Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Learning from financial rewards and punishments reduces the in-group bias in social approach without changing the in-group bias in impressions.","authors":"Jasper Amadeus Bischofberger, Anne Saulin, Yuqing Zhou, Grit Hein","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250061","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans' approach behaviour and impressions are biased towards individuals from their own group (in-group) compared with different groups (out-group). There is evidence that learning from specific interactions with in-group and out-group members can reduce these in-group biases, but it is yet unclear if learning from non-social reinforcers, such as financial rewards and punishments, can have similar effects. Here, we conducted three independent studies by using different versions of a novel approach-avoidance learning task, intergroup impression ratings and computational learning models. In the approach-avoidance learning task, participants moved a manikin representing themselves towards or away from one of two symbols, representing in-group or out-group individuals or which had no social meaning. Approach was financially rewarded with varying probabilities. Our results confirmed initial in-group biases in approach and impression ratings. Rewarding out-group approach significantly reduced the in-group bias in approach, with stronger learning from rewards compared with punishments. In contrast, the in-group bias in impressions remained unchanged. Two further studies showed that learning-related changes in approach are larger in social compared with non-social contexts and require varying reward probabilities. Together, these findings show that learning from financial rewards or punishments can improve out-group approach but not out-group impressions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the effect of a hidden dimension on slug spatial distributions in arable fields.","authors":"Natalia B Petrovskaya, Yadigar Sekerci Firat, John R Ellis, Sergei Petrovskii","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250318","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The movement and spatial distribution of the grey field slug (<i>Deroceras reticulatum</i>) in arable fields are investigated in ongoing interdisciplinary research motivated by the concept of targeted pesticide application in the population of slugs. The previous work suggested an explanation for the self-organized formation of a heterogeneous (patchy) spatial population distribution of slugs due to their density-dependent movement on the soil surface. This article reports new results of the study in which a vertical movement feature has been added to the baseline two-dimensional mathematical and computational model to see how it may contribute to the appearance and disappearance of slug patches in arable fields. A model of spatio-temporal dynamics of vertical movement is presented in the paper and correlation between spatial distributions of the slug population on and under the soil surface is investigated. It is explained how the probabilities of upward and downward movement in the new three-dimensional model impact the formation and stability of patchy spatial patterns overground and underground. It is suggested that the vertical movement of the slugs should be taken into account when evaluating the efficiency of pesticide application.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel spatiotemporal model with advanced feature extraction and unified brain network for depression detection using electroencephalogram signals.","authors":"O A Oyinlola, K A Gbolagade, I O Lasisi, A W Asaju- Gbolagade","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242039","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying depression using electroencephalogram (EEG) data is a formidable challenge because of the intricacy of cerebral networks and substantial individual variability in neural activity. Conventional models often fail to (i) include the EEG brain connectivity beyond simple paired interactions, (ii) account for brain inter-channel spatial relationships and (iii) integrate a variety of EEG-related features. Addressing these shortcomings, this article presents a novel model, a unified brain network that captures multiple spatiotemporal features that leverage a K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN)-based channel-channel relational matrix and Graph Convolution Gate Recurrent Unit (GCGRU) for depression detection and classification from EEG data, combining Graph Convolutional Networks with Gated Recurrent Units to process both spatial and temporal features of EEG signals. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves significant accuracy of 83.67% in major depression disorder (MDD) detection and, with the F1-score, recall and precision reaching 84, 84 and 84%, respectively. Compared with the existing state-of-the-art models for depression detection using EEG, the proposed model achieves 8% improvement in the accuracy of major depressive disorder (MDD) detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"242039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting mental accounting classic paradigms: Replication Registered Report of the problems reviewed in Thaler (1999).","authors":"Mengfei Li, Gilad Feldman","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250979","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mental accounting, the internal categorization system individuals adopt to manage their financial activities, may result in suboptimal decisions or decision-making not aligned with one's own goals. In a Registered Report with an online US sample recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk using CloudResearch, we conducted a replication of 17 classic problems reviewed in Thaler 1999 <i>J. Behav. Decis. Mak.</i> <b>12</b>, 183-206. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199909)12:33.0.CO;2-F) (<i>N</i> = approx. 