Royal Society Open Science最新文献

Human-interpretable clustering of short text using large language models.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241692

Justin K Miller, Tristram J Alexander

引用次数: 0

Machine learning for refining interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging scans in the management of multiple sclerosis: a narrative review.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241052

Adam C Szekely-Kohn, Marco Castellani, Daniel M Espino, Luca Baronti, Zubair Ahmed, William G K Manifold, Michael Douglas

{"title":"Machine learning for refining interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging scans in the management of multiple sclerosis: a narrative review.","authors":"Adam C Szekely-Kohn, Marco Castellani, Daniel M Espino, Luca Baronti, Zubair Ahmed, William G K Manifold, Michael Douglas","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241052","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241052","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the brain and spinal cord with both inflammatory and neurodegenerative features. Although advances in imaging techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have improved the process of diagnosis, its cause is unknown, a cure remains elusive and the evidence base to guide treatment is lacking. Computational techniques like machine learning (ML) have started to be used to understand MS. Published MS MRI-based computational studies can be divided into five categories: automated diagnosis; differentiation between lesion types and/or MS stages; differential diagnosis; monitoring and predicting disease progression; and synthetic MRI dataset generation. Collectively, these approaches show promise in assisting with MS diagnosis, monitoring of disease activity and prediction of future progression, all potentially contributing to disease management. Analysis quality using ML is highly dependent on the dataset size and variability used for training. Wider public access would mean larger datasets for experimentation, resulting in higher-quality analysis, permitting for more conclusive research. This narrative review provides an outline of the fundamentals of MS pathology and pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques and data types in computational analysis, as well as collating literature pertaining to the application of computational techniques to MRI towards developing a better understanding of MS.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"241052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of parasite transmission dispersion.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240629

Hannelore MacDonald, Sebastian Bonhoeffer, Roland Regoes

{"title":"Evolution of parasite transmission dispersion.","authors":"Hannelore MacDonald, Sebastian Bonhoeffer, Roland Regoes","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240629","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240629","url":null,"abstract":"An open question in epidemiology is why transmission is often overdispersed, meaning that most new infections are driven by few infected individuals. For example, around 10% of COVID-19 cases cause 80% of new COVID-19 cases. This overdispersion in parasite transmission is likely driven by intrinsic heterogeneity among hosts, i.e. variable SARS-CoV-2 viral loads. However, host heterogeneity could also indirectly increase transmission dispersion by driving parasite adaptation. Specifically, transmission variation among hosts could drive parasite specialization to highly infectious hosts. Adaptation to rare, highly infectious hosts could amplify transmission dispersion by simultaneously decreasing transmission from common, less infectious hosts. This study considers whether increased transmission dispersion can be, in part, an emergent property of parasite adaptation to heterogeneous host populations. We develop a mathematical model using a Price equation framework to address this question that follows the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of a general host-parasite system. The results predict that parasite adaptation to heterogeneous host populations drives high transmission dispersion early in epidemics. Furthermore, parasite adaptation can maintain increased transmission dispersion at endemic equilibria if virulence differs between hosts in a heterogeneous population. More broadly, this study provides a framework for predicting how parasite adaptation determines transmission dispersion for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"240629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Illusory implications: incidental exposure to ideas can induce beliefs.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240716

Justin Mikell, Derek Powell

{"title":"Illusory implications: incidental exposure to ideas can induce beliefs.","authors":"Justin Mikell, Derek Powell","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240716","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240716","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous psychological findings have shown that incidental exposure to ideas makes those ideas seem more true, a finding commonly referred to as the 'illusory truth' effect. Under many accounts of the illusory truth effect, initial exposure to a statement provides a metacognitive feeling of 'fluency' or familiarity that, upon subsequent exposure, leads people to infer that the statement is more likely to be true. However, genuine beliefs do not only affect truth judgements about individual statements, they also imply other beliefs and drive decision-making. Here, we consider whether exposure to 'premise' statements affects people's truth ratings for novel 'implied' statements, a pattern of findings we call the 'illusory implication' effect. We argue these effects would constitute evidence for genuine belief change from incidental exposure and identify a handful of existing findings that offer preliminary support for this claim. Building upon these, we conduct three new preregistered experiments to further test this hypothesis, finding additional evidence that exposure to 'premise' statements affected participants' truth ratings for novel 'implied' statements, including for considerably more distant implications than those previously explored. Our findings suggest that the effects of incidental exposure reach further than previously thought, with potentially consequential implications for concerns around mis- and dis-information.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"240716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maturing conditions of bimetallic nanocomposites as a new factor influencing Au-Ag synergism and impact of Cu(II) and/or Fe(III) on luminescence.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241385

