Royal Society Open Science最新文献

{"title":"Subword symmetry in natural languages.","authors":"Olga Pelloni, Rob van der Goot, Peter Ranacher, Ivan Vulic, Tanja Samardzic","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250295","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Symmetric patterns are found in the orderly arrangements of natural structures, from proteins to the symmetry in animals' bodies. Symmetric structures are more stable and easier to describe and compress, which is why they may have been preferred as building blocks in natural selection. The idea that natural languages undergo an evolutionary process akin to the evolution of species has been pervasive in the study of language. This process might result in symmetric patterns as in other natural structures, but the notion of symmetry is rarely associated with the study of natural language. In this study, we look for symmetric patterns in text data, considering the length of subword units under a range of possible subword analyses. We study the length of subword units in 32 languages and discover that the splits of long words tend to be symmetric regardless of the segmentation method and that some automatic methods give symmetric splits at all word lengths. These results include natural language in the set of phenomena that can be described in terms of symmetry, opening a new research avenue for the empirical study of text data as a structure comparable to various other structures in the natural world.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mathematical model of human oesophageal motility function.","authors":"Takashi Miura, Hiroshi Ishii, Yoshitaka Hata, Hisako Takigawa-Imamura, Kei Sugihara, Shin-Ichiro Ei, Xiaopeng Bai, Eikichi Ihara, Yoshihiro Ogawa","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250491","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in various observation methods revealed several unique characteristics of oesophageal peristalsis and its disorders. However, a framework for understanding the oesophageal motility pattern is lacking. Here, we propose a simple mathematical model of the human oesophageal motility function. The model comprises central nervous system signals, enteric nervous system neurons (interneurons and motoneurons) and oesophageal smooth muscles. The neural function implements excitable dynamics at the oesophageal body and toggle-switch dynamics at the lower oesophageal sphincter. The local signal transmission in enteric nervous system and 'the law of the intestine' were also incorporated. The model behaviours can be understood using mathematical analysis, and we could reproduce the physiological dynamics of the normal oesophagus-deglutitive inhibition, unidirectional pulse transmission, restoration of lower oesophageal sphincter constriction and dilatation of the anal side of the pulse. In addition, we could reproduce various pathological motility patterns described in the Chicago classification by the combinations of parameter changes, which may provide insights into the possible pathogenesis of these disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical analysis of residual chlorine distribution in Binh Tan District's water network: insights for urban water management.","authors":"Begmyrat Kulmedov, Emre Eroglu, Nguyen Huy Cuong, Tran Van Loi, Nguyen Hoan Phuong Thy","doi":"10.1098/rsos.251068","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.251068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the water distribution system in Binh Tan District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, focusing on residual chlorine levels across seven sampling points. Chlorine decay patterns and relationships between sampling points were investigated using statistical analyses, including reliability testing, correlation analysis, factor analysis and regression modelling. The study identified three principal components that explained 92.558% of the total variance, with strong correlations between specific sampling points. Five regression models were developed, which demonstrated high predictive power (<i>R</i>² ranging from 0.750 to 0.962) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.749-0.967). Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed distinct groupings of sampling points, providing insight into the spatial patterns of chlorine distribution. These findings not only provide insights into water quality management but also offer a transferable modelling framework for optimizing monitoring and chlorination strategies in other urban distribution systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"251068"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing multifunctional carbon fibre composites: the role of nanomaterials in boosting electrochemical performance for energy storage.","authors":"Farag M A Altalbawy, Ayad Abdulrazzaq Mutar, Ramdevsinh Jhala, Nagaraj Patil, Fadhil Faez Sead, Debasish Shit, V K Bupesh Raja, Abinash Mahapatro, Jamal K Abbas, Hadi Noori","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250606","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbon fibre composites (CFCs) hold significant promise for energy storage and harvesting applications owing to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and structural versatility, but their electrochemical performance is constrained by inherent limitations such as low surface area and restricted ion transport pathways. This review examines how strategic integration of nanomaterials-including graphene, carbon nanotubes and MXenes-can overcome these challenges by enhancing surface reactivity, improving electrical conductivity and facilitating efficient ion diffusion, thereby enabling high-performance multifunctional composites. We discuss key advances in nanomaterial-incorporated CFCs for structural batteries and supercapacitors, where tailored interfaces and hierarchical architectures contribute to superior energy and power densities, as well as their emerging role in integrated energy harvesting systems that combine energy storage with triboelectric, piezoelectric or thermoelectric conversion capabilities. The analysis further addresses critical manufacturing challenges related to nanomaterial dispersion, interfacial