Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"The influence of talus size and shape on <i>in vivo</i> talocrural hopping kinematics.","authors":"Anja-Verena Behling, Luke Kelly, Lauren Welte, Michael J Rainbow","doi":"10.1098/rsos.231997","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.231997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Talus morphology (shape and size) plays a pivotal role in talocrural joint function. Despite its importance, the relationship between talus morphology, particularly the talar dome, and dynamic, <i>in vivo</i> talocrural function is poorly understood. Understanding these form-function relationships in a healthy cohort is essential for advancing patient-specific treatments aimed at restoring function. Nine participants (five females) hopped on one leg while biplanar videoradiography and ground reaction forces were simultaneously collected. Three-dimensional bone models were created from computed tomography scans. Helical axes of motion were calculated for the talus relative to the tibia (rotation axes), and a cylinder was fitted through the talar dome (morphological axis). Bland-Altman plots and spatial angles were used to examine the level of agreement between the rotation and morphological axes. A shape model of 36 (15 females) participants was established, and a cylinder fit was morphed through the range of ±3 standard deviations. The rotation and morphological axes largely agree regarding their orientation and location during hopping. The morphological axes were consistently oriented more anteriorly during landing than the rotation axes. Some shape components affect talar dome orientation and curvature independent of size. This suggests that besides bone size, the shape of the talar dome might influence the movement pattern during locomotion. Our findings may further inform talocrural joint arthroplasty design.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"231997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the kinematic variable, time delay and data length on test-retest reliability of the maximal Lyapunov exponent of human walking.","authors":"Ilseung Park, Jun Hyuk Lee, Jooeun Ahn","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240333","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The maximal Lyapunov exponent (MLE) has been used to quantify the dynamic stability of human locomotion. The method for estimating MLE requires selecting a proper time series of kinematic variables and reconstructing phase space using proper time delay. The data length also affects the reliability of the measured MLE. However, there has been no criterion for the choice of the time series, time delay or data length. Here, we quantified the effect of these factors on the test-retest reliability of MLE estimations. We recruited 15 young and healthy adults and let them walk on a treadmill three times. We calculated MLE employing various lengths of time series of 18 frequently used kinematic variables and two typical choices of time delay: fixed delay and delay selected by average mutual information algorithm. Then, we measured the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the measured MLE under each condition. Our results show that the choice of time delay does not affect reliability. Five among the 18 kinematic variables enabled excellent reliability with ICC above 0.9 within 450 strides and also enabled ICC above 0.75 even with 60 or less strides. These findings can contribute to establishing the criteria for measuring the dynamic stability of human walking.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations into the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the Narok and Bomet counties of Kenya.","authors":"Bakari Chaka, Aloys M Osano, Omwoyo Wesley Nyaigoti, Patricia B C Forbes","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of emerging chemical pollutants that pose severe health challenges and toxicity to people and aquatic organisms exposed to these pollutants. This study sought to assess the types and levels of PAHs and their eco-toxicity indices in surface waters of Narok and Bomet counties of Kenya, which have witnessed an increase in charcoal-burning activities and vehicular emissions near water bodies. Sampling was done in eight regions of the two counties based on their proximity to PAH sources. Extraction of the water samples was done via a solid-phase mmethod. Seven US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs were detected. The concentrations of these PAHs varied from below the limits of detection up to 31.42 µg l^-1 for dibenzo[<i>a,h</i>]anthracene. The majority of the PAHs from Narok County were pyrogenic, while those from Bomet were petrogenic based on PAH diagnostic ratios. The surface waters were significantly polluted with dibenzo[<i>a,h</i>]anthracene, with risk quotients above 1.0 in the surface waters, and were found to be hazardous, with hazard quotients above 10.0, thus indicating potential environmental risks. The findings indicate the need for stringent measures to be put in place to mitigate the risks posed by these PAHs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142507066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifunctional catalytic activity of anion-doped LaSrCoO₄ for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions.","authors":"Ittoku Nozawa, Hidehisa Hagiwara","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240387","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we synthesized Co-based, anion-incorporated‍ ‌R‌u‌d‌d‌l‌e‌s-d‌e‌n‌-‌Popper perovskite electrocatalysts (LaSrCoO_4<i>-x</i> X _<i>y</i> ) and compared their catalytic performances in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The ORR mechanism with the newly synthesized F-doped LaSrCoO₄ catalyst was dominated by a four-electron process, and the number of electrons involved in the