Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Foraging through emotions: emotional stimuli and participants' trait anxiety shape visual foraging.","authors":"Jérôme Tagu, Christelle Robert, Stéphanie Mathey","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242175","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous work suggests that target selection during visual foraging is achieved through competition between different factors (e.g. proximity, priming, value) that orient attention towards one of the possible targets. However, this research has mainly involved simple stimuli such as coloured dots. Here, we investigated whether target selection is sensitive to the emotional content of the stimuli during visual foraging, using real-world photographs eliciting negative, neutral or positive emotions. Moreover, based on results from single-target visual search, we examined how participants' trait anxiety influences foraging behaviour. Seventy-five observers completed three foraging tasks corresponding to three emotional-valence conditions (positive, neutral, negative). The task was to select all the targets (pre-specified emotional images) as fast as possible while ignoring neutral distractors. Observers' foraging strategy (i.e. selection order, number of switches between target types) and performance (i.e. selection times, number of distractor selections) were measured. We also assessed participants' trait anxiety. The results revealed that negative emotional stimuli significantly influenced both foraging strategy and performance. Furthermore, the effect of negative emotion on foraging performance was amplified for participants with high trait anxiety. These findings suggest that emotional characteristics of both targets and participants contribute to target selection during visual foraging.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"242175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability in the laboratory: evaluating the reusability of microtitre plates for PCR and fragment detection.","authors":"Ane Liv Berthelsen, A J Paijmans, Jaume Forcada, Joseph Ivan Hoffman","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242226","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Single-use plastics (SUPs) are indispensable in laboratory research, but their disposal contributes substantially to environmental pollution. Consequently, reusing common SUP items such as microtitre plates represents a promising strategy for improving laboratory sustainability. However, the key challenge lies in determining whether SUP reuse can be implemented without sacrificing data quality. To investigate this, we conducted a simple experiment to assess the impact of reusing microtitre plates on microsatellite genotyping accuracy. Plates previously used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fragment detection were cleaned, opting for an environmentally friendly approach using regular soap, and then reused. Our results indicate that, while reusing PCR plates significantly increases genotyping error rates due to residual DNA contamination, detection plates can potentially be reused without compromising data quality. Our approach offers laboratories a practical and sustainable option for reducing SUP waste and costs while maintaining research integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"242226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tail of defence: an almost complete tail skeleton of <i>Plateosaurus</i> (Sauropodomorpha, Late Triassic) reveals possible defence strategies.","authors":"Thomas Filek, Matthias Kranner, Ben Pabst, Ursula B Göhlich","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250325","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2015, a partial skeleton of the Late Triassic dinosaur <i>Plateosaurus trossingensis</i> was excavated from Frick, Switzerland, and subsequently mounted at the Natural History Museum of Vienna in 2021. This specimen includes an almost complete series of tail vertebrae, with a well-preserved, articulated whip-like distal end. The preserved tail structure provides valuable insights into the morphological implications of tail function and its potential role in the behaviour of <i>Plateosaurus</i>. Using the caudal vertebrae, we reconstructed and analysed the potential tail-lashing capabilities of <i>Plateosaurus</i>, comparing its biomechanics with those of other fossil and extant long-tailed reptilian taxa, including the extinct sauropod <i>Diplodocus</i>, the extant Asian water monitor (<i>Varanus salvator</i>), and the green iguana (<i>Iguana iguana</i>). Our results indicate that the tail of <i>P. trossingensis</i> was highly flexible, with an estimated kinetic energy output ranging between 0.537 and 1.616 kJ during rapid strikes, comparable to the defensive tail use observed in modern reptiles. These findings suggest that tail-whipping may have played a role in predator deterrence and intraspecific interactions in <i>Plateosaurus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"250325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The supergiant amphipod <i>Alicella gigantea</i> may inhabit over half of the world's oceans.","authors":"Paige J Maroni, Yakufu Niyazi, Alan Jamieson","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241635","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deep-sea amphipod <i>Alicella gigantea</i> Chevreux, 1899, currently known as the world's largest amphipod, inhabits depths of the lower abyssal and upper hadal zones. Historically, it has been sampled or observed <i>in situ</i> infrequently relative to other deep-sea amphipods, suggesting low population densities and providing a sense of rarity. Consequently, little is known about the demography, genetic variation and population dynamics of <i>A. gigantea</i>, with only seven studies having published DNA sequence data. As more records emerge from across the vastness of the deep sea, and from depths beyond most conventional sampling, there is an ever-growing body of evidence to show that <i>A. gigantea</i> should be considered far from rare. In this study, we compile 195 records of <i>A. gigantea</i> from 75 locations worldwide and use two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene (<i>16S</i>, <i>COI</i> and <i>28S</i>) to explore their distribution patterns across all oceans and discuss the species history throughout geological time. Our results show that this species may occupy around 59% of the world's oceans, indicating that the infrequently collected supergiant is not 'rare' but instead represents a widely distributed deep-sea amphipod with an exceptional global range.