Veronika Svačinová, Tomáš Pluháček, Martin Petr, Karolina Siskova

{"title":"Maturing conditions of bimetallic nanocomposites as a new factor influencing Au-Ag synergism and impact of Cu(II) and/or Fe(III) on luminescence.","authors":"Veronika Svačinová, Tomáš Pluháček, Martin Petr, Karolina Siskova","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241385","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241385","url":null,"abstract":"Gold-silver synergism has been well documented in many scientific works dealing with luminescent nanostructures that are exploitable in biomedical and environmental application. Frequently, the ratio of Au : Ag in synthetic mixtures was varied to influence the extent of Au-Ag synergism of the resulting luminescent gold-silver nanoclusters (GSNCs). However, in our approach, a new step, maturing under differing conditions using the same Au : Ag ratio (5 : 1), has been investigated systematically for the very first time. As referent systems, monometallic gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and protein treated by the conditions of synthesis and maturing were prepared and investigated. The selected types of maturing conditions led to distinct changes in fluorescence characteristics and, consequently, Au-Ag synergism extent (evaluated as the ratio of fluorescence quantum yields of GSNCs versus AuNCs). The best synergism was obtained for GSNCs matured at 37°C for 2.5 h. The stability of luminescent signal of these GSNCs was tested in the presence of an excess (to 20 mM) of Cu(II) and/or Fe(III) ions (crucial cofactors in living systems). The same metallic ion concentration caused different extents of GSNC luminescence quenching, for which a plausible reasoning is suggested.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"241385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Threat to the predator suppresses defence of its prey.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241711

Monika Sysiak, Piotr Maszczyk, Andrzej Mikulski

{"title":"Threat to the predator suppresses defence of its prey.","authors":"Monika Sysiak, Piotr Maszczyk, Andrzej Mikulski","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241711","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241711","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies have shown that prey can optimize their defence mechanisms based on cues indicating predator presence and pressure. However, little is known about whether prey can assess the actual threat by considering both predator density and the motivational state of cannibalistic predators, which can be influenced by threats from higher order predators. We conducted laboratory experiments to test the hypothesis that high predator density, combined with chemical cues indicating predator stress (e.g. alarm and disturbance cues), may inhibit prey defences. Using Daphnia and Zygoptera/Anisoptera larvae, we observed that Daphnia's strong response to low-density predator kairomones was suppressed when exposed to high-density predator kairomones and disturbance cues. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of a suppressive response to alarm cues. Our study is to our knowledge, the first to show that prey uses predator stress cues to avoid unnecessary defences, suggesting a 'cascade of fear' in which fear at one trophic level reduces fear at a lower level. Furthermore, it is to our knowledge the first to demonstrate that prey can reduce their anti-predator response in the presence of high densities of cannibalistic predators.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"241711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of expansion and adaptability of face-space for individual differences in face identity processing.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240879

Linda Ficco, Meike Ramon, Anna Schroeger, Jürgen M Kaufmann, Stefan R Schweinberger

{"title":"The role of expansion and adaptability of face-space for individual differences in face identity processing.","authors":"Linda Ficco, Meike Ramon, Anna Schroeger, Jürgen M Kaufmann, Stefan R Schweinberger","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240879","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240879","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals can strongly vary in their ability to process face identity. Understanding the mechanisms driving these differences is important for theoretical development, and in clinical and applied contexts. Here we investigate the role of face-space properties in relation to individual face identity processing skills. We consider two fundamental properties of face-space: expansion (how distant from each other similar faces are located in such space) and adaptability (the degree to which these distances change over time). Fifty-two participants performed a face detection task, with faces systematically varying in their location in face-space, and a comprehensive face identity processing test battery. We replicate previous results indicating a detection advantage for typical, as compared with distinctive faces. Critically, we find that neither our measure of face-space expansion nor that of face-space adaptability are related to individual face processing abilities. While future studies might benefit from the use of more sensitive measures of face-space properties, these results suggest that the two examined here do not contribute to individual differences in face processing abilities as previous studies suggest.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"240879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A new conceptual model for seed germination and seedling tillering of winter wheat in the field.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240723

Jinping Chen, Peter A Whalley, Zhongyang Li, Xiaoxian Zhang, Malcolm J Hawkesford, W Richard Whalley

