Royal Society Open Science最新文献_第2页

An analysis of silk density in spider webs. 蜘蛛网上丝密度的分析。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250455

Fangyuan Lin, Kathryn Michelle Nagel, Seewoo Lee, Jason Jiang, Grant Yang, Patrick Chang, Samuel Chengda Li, Norman Sheu

{"title":"An analysis of silk density in spider webs.","authors":"Fangyuan Lin, Kathryn Michelle Nagel, Seewoo Lee, Jason Jiang, Grant Yang, Patrick Chang, Samuel Chengda Li, Norman Sheu","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250455","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250455","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the structural complexity of spider webs through information-theoretic and harmonicity-based frameworks to quantify spatial patterns in silk density across different web regions and reveal the underlying resource allocation strategies. Currently, there is no normalized approach for describing web structure and complexity, particularly for sheet webs, and this methodology allows for non-destructive scanning and quantification of web characteristics. By analysing the entropy of silk density distributions, a single scalar that captures the heterogeneity of material investment across the entire web, we observed that the entropy values follow a normal distribution with a mean of 1.24 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 0.22 bits when using 10 quantization levels. In the second part of the paper, by measuring the harmonicity of the silk density, we reveal that the silk density at a given point can be inferred from its neighbours, with an average harmonicity value of 0.0039 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 0.0017 (fraction of total points in point cloud data). The harmonic behaviour is notable for its maximum principle, suggesting that the strongest parts of the web appear at the boundaries, aligning with existing knowledge of spider web construction. These findings provide a new technique for quantifying web-building strategies and offer new insights into spider behaviour and evolution.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 10","pages":"250455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12483633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sodium thiosulfate-catalysed synthesis of thioethers from aldehydes or carboxylic acids. 硫代硫酸钠-由醛或羧酸催化合成硫醚。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250348

Maral Salehi, Najmeh Nowrouzi, Mohammad Abbasi

{"title":"Sodium thiosulfate-catalysed synthesis of thioethers from aldehydes or carboxylic acids.","authors":"Maral Salehi, Najmeh Nowrouzi, Mohammad Abbasi","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250348","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250348","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a straightforward and efficient method for the synthesis of thioethers from the reaction of aldehydes or carboxylic acids with thiols, utilizing sodium thiosulfate as a catalyst and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. The coupling reactions, facilitated by sodium thiosulfate, lead to the formation of thioethers through the generation of stable thiyl radicals. These metal-free processes are highly valuable for constructing C-S bonds from readily available coupling partners. Various aldehydes and carboxylic acids, including 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, 2-phenylpropanoic acid, phenylacetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2-furanacetic acid, were successfully employed as coupling partners. Notably, this method was also applied to structurally complex bioactive molecules, including the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and ibuprofen, which contain a carboxylic acid group, successfully affording the corresponding thioethers in acceptable yields. The results demonstrate that sodium thiosulfate is an effective and practical catalyst for these transformations, offering a mild and environmentally benign strategy for C-S bond formation with broad substrate scope.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 10","pages":"250348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12485628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-isomorphic abelian varieties with the same arithmetic. 具有相同算法的非同构阿贝尔变。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250310

Jamie Bell

引用次数: 0

Meta-learning provides a robust framework to discern taxonomic carnivore agency from the analysis of tooth marks on bone: reassessing the role of felids as predators of Homo habilis. 元学习提供了一个强大的框架，从骨骼上的牙印分析来辨别食肉动物的分类代理：重新评估猫科动物作为能人捕食者的作用。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250548

Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Gabriel Cifuentes-Alcobendas, Marina Vegara-Riquelme, Edgard Camarós, Enrique Baquedano

{"title":"Meta-learning provides a robust framework to discern taxonomic carnivore agency from the analysis of tooth marks on bone: reassessing the role of felids as predators of Homo habilis.","authors":"Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Gabriel Cifuentes-Alcobendas, Marina Vegara-Riquelme, Edgard Camarós, Enrique Baquedano","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250548","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250548","url":null,"abstract":"Determining carnivore agency in taphonomic research is crucial for identifying site formation processes and carnivore-hominin interactions that influenced human evolution. Previous deep learning (DL) models classified the four principal carnivore agents affecting African hominins, but exhibited uneven performance due to unbalanced sample sizes. This study introduces a dual method based on few-shot supervised learning (FSSL) and model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) as an alternative, achieving more consistent accuracy (FSSL: 81.54-83.56%; MAML: 82.56-85.13%), and significantly improving macro-average F1 scores. The best performing MAML model, Xception, reached 85.13% accuracy and an 84% F1 score, with taxon-specific F1 scores of 82% (crocodiles), 83% (hyenas), 88% (leopards) and 83% (lions), making the most precise classification of carnivore-made tooth marks to date. Applying FSSL-MAML ensemble models to Homo habilis specimens OH7 and OH65 from Olduvai Gorge confirms that leopards were preying on these hominins, as they had been earlier on australopithecines. Contrary to our expectations, these findings demonstrate that early Homo was still part of the prey spectrum, reinforcing the idea that the transition to dominant predator status occurred later in human evolution or penecontemporaneously to H. habilis through a different hominin taxon.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 10","pages":"250548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12483632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clustering-based methodology for comparing multi-characteristic epidemiological dynamics with application to COVID-19 epidemiology in Europe. 基于聚类的多特征流行病学动态比较方法及其在欧洲COVID-19流行病学中的应用