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term impacts of captivity on skull morphology and endocranial volume in a marsupial carnivore.","authors":"Emily L Scicluna, Marissa L Parrott, Leila Siciliano-Martina, Margot Michaud, Kylie Robert, Peter T Green","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240868","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A challenge in modern conservation is maintaining ecological roles and natural behaviours of wildlife in an anthropogenic world. Captive breeding has been linked to morphological changes that may impact individual fitness for reintroduction to the wild. Changes in skull morphology and brain size may be linked to functional and behavioural changes, influencing survival outcomes. These issues have been explored in numerous eutherian mammals, but rarely in metatherians. We compared skull morphology and endocranial volume in a carnivorous marsupial, the fat-tailed dunnart (<i>Sminthopsis crassicaudata</i>), between wild-derived and captive individuals maintained in a university laboratory colony over tens of generations. Skulls from captive dunnarts were brachycephalic, with significantly shorter basal and upper molar lengths, broader zygomatic widths and longer palate and toothrow lengths, compared with wild counterparts. Captive-bred dunnarts also had a mean endocranial volume 3.8% larger than wild individuals. These traits relate to dietary, cognitive and sensory capabilities and can be linked to functional differences within captive and wild populations. Therefore, changes to these regions could have substantial fitness consequences in natural habitats. By addressing the ways laboratory management can influence morphological traits, we can reassess broader captive management techniques to improve the success of future breeding and reintroduction programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"240868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in the leaf-mining fly <i>Liriomyza sativae</i> with a nuclear <i>Wolbachia</i> insert.","authors":"Yuta Ohata, Takafumi N Sugimoto, Nicky Wybouw, Yohsuke Tagami","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242137","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) drives maternally transmitted endosymbionts such as <i>Wolbachia</i> through insect populations by inducing embryonic mortality when infected males fertilize uninfected females. CI is controlled by <i>Wolbachia cif</i> operons that are categorized into multiple phylogenetic types. CI strength is further shaped by poorly understood host factors, including development and genetic background. To study the strength of CI across different host species, we genotyped a Japanese field population of <i>Liriomyza sativae</i>. By uncovering paternal transmission of <i>Wolbachia</i> genic elements, we collected strong evidence of horizontal genome transfer, including Type I and Type V <i>cif</i> operons, from <i>Wolbachia</i> into the nuclear genome of <i>L. sativae</i>. We established a transinfection of <i>w</i>Ltri in <i>L. sativae</i>, a <i>Wolbachia</i> variant that induces strong CI in <i>Liriomyza trifolii</i>. No CI was observed in both intraspecific and interspecific reciprocal crosses with <i>L. trifolii,</i> suggesting that both uninfected females and infected males of <i>L. sativae</i> completely suppress <i>w</i>Ltri-mediated CI. Our results raise the appealing hypothesis that host suppression of <i>Wolbachia-</i>induced CI might evolve owing to horizontal transfer of <i>cif</i> operons into the host nuclear genome.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"242137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovering the cluster picture of a polynomial over a discretely valued field.","authors":"Lilybelle Cowland Kellock","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.242066","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;math&gt; &lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/mstyle&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , a separable polynomial of degree &lt;math&gt; &lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/mstyle&gt; &lt;/math&gt; over a discretely valued field &lt;math&gt; &lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/mstyle&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , we describe how the cluster picture of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; over &lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt; , in other words, the set of tuples &lt;math&gt; &lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;ord&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/mstyle&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , where &lt;math&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; are the roots of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , can be recovered without knowing the roots of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; over &lt;math&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;/math&gt; . We construct an explicit list of polynomials &lt;math&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msubsup&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msubsup&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;ℤ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; such that the valuations &lt;math&gt; &lt;mstyle&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;ord&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msubsup&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/mstyle&gt; &lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; uniquely determine this set of distances for the polynomial &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;⋯&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , and we describe the process by which they do so. We use this to deduce that if &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt; ","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"242066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygenic prediction and gene regulation networks.","authors":"Juan F Poyatos","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241992","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exploring the degree to which phenotypic variation, influenced by intrinsic nonlinear biological mechanisms, can be accurately captured using statistical methods is essential for advancing our comprehension of complex biological systems and predicting their functionality. Here, we examine this issue by combining a computational model of gene regulation networks with a linear additive prediction model, akin to polygenic scores utilized in genetic analyses. Inspired by the variational framework of quantitative genetics, we create a population of individual networks possessing identical topology yet showcasing diversity in regulatory strengths. By discerning which regulatory connections determine the prediction of phenotypes, we contextualize our findings within the framework of core and peripheral causal determinants, as proposed by the omnigenic model of complex traits. We establish connections between our results and concepts such as global sensitivity and local stability in dynamical systems, alongside the notion of sloppy parameters in biological models. Furthermore, we explore the implications of our investigation for the broader discourse surrounding the role of epistatic interactions in the prediction of complex phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"241992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial neophobia is still not correlated with object neophobia in wild-caught house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>).","authors":"Blake A Dusang, Marquise S Henry, Melanie G Kimball, Ella B Cochran, Michael B Wilson, Christine R Lattin","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250220","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neophobia, aversive behaviour towards novel objects, foods and environments, is a trait that affects the ability of animals to adapt to new environments and exploit novel resources. Our previous work demonstrated that individual responses of house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) to object neophobia trials were not correlated with time spent in or latency to enter a novel environment. However, because no positive stimulus was present in the novel environment, this study may have measured spatial <i>neophilia</i>. In the present study, we placed familiar food dishes in a novel environment and assessed whether an individual's willingness to enter and feed was significantly correlated with its willingness to feed from a familiar dish containing a novel object in the home cage. We exposed house sparrows (<i>n</i> = 26) to a novel environment and measured their latency to enter and feed, total time spent in the novel environment and total feeding time. Sparrows were also assessed for object neophobia in their home cage. Results indicated that there were no correlations between any of the measured behaviours in the novel environment and individual responses to novel object trials, suggesting that even with food as a common motivator, spatial neophobia and object neophobia represent two distinct traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"250220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm.","authors":"Annkatrin Pahl, J-L Rault, Jim McGetrick, Christian Nawroth, Jan Langbein","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250556","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on prosociality in animals has largely focused on a few model species and a limited range of experimental paradigms. To expand this scope, we developed an ecologically relevant food-giving paradigm, the Fake Apple Tree, designed to assess prosocial motivation in goats (<i>Capra hircus</i>) by stimulating their natural climbing behaviour. In this set-up, when a 'donor' goat stepped onto a platform attached to a pivoting arm, the arm lowered a food dispenser within reach of conspecific 'recipients', while the donor itself could not access the reward. Ten out of twelve goats spontaneously learned to operate the device. In dyadic trials, goats interacted with the Fake Apple Tree more frequently when the food dispenser was active compared to control sessions where no food was provided. The frequency of interactions remained stable across test sessions. We classified platform interactions as prosocial if the donor left without approaching the food dispenser and selfish if it attempted to access the food afterwards. Consistent with findings in primates, prosocial interactions were significantly longer than selfish ones. Our results provide insights into potential prosocial tendencies in goats and highlight the utility of ecologically relevant paradigms in studying cooperative behaviours in ungulates.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 5","pages":"250556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144120006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}