{"title":"A new conceptual model for seed germination and seedling tillering of winter wheat in the field.","authors":"Jinping Chen, Peter A Whalley, Zhongyang Li, Xiaoxian Zhang, Malcolm J Hawkesford, W Richard Whalley","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240723","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240723","url":null,"abstract":"Seed germination is a crucial stage in plant development, intricately regulated by various environmental stimuli. Understanding these interactions is essential for optimizing planting and seedling management but remains challenging due to the trade-off effects of environmental factors on the germination process. We proposed a new conceptual model by viewing seed germination as a dynamic process in a physiological dimension, with the influence of environmental factors and seed heterogeneity characterized by a germination speed and a dispersion coefficient. To validate the model, we conducted field experiments by drilling wheat seeds at different dates to establish a temperature gradient and in different plots to create a soil water content gradient. Comparisons with our experimental data and literature results show the model accurately reproduces all germination patterns and the subsequent seedling tillering, with R 2 > 0.95. Our results reveal that within suboptimal temperature range, the seed germination increases asymptotically with temperature, and that as soil water content increases, the germination speed increases initially before decreasing, illustrating the trade-off effect of soil water on bioavailability of water and oxygen. Introducing a physiological dimension enables seed germination and the subsequent tillering process to be modelled as a continuous physiological process, providing deeper insight into plant growth dynamics.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"240723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bioinformatic approach to explain how Mg from seawater may be incorporated into coral skeletons.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.232011

Tomoko Bell, Akira Iguchi, Yoshikazu Ohno, Kazuhiko Sakai, Yusuke Yokoyama

{"title":"Bioinformatic approach to explain how Mg from seawater may be incorporated into coral skeletons.","authors":"Tomoko Bell, Akira Iguchi, Yoshikazu Ohno, Kazuhiko Sakai, Yusuke Yokoyama","doi":"10.1098/rsos.232011","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.232011","url":null,"abstract":"Corals have been used as geochemical proxies since the 1970s, playing a prominent role in paleoceanography. However, it has not been well elucidated how aqueous ions sourced from seawater are transported and precipitated in coral skeletons. There are limited foundational methods to differentiate and quantify biogenic and abiogenic effects during skeletal formation. Especially, Mg in coral skeletons show individual variations suggesting large biogenic effects. Here, we evaluated biological complexity by investigating how coral genes evolved over geologic time scales. We focused on Mg transporter and analysed five species from genus Acropora and three species from genus Porites. Mg transporter of Acropora digitifera, Acropora hyacinthus, Acropora millepora and Porites australiensis showed higher similarity to Mg transporter of vertebrates and were reported to appear on Earth during the Pleistocene. On the other hand, Acropora palmata, Acropora tenuis and Porites astreoides showed lower or no similarity to vertebrates, and they were reported to appear on Earth before the Pleistocene. We suggest such evolutional records can be evidence to demonstrate biological complexity of Mg transport from seawater. This might explain that Mg transport is subject to evolution and why Mg incorporated in coral skeletons tends to show strong biogenic effects compared with other elements.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"232011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stokes flows in a two-dimensional bifurcation.

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-01-22 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241392

Yidan Xue, Stephen J Payne, Sarah L Waters

{"title":"Stokes flows in a two-dimensional bifurcation.","authors":"Yidan Xue, Stephen J Payne, Sarah L Waters","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241392","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241392","url":null,"abstract":"The flow network model is an established approach to approximate pressure-flow relationships in a bifurcating network, and has been widely used in many contexts. Existing models typically assume unidirectional flow and exploit Poiseuille's law, and thus neglect the impact of bifurcation geometry and finite-sized objects on the flow. We determine the impact of bifurcation geometry and objects by computing Stokes flows in a two-dimensional (2D) bifurcation using the Lightning-AAA Rational Stokes algorithm, a novel mesh-free algorithm for solving 2D Stokes flow problems utilizing an applied complex analysis approach based on rational approximation of the Goursat functions. We compute the flow conductances of bifurcations with different channel widths, bifurcation angles, curved boundary geometries and fixed circular objects. We quantify the difference between the computed conductances and their Poiseuille law approximations to demonstrate the importance of incorporating detailed bifurcation geometry into existing flow network models. We parametrize the flow conductances of 2D bifurcation as functions of the dimensionless parameters of bifurcation geometry and a fixed object using a machine learning approach, which is simple to use and provides more accurate approximations than Poiseuille's law. Finally, the details of the 2D Stokes flows in bifurcations are presented.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"241392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0