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-09-24 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250440

Alexander Kirpich, Aleksandr Shishkin, Pema Lhewa, Ezekiel Adeniyi, Michael Norris, Gerardo Chowell, Yuriy Gankin, Pavel Skums, Alexander Perez Tchernov

{"title":"Clustering-based methodology for comparing multi-characteristic epidemiological dynamics with application to COVID-19 epidemiology in Europe.","authors":"Alexander Kirpich, Aleksandr Shishkin, Pema Lhewa, Ezekiel Adeniyi, Michael Norris, Gerardo Chowell, Yuriy Gankin, Pavel Skums, Alexander Perez Tchernov","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250440","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250440","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilized a clustering-based approach to investigate whether countries with similar COVID-19 dynamics also share similar public health and selected sociodemographic factors. The pairwise distances between 42 European countries for six characteristics were calculated, including COVID-19 incidence, mortality, vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity, cross-country mobility and sociodemographic data. Hierarchical clustering trees were constructed, and the strengths of association between the pairs of trees were quantified using cophenetic correlation and Baker's Gamma correlation measures. The analysis revealed distinct patterns of agreement between clusterings. Vaccination clusterings showed moderate agreement with incidence but no strong agreement with mortality. Mortality-based clustering only agreed with population health clustering. Incidence-based clustering aligned with population health, genetic diversity and selected sociodemographic parameters. Genetic diversity clusterings agreed with mobility and related sociodemographic characteristics. The utility of the cluster-based methods for the time-series is illustrated, and these findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms driving epidemiological disparities across localities and subpopulations.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12459294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Associations between metabolic rate and personality in a free-living small mammal are driven by date of birth. 在自由生活的小型哺乳动物中，新陈代谢率和个性之间的关联是由出生日期驱动的。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-09-24 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250801

Jingyu Qiu, Carsten Schradin, Astolfo Mata, Neville Pillay, Heiko Rödel

{"title":"Associations between metabolic rate and personality in a free-living small mammal are driven by date of birth.","authors":"Jingyu Qiu, Carsten Schradin, Astolfo Mata, Neville Pillay, Heiko Rödel","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250801","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250801","url":null,"abstract":"Physiological states are often regarded as drivers of personality differences, although the causal link between them remains unclear. Studies focusing on energy metabolism often report inconsistent associations with personality traits. We studied this association in 75 free-living female bush Karoo rats (Otomys unisulcatus) by testing their personality traits, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and, furthermore, metabolic rate stress response. We found a proactive behavioural syndrome, repeatable RMR and metabolic responses to an acute acoustic stressor. Linear mixed models showed that more proactive individuals exhibited higher RMR. To further explore this relationship, we conducted path analysis incorporating life history, environmental and ecological factors (such as date of birth, age, temperature and food abundance). This analysis revealed that the observed link between personality and RMR was not direct but instead may be mediated by the date of birth: individuals born later in the season were more proactive, had higher RMR and showed lower metabolic responses to acute stress. Importantly, personality and metabolic rate were not directly associated after accounting for date of birth. This finding highlights the importance of considering broader ecological/life-history contexts when interpreting physiological-behavioural correlations and offers a possible explanation for previous contradictory results regarding the personality-RMR relationship.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250801"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12457018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gold nanochips with molecularly imprinted polymer coating for sensing explosives: a surface-enhanced Raman scattering approach. 带有分子印迹聚合物涂层的金纳米芯片传感爆炸物：表面增强拉曼散射方法。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-09-24 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.251279

Petro Demydov, Andrii Lopatynskyi, Nazar Mazur, Oksana Isaieva, Vitalii Lytvyn, Mariia Khutko, Volodymyr Yukhymchuk, Gennady Monastyrsky, Volodymyr Chegel