500 per problem; overall: <i>N</i> = 1007). We concluded a mostly successful replication: out of the 17 problems, we found empirical support for 11, mixed empirical support for three and no empirical support for three. Extending the replication, we provided an initial test of four untested predictions described in Thaler 1999 <i>J. Behav. Decis. Mak.</i> <b>12</b>, 183-206. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199909)12:33.0.CO;2-F), of which we found empirical support for two, mixed support for one and no support for one. Materials, data, and analysis code are available on: https://osf.io/v7fbj/. This Registered Report has been officially endorsed by Peer Community in Registered Reports: https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.rr.100375.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small theropod-dominated dinosaur footprint assemblages in the Middle Jurassic Valtos Sandstone and Kilmaluag Formations on the Isle of Skye, Scotland.","authors":"Tone Blakesley, Paige E dePolo, Dugald A Ross, Neil D L Clark, Stephen L Brusatte","doi":"10.1098/rsos.251016","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.251016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Middle Jurassic deposits on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, are improving our understanding of the distribution, palaeoenvironmental preferences and behaviour of theropod dinosaurs from a time when the global fossil record is sparse. Here, we describe and classify 185 Bathonian-aged <i>ex situ</i> dinosaur tracks from Skye's Trotternish Peninsula-many described for the first time and imaged using photogrammetric techniques-into four morphotypes within a new Hebridean series. In the freshwater, closed-lagoonal Kilmaluag Formation at Lùb Score, smaller morphotypes are more abundant than larger equivalents in the freshwater-brackish fluviodeltaic Valtos Sandstone Formation at Valtos. Although assessable outcrops of track-bearing horizons are limited, we infer that the proximity to, or suitability of, specific palaeoenvironments for different-sized trackmakers may influence assemblage composition. Scarce surfaces with multiple tracks indicate potential trackmaker behaviours in respective palaeoenvironments, including foraging at Valtos and post-hatchling care at Lùb Score. The tracks most likely represent traces of a large megalosaurid and multiple smaller-bodied basal coelurosaurian or non-coelurosaurian (e.g. Ceratosauria, Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea) theropods. The documentation of these trackmakers and their behaviours further enriches our understanding of dinosaur faunas during this poorly known time.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"251016"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The economic impact of open science: a scoping review.","authors":"Lena Tsipouri, Sofia Liarti, Silvia Vignetti, Izabella Martins Grapengiesser","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250754","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article summarizes a comprehensive scoping review of the economic impact of open science (OS), examining empirical evidence from 2000 to 2023. It focuses on open access (OA), open/FAIR data (OFD), open source software (OSS) and open methods, assessing their contributions to efficiency gains in research production, innovation enhancement and economic growth. Evidence, although limited, indicates that OS accelerates research processes, reduces the related costs, fosters innovation by improving access to data and resources and this ultimately generates economic growth. Specific sectors, such as life sciences, are researched more and the literature exhibits substantial gains, mainly thanks to OFD and OA. OSS supports productivity, while the very limited studies on open methods indicate benefits in terms of productivity gains and innovation enhancement. However, gaps persist in the literature, particularly in fields like citizen science and open evaluation, for which no empirical findings on economic impact could be detected. Despite limitations, empirical evidence on specific cases highlight economic benefits. This review underscores the need for further metrics and studies across diverse sectors and regions to fully capture OS's economic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250754"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independent and repeated acquisition of <i>Sodalis</i> endosymbiotic bacteria across the diversification of feather lice.","authors":"Juliana Soto-Patiño, Kimberly K O Walden, Jorge Doña, Lorenzo Mario D'Alessio, Sarah E Bush, Dale H Clayton, Colin Dale, Kevin P Johnson","doi":"10.1098/rsos.251220","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.251220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many parasitic insects, including lice, form close relationships with endosymbiotic bacteria that are crucial for their survival. In this study, we used genomic sequencing to investigate the distribution and evolutionary history of the bacterial genus <i>Sodalis</i> across a broad range of feather louse species spanning 140 genera. Phylogenomic analysis revealed significant diversity among <i>Sodalis</i> lineages in feather lice and robust evidence for their independent and repeated acquisition by different louse clades throughout their radiation. Among the 1020 louse genomes analysed, at least 22% contained <i>Sodalis</i>, distributed across 57 louse genera. Cophylogenetic analyses between the <i>Sodalis</i> and feather louse phylogenies indicated considerable mismatch. This phylogenetic incongruence between lice and <i>Sodalis</i>, along with the presence of distantly related <i>Sodalis</i> lineages in otherwise closely related louse species, strongly indicates repeated independent acquisition of this endosymbiont. Additionally, evidence of cospeciation among a few closely related louse species, coupled with frequent acquisition of these endosymbionts from free-living bacteria, further highlights the diverse evolutionary processes shaping <i>Sodalis</i> endosymbiosis in feather lice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"251220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal changes in coat colour and sexual size