Lana, Leonardo S Bastos, Iasmim F de Almeida, Fernanda Valente, Luiz Max Carvalho, Flávio C Coelho","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of climate on mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and chikungunya is well established, but comprehensively tracking long-term spatial and temporal trends across large areas has been hindered by fragmented data and limited analysis tools. This study presents an unprecedented analysis, in terms of breadth, estimating the susceptible-infectious-recovered transmission parameters from incidence data in all 5570 municipalities in Brazil over 14 years (2010-2023) for both dengue and chikungunya. We describe the Episcanner computational pipeline, developed to estimate these parameters, producing a reusable dataset characterizing all dengue and chikungunya epidemics that have taken place in this period in Brazil. The analysis reveals new insights into the climate-epidemic nexus: we identify distinct geographical and temporal patterns of arbovirus disease incidence across Brazil, highlighting how climatic factors like temperature and precipitation influence the timing and intensity of dengue and chikungunya epidemics. The innovative Episcanner tool empowers researchers and public health officials to explore these patterns in detail, facilitating targeted interventions and risk assessments. This research offers the possibility of exploring the main characteristics of dengue and chikungunya epidemics and their geographical specificities linked to the effects of global temperature fluctuations such as those captured by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation index.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty in the timing of diversification of flowering plants rests with equivocal interpretation of their fossil record.","authors":"James W Clark, Philip C J Donoghue","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.242158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The timing of the origin of crown-angiosperms exemplifies the impact of competing approaches to establishing evolutionary timescales. Fossils of unequivocal crown-angiosperms are not known from before the Cretaceous, and yet molecular estimates range from the Late Jurassic to the Permian. We show that the disagreement between molecular and palaeobotanical estimates is an artefact of interpretations of the fossil record. We employ relaxed molecular clock methods that reflect competing interpretations of the fossil record to show that such methods are entirely capable of recovering an explosive diversification of angiosperms if the fossil record can be interpreted confidently to support this. We argue that older putative angiosperm records have insufficient claim on crown-angiosperm affinity to justify their use in divergence time estimation and, in their absence, estimate crown-angiosperms to have diverged in a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous interval. This diminishes the Jurassic gap between molecular clock estimates and literal interpretations of the fossil record but expands the Jurassic gap in the fossil record of stem-angiosperms that is not readily rationalized. Attention should be refocused on the history of stem-angiosperms in which the body plan of this most successful lineage of land plants was assembled.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"242158"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive retention of simulated larvae on coral reefs.","authors":"Jim Greenwood, C J Sun, Christopher Doropoulos, Damian Thomson, Mark Baird, J Porobic, Scott Condie","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extent to which local coral populations are self-sustaining through local recruitment has important implications for managing coral reef systems. However, a lack of understanding has led to overly simplistic representation of this phenomenon in coral reef population models. In this study, we simulate the dispersal of artificial larvae from 24 selected individual reefs across the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, over a spawning period in December 2016, to identify key physical factors influencing their retention. We found the dispersal pattern of larvae differed depending on whether they are well mixed throughout the water column and transported by depth-averaged velocity or floating near the surface, with well-mixed populations following more circuitous routes and dispersing more slowly. Retention time (<i>R_t</i> ) varies widely between reefs, with most of the variation observed in this study (<i>r</i> ² = 0.90) explained by reef area (<i>A</i>) represented by the empirical power law relationship <i>R_t</i> = 10.34 A^0.65, or alternatively by a combination of reef area and mean water depth ( <math> <mstyle> <mrow><mover><mi>h</mi> <mo>¯</mo></mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> ) using the linear relationship <i>R_t</i> = 1.23(<i>A</i>) - 6.38( <math> <mstyle> <mrow><mover><mi>h</mi> <mo>¯</mo></mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> ). The formation of tidal eddies and being situated among closely aggregated reefs are shown to be important factors for larval retention. Simple retention relationships like these have the potential to be incorporated into larval connectivity modelling and reef meta-community modelling where reef area and water depth are known. Further research is needed to determine how different oceanographic conditions and interannual variability will affect these relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular basis of the explosive defence response in the bombardier beetle <i>Brachinus crepitans</i>.","authors":"Heiko Vogel, Nicolai Rügen, Natalie Wielsch, Richard M Twyman, Miray Tonk-Rügen, Andreas Vilcinskas","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241823","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bombardier beetles have evolved a sophisticated and unique chemical defence mechanism involving controlled explosions within their paired defensive glands, producing a hot, benzoquinone-rich defensive spray. The molecular basis of this response is not well characterized. We therefore combined the transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of different gland compartments in the bombardier beetle <i>Brachinus crepitans</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) to identify abundant transcripts and gland-specific proteins with key defensive functions, such as catalases, peroxidases and enzymes involved in hydroquinone synthesis. By combining precise dissections with protein sequence analysis, we built a comprehensive atlas of the relevant proteins and their spatio-temporal organization. We found that glucose is important as a stable precursor of hydrogen peroxide and hydroquinone. These chemicals, together with gland-specific peroxidases and catalases, then initiate the explosive defence reaction. We also present evidence that the evolution of explosive secretions involved the functional adaptation of peroxidase genes involving atypical substitutions in otherwise highly conserved protein domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors impacting effective altruism: revisiting heuristics and biases in charity in a replication and extension registered report of Baron and Szymanska (2011).","authors":"Mannix Chan, Gilad Feldman","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250290","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals who donate to charity may be affected by various biases and donate inefficiently. In a replication and extension registered report with a US Amazon Mechanical Turk sample using CloudResearch (<i>N</i> = 1403), we replicated studies 1 to 4 in Baron & Szymanska (Baron & Szymanska 2011 In <i>The science of giving: experimental approaches to the study of charity</i> (eds DM Oppenheimer, CY Olivola), pp. 215-235 (doi:10.4324/9780203865972-24)) with extensions on reputation and overhead funding. We found support for the effects of a preference for lower perceived waste (<i>d</i> = 0.70, 95% CI [0.41, 0.99]), lower past costs (<i>d</i> = 0.59, 95% CI [0.16, 1.02]), for the ingroup (<i>d</i> = 0.52, 95% CI [0.47, 0.58]), for having some diversification between charities (<i>d</i> = 0.63, 95% CI [0.47, 0.78] for single projects; <i>d</i> = 1.18, 95% CI [1.00, 1.36] for several projects versus one) and against forced charity (<i>d</i> = 0.29, 95% CI [0.21, 0.37]; nominally replicated, but has caveats regarding validity); as at least four of our five hypotheses were found to replicate, we conclude this as being a successful replication. Extending the replication, we found support for an unexpected preference for anonymity on donation allocation (opposite to our predictions; <i>d</i> = 0.54, 95% CI [0.46, 0.61]), and support for a preference towards paid-for overhead costs on donation allocation (<i>d</i> = 0.60, 95% CI [0.52, 0.68]). We discuss the implications and validity of these findings. All materials, data and code were made available on: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BEP78. This registered report has been officially endorsed by Peer Community in Registered Reports: https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.rr.100775.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"250290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}