reaction increased compared with that for LaSrCoO₄. The OER activity of the hydride-doped LaSrCoO₄ catalyst was the highest among the LaSrCoO₄ system catalysts. Density functional theory calculations revealed that there is a correlation between the Co 3d unoccupied orbital band centre and the OER activity. The addition of anions and substitution of metal sites improved the ORR and OER activities of the catalysts. Our findings confirmed that the addition of heteroatom anions can improve the activity of perovskite-type electrocatalysts, promoting their application in various fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11462150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary palaeoecology of European rhinocerotids across the Oligocene-Miocene transition.","authors":"Manon Hullot, Céline Martin, Cécile Blondel, Damien Becker, Gertrud E Rössner","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240987","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Oligocene-Miocene transition witnessed great environmental and faunal changes, spanning from late Oligocene to early Miocene (MP28-MN3). Its drivers and consequences on mammals are, however, poorly understood. Rhinocerotoids are among the most affected taxa, reflected by great taxonomical and morphological changes. However, potential associated changes in ecology have not been explored. Here, we investigated the palaeoecology of 10 rhinocerotid species coming from 15 localities across Western Europe and ranging from MP28 to MN3. We explored evolutionary trends for diet, physiology and habitat via dental wear, hypoplasia, body mass and stable isotopy. All rhinocerotids studied were C3 feeders, whether browsing or mixed-feeding, but clear dietary differences were observed at some localities and between Oligocene and Miocene rhinocerotids. The prevalence of hypoplasia was low (less than 10%) to moderate (less than 20%), but there were great differences by loci, species and localities. Body mass covaried with hypoplasia prevalence, suggesting that larger species might be more susceptible to stresses and environmental changes. We reconstructed similar warm conditions at all localities except Gaimersheim, but found greater variations in precipitation. Indeed, a clear shift in δ¹³C values was noticed at the end of the Oligocene, consistent with climatic and vegetation changes reported at that time.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facebook increases political knowledge, reduces well-being and informational treatments do little to help.","authors":"Kevin Arceneaux, Martial Foucault, Kalli Giannelos, Jonathan Ladd, Can Zengin","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240280","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nearly three billion people actively use Facebook, making it the largest social media platform in the world. Previous research shows that the social media platform reduces users' happiness, while increasing political knowledge. It also may increase partisan polarization. Working to build a scientific consensus, we test whether the potential negative effects of Facebook use can be overcome with the help of minimalist informational interventions that a parallel line of research has shown to be effective at inducing people to be more accurate and civil. We conducted a pre-registered well-powered Facebook deactivation experiment during the 2022 French presidential election. In line with previous research, we find that deactivating Facebook increases subjective well-being and reduces political knowledge. However, deactivating Facebook had no overall effect on the level of political or social polarization during the election. Moreover, we find little evidence that minimalist informational interventions in a field setting helped individuals who deactivated Facebook to become better informed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of experimental warming on reproductive performance and parental care in the burying beetle <i>Nicrophorus nepalensis</i>.","authors":"Tanzil Gaffar Malik, Benjamin J M Jarrett, Syuan-Jyun Sun","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240653","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rising temperatures can adversely affect parental care and reproductive performance across a range of taxa. However, the warming impact is contingent upon understanding how temperature affects the spectrum of parental behaviours and their interplay. Here, we assessed how temperature affects parental care and reproductive success in the burying beetle, <i>Nicrophorus nepalensis</i>, which exhibits complex parental care behaviours. We exposed breeding pairs of <i>N. nepalensis</i>, to three temperature regimes (18°C, 20°C and 22°C) and assessed changes in parental care, and the subsequent development and growth of their offspring. Our findings show that 22°C disrupts carcass nest building by the parents and results in smaller clutches. Moreover, no eggs successfully hatched in the 22°C treatment. A milder increase to 20°C did not affect the hatching rate but resulted in smaller broods and lighter offspring, even when considering brood size, suggesting a change in post-hatching care quality. Our research suggests that warming may weakly affect parental care but has strong detrimental effects on offspring performance. These findings highlight the necessity of investigating the effect of ambient temperature across a diversity of traits and behaviours and across a range of life-history stages to fully assess species vulnerability in the face of future climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240653"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental and computational investigation of the cyclopentene-containing peptide-derived compounds: focus on pseudo-cyclic motifs via intramolecular interactions.","authors":"Joanna Bojarska, Martin Breza, Paweł Borowiecki, Izabela