dimorphism in a subtropical ungulate.","authors":"Tania A Perroux, Alan G McElligott, George M W Hodgson, Kate J Flay","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250379","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phenotypes reflect the adaptations of organisms to their environments, with common rules defining how coloration and body size should vary based on climate and latitude. Hong Kong (HK) cattle present an opportunity to study these adaptations in one of the very few cattle populations not directly controlled by humans. These cattle are free-ranging in a subtropical climate, characterized by high humidity and temperatures during the wet season, and scarce precipitation during the dry season. We studied seasonal coat colour changes in HK feral cattle, and sexual dimorphism in body size and horn length. We provide the first evidence of seasonal changes in coat colour in cattle, with paler coats being more common in the wet season, while darker coats prevailed in the dry season. These seasonal changes were influenced by temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and body condition. We found that males were larger and had longer horns than females. Our results show a male-biased sex dimorphism in the HK feral cattle. Additionally, our findings suggest that thermoregulation costs drive coloration in these cattle. The phenotypic plasticity we demonstrate in these subtropical feral cattle improves our knowledge of the adaptations of ungulates to their habitat.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unified framework for van 't Hoff's law: addressing the complexity of osmotic concentration.","authors":"Serena Y Kuang, Xiaonan Li, Xiaoqi Yang, Eric Jones","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250622","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The original van 't Hoff's law established the theoretical foundation for osmosis but applies only to ideal solutions and membranes. To address real-world complexities (non-ideal solutions, diverse membranes, etc.), multiple variations have emerged over a century. In resolving osmosis-related conceptual issues, our previous work introduced several new fundamental concepts to fill gaps in the study of osmosis and redefined osmotic concentration (OC) as a membrane-dependent, osmosis system-level parameter, not a parameter of any isolated solution. This article examines the multiple factors influencing the initial OC (OC₀) before osmosis occurs and demonstrates that the multiple forms of van 't Hoff's law can be unified using OC₀ into one general form through mathematical reasoning. Building upon this unified framework, we further propose an extended formulation to accommodate more complex osmosis systems. These general forms of van 't Hoff's law overcome the limitations of the original and may be widely applied to real-world dilute solutions and membranes. We also perform an initial validation of our work using measured data in the literature. This work represents a significant theoretical advance in the understanding of osmosis and has potential to impact multiple disciplines that teach and research it, including physics, chemistry, physiology and clinical disciplines.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Michotte's research on perceptual impressions of causality: a registered replication study.","authors":"Peter White","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250244","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Michotte (Michotte A, 1946 La perception de la causalité. Louvain: Études de Psychologie. Michotte A, 1954 La perception de la causalité, 2nd éd. Louvain: Études de Psychologie. Michotte A, 1963 The perception of causality. (Transl. by TR Miles, E Miles). London: Methuen: English translation of Michotte) showed that visual impressions of causality can occur in perception of simple animations of moving geometrical objects. In the launching effect, one object is perceived as making another object move by bumping into it. In the entraining effect, the two objects move together after contact and the first moving object is perceived as pushing or carrying the other one. There has been much further research on the launching effect in particular, and citations of Michotte's pioneering work have increased rapidly in recent decades, underlining its importance in contemporary psychology and neuroscience. However, many of the experiments reported in Michotte's book, exploring conditions under which launching and entraining do and do not occur, have never been replicated. The methodology, involving mostly a few knowledgeable observers and no statistical analysis, indicates that replication and extension would be desirable, to assess the reliability of the results reported by Michotte and to inspire further research on aspects of these perceptual impressions that have been neglected in more recent research. In this pre-registered replication study, 14 experiments are reported that replicate and, in some cases, extend experiments reported by Michotte (Michotte A, 1946 La perception de la causalité. Louvain: Études de Psychologie. Michotte A, 1954 La perception de la causalité, 2nd éd. Louvain: Études de Psychologie. Michotte A, 1963 The perception of causality. (Transl. by TR Miles, E Miles). London: Methuen: English translation of Michotte). Some findings reported by Michotte were replicated, others only partly so, and in other cases results were different from what Michotte reported. In particular, results on the delay manipulation differed from those reported by Michotte. Results show the great importance of the entraining and pulling impressions, which have hitherto received much less attention than the launching impression. Extensions to Michotte's experiments revealed numerous new findings and open up prospects for much more innovative research. The results also have significant implications for possible explanations for perceptual impressions of causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 9","pages":"250244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12434928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}