{"title":"Gold nanochips with molecularly imprinted polymer coating for sensing explosives: a surface-enhanced Raman scattering approach.","authors":"Petro Demydov, Andrii Lopatynskyi, Nazar Mazur, Oksana Isaieva, Vitalii Lytvyn, Mariia Khutko, Volodymyr Yukhymchuk, Gennady Monastyrsky, Volodymyr Chegel","doi":"10.1098/rsos.251279","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.251279","url":null,"abstract":"This research is aimed at developing a sensor that is both sensitive and selective for detecting explosives, and to examine its surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) response. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), commonly used as synthetic receptors in sensors for the selective detection of molecules without prior analytic treatments, have been combined with optical sensors. This integration, especially in combination with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) technology, represents a promising strategy for identifying explosives. Specifically, we considered a sensor based on a gold nanostructure array deposited onto a glass substrate (gold nanochip), followed by the fabrication of an MIP layer using the photochemical polymerization method with 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a template molecule. The selectivity of the sensor was assessed by comparing the SERS and LSPR responses against 4-NP and other chemical analogues of nitro-containing explosives. Notably, this technique not only ensures sensor selectivity but is also capable of detecting analytes at concentrations as low as 100 μM.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"251279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12457031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transition graphs of interacting hysterons: structure, design, organization and statistics. 交互迟滞子的过渡图：结构、设计、组织和统计。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-09-24 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250753

Margot Teunisse, Martin van Hecke

引用次数: 0

Prevalence of left-handers and their role in antagonistic sports: beyond mere counts towards a more in-depth distributional analysis of ranking data. 左撇子的流行及其在对抗性运动中的作用：超越单纯的计数，走向对排名数据进行更深入的分布分析。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-09-24 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250303

Tim Simon, Florian Loffing, Elisa Frasnelli

{"title":"Prevalence of left-handers and their role in antagonistic sports: beyond mere counts towards a more in-depth distributional analysis of ranking data.","authors":"Tim Simon, Florian Loffing, Elisa Frasnelli","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250303","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250303","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 10% of the general population is left-handed, yet a disproportionately higher percentage of left-handers is observed among athletes in various sports, including combat sports and interactive ball games. This overrepresentation is generally considered evidence of a performance advantage. However, previous studies have primarily focused on simple calculations of left-hander proportions within larger sport populations, without examining their distribution across different performance levels. Our study advances the research by conducting more in-depth distributional analyses of left-hander frequencies across various performance tiers in various sports, including fencing (épée, foil, sabre) and interactive ball games (table tennis, tennis, badminton). Our findings for fencing and table tennis reveal an average overrepresentation of left-handers across performance levels, with notably higher proportions at upper echelons. This strengthens the idea of a performance advantage for left-handedness in certain antagonistic sports beyond the evidence inferred from the traditional performance-independent analysis of overrepresentation. Left-handers' relative athletic success is typically attributed to their opponents' unfamiliarity with left-handed action patterns due to the relative rarity of left-handers in the general population (negative frequency-dependent advantage hypothesis). However, we also raise the question of whether left-handers' edge may partially stem from other, frequency-independent factors (innate superiority hypothesis).","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12457039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

GrowCAD: bioinspired mathematical design for additive manufacturing. GrowCAD：增材制造的生物启发数学设计。

IF 2.9 3区综合性期刊

Royal Society Open Science Pub Date : 2025-09-24 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.242229

Nasim Mahmoodi, Galane Jingxi Luo, Rosemary Julia Dyson, Lauren Elizabeth Jane Thomas-Seale

{"title":"GrowCAD: bioinspired mathematical design for additive manufacturing.","authors":"Nasim Mahmoodi, Galane Jingxi Luo, Rosemary Julia Dyson, Lauren Elizabeth Jane Thomas-Seale","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242229","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242229","url":null,"abstract":"While the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) are acknowledged, design for AM remains a perpetual challenge in the wider implementation of the technique. Design in the context of AM is an interconnected and broad topic. It encompasses not only function and form, but also how geometry is represented digitally, the associated software and human problem-solving capabilities within the geometric opportunities and constraints. This research focuses on enhancing human knowledge and creativity within the bounds of an ever-evolving design space, encompassing digital and human capabilities. A bioinspired methodology is introduced, drawing an analogy between plant growth and the layer-by-layer AM process. This results in the development of a novel length-polar-projection coordinate system, and the associated algebraic definition of centre lines and cross-sections. This mathematical representation of geometry forms the foundation of the design framework, GrowCADTM. Retaining the algebraic format of the geometry enables a manufacturability analysis, parametric editability and computer-aided design compatibility. The research is validated through qualitative analysis of the shape fidelity and efficiency, the ability to detect non-manufacturable geometry, the end-to-end functionality and the printability of the successful geometries. The simplicity and intuitive nature of GrowCADTM offer a method by which to enhance the engineer's knowledge and creativity.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"242229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12457967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0