D Madura, Krzysztof Kaczmarek, Zyta M Ziora, Wojciech M Wolf","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240962","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conformational flexibility is one of the main disadvantages of peptide-based compounds. We focus on their molecular 'chameleonicity' related to forming pseudo-cyclic motifs via modulation of weak intramolecular interactions. It is an appealing strategy for controlling equilibrium between the polar open and the nonpolar closed conformations. Within this context, we report here the crystal structure of the (<i>R</i>)-(2-<i>tert</i>-butoxycarbonyl)amino-1-oxo-3-phenyl)propyl)-1-cyclopentene (<b>1</b>), synthesis of which in high yield was achieved by a facile multi-step protocol. Our Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) overview for the peptide-based crystals revealed the exclusivity of this compound from the viewpoint of the unusual pseudo-bicyclic system via C-H^…O and C-O^…π interactions, in which cyclopentene shields the amide bond. Notably, cyclopentene as a bioisostere of proline is an appealing scaffold in medicinal chemistry. An extensive combined experimental and computational study provided more profound insight into the supramolecular landscape of <b>1</b> with respect to similar derivatives deposited in the CSD, including the tendency of cyclopentene for the generation of pseudo-cyclic motifs through weak H-bonding and π-based intramolecular interactions. These weak interactions have been examined by either the quantum theory of 'atoms-in-molecules' (QTAIM) or complex Hirshfeld surface methodology, including enrichment ratios, molecular electrostatic potential surfaces and energy frameworks. In all analysed crystals, all types of H-bonded motifs involving cyclopentene are formed at all levels of supramolecular architecture. A library of cyclopentene-based H-bonding synthons is provided. A molecular docking study depicted vital interactions of cyclopentene with key amino acid residues inside the active sites of two prominent protein kinases, uncovering the therapeutic potential of <b>1</b> against breast cancer. To a large extent, dispersion forces have significance in stabilizing the supramolecular structure of both ligand and bio-complex ligand-protein. Finally, the satisfactory <i>in silico</i> bio-pharmacokinetic profile of <b>1</b> related to drug-likeness and blood-brain barrier permeation was also revealed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"40962"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11462612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing self-other distinction across motor, cognitive and affective domains.","authors":"Ekaterina Pronizius, Henryk Bukowski, Claus Lamm","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240662","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The self-other distinction (SOD) is a process by which humans disentangle self from other-related mental representations. This online study investigated two unresolved questions: (i) whether partially the same processes underpin SOD for motor, cognitive and affective representations, and (ii) whether SOD overlaps with domain-general cognitive control processes. Participants (<i>N</i> = 243) performed three SOD tasks (motor: automatic imitation inhibition (AIT); cognitive: visual perspective-taking (VPT); affective: emotional egocentricity bias (av-EEB) tasks) and two cognitive control tasks (Stroop and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) tasks). Correlation analyses showed no associations among the motor, cognitive and affective SOD indexes. Similarly, distinct SOD clusters emerged in the hierarchical clustering dendrogram, indicating clear separations among SODs. However, the results of multidimensional scaling suggested a tendency towards two clusters, as evidenced by the proximity of AIT and VPT indexes in relation to EEB indexes. AIT spatial laterality and Stroop domain-general cognitive control confounded AIT and VPT indexes, albeit slightly differently depending on the analysis method used. SSRT showed neither associations with SODs nor with other domain-general indexes. These findings underscore the complexity of SOD processes and have notable implications for basic and applied research, e.g. in the domain of clinical disorders affected by deficiencies in SOD.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The principal components of electoral regimes: separating autocracies from pseudo-democracies.","authors":"Karoline Wiesner, Samuel Bien, Matthew C Wilson","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240262","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A critical issue for society today is the emergence and decline of democracy worldwide. It is unclear, however, how democratic features, such as elections and civil liberties, influence this change. Democracy indices, which are the standard tool to study this question, are based on the <i>a priori</i> assumption that improvement in any individual feature strengthens democracy overall. We show that this assumption does not always hold. We use the V-Dem dataset for a quantitative study of electoral regimes worldwide during the twentieth century. We find a so-far overlooked trade-off between election capability and civil liberties. In particular, we identify a threshold in the democratization process at which the correlation between election capability and civil liberties flips from negative to positive. Below this threshold, we can thus clearly separate two kinds of non-democratic regimes: autocracies that govern through tightly controlled elections and regimes in which citizens are free but under less certainty-a distinction that existing democracy indices cannot make.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"11 10","pages":"240262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}