bonding and scalable processing, while evaluating solutions such as advanced deposition techniques and hybrid material designs. By systematically reviewing both fundamental mechanisms and practical considerations, this work provides insights into the development of next-generation smart composites that simultaneously achieve mechanical robustness and advanced electrochemical functionality for applications ranging from wearable electronics to electric vehicles and aerospace systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In and out: factors influencing two decades of straying and homing by Pacific salmon within the Columbia River basin.","authors":"Peter A H Westley, Andrew H Dittman, Benjamin W Nelson, Morgan H Bond, Molly Payne, Thomas P Quinn","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250447","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In addition to patch size and spatial isolation, habitat quality can also influence attractiveness of patches to dispersing individuals. Using mark recapture data from 19 populations of Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) across 23 years in the Columbia River basin, USA, we estimated rates of emigration and immigration among sites, yielding 358 site-year comparisons of donor and recipient straying, representing over 1.5 million individual tag recoveries. The factors associated with emigration and immigration were quantified with a Bayesian zero-inflated beta regression model. We found lower rates of straying from larger basins than from smaller basins and that donor and recipient straying decreased in years when relatively high numbers of salmon from a given river returned compared with years when fewer returned. Additionally, water temperature was positively associated with both immigration into and emigration out of hatcheries, increasing by approximately 0.5% for every degree of warming, suggesting consequences for both donor and recipient populations. This work suggests that dispersal rates may increase in a warming world, which in turn has implication for the flow of both individuals and, potentially, beneficial or deleterious genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of <i>Neospora caninum</i> major antigens NcSAG1 and NcSRS2.","authors":"Soledad Echeverría, Federico Carrión, Martín Soñora, Andrés Cabrera, Carlos Robello","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250239","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SAG1-related sequence (SRS) protein family was initially identified in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> as glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored surface antigens. More recently, they have been identified in <i>Neospora caninum</i>, the causative agent of neosporosis, a leading cause of bovine abortion worldwide. These proteins are implicated in parasite adhesion to and invasion of host cells, immune response modulation and structural roles in the cyst wall. In this study, we characterized two key <i>N. caninum</i> SRS proteins, NcSAG1 and NcSRS2, through sequence analysis, structural modelling, biophysical characterization and immunochemical assessment. Sequence analyses revealed conserved domains, including hallmark D1 and D2 regions, but with significant sequence divergence. Using AlphaFold, we constructed reliable structural models, confirming conserved features such as disulfide bond patterns and dimerization. Structural comparisons demonstrated a high degree of conservation within D1 domains despite low sequence similarity. Recombinant NcSAG1 and NcSRS2 were expressed as soluble and stable proteins in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> S2 cells, achieving yields comparable to the most efficient prokaryote expression systems. Size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering demonstrated their dimeric nature and structural stability, with melting temperatures exceeding 50°C. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed their correct secondary structure content, validating proper folding and structural integrity. Antigenicity assays demonstrated universal recognition by sera from experimentally and naturally infected hosts, highlighting their potential as diagnostic markers or vaccine candidates. Comparative structural analysis of 219 SRS family members, based on sequence and AlphaFold-predicted structures, revealed conserved cysteine, proline and tryptophan motifs. Hierarchical clustering and phylogenetic analyses identified key evolutionary clusters, correlating structural divergence with functional specialization. Discrepancies between sequence- and structure-based trees underscored instances of structural evolution not reflected in sequence data. This comprehensive analysis bridges sequence divergence, structural conservation and biological function, providing a robust framework for investigating SRS proteins' roles in pathogenesis and immunity. Our findings lay the groundwork for future research into <i>N. caninum</i>'s molecular mechanisms and their implications for controlling neosporosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juvenile hormone regulates the maturation of sexually dimorphic naive ethanol olfactory preference in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Antonio Marini-Davis, Ryan Oliver, Bailey Godwin, Sera Chase, Ziam Khan, Fernando J Vonhoff","doi":"10.1098/rsos.242217","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.242217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The molecular mechanisms underlying the maturation of innate reward behaviours remain poorly understood. We have identified a sexually dimorphic innate reward behaviour in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> that varies depending on the age, sex and mating status in young adults. Our results suggest that the rewarding neuropeptide <i>corazonin</i>, the transcription factor <i>apontic</i> and juvenile hormone signalling regulate naive ethanol olfactory preference responses during early stages of adulthood. Pharmacological blockade of juvenile hormone via precocene increases naive ethanol olfactory preference in females and males, which is partially phenocopied by the knockdown of juvenile hormone receptors <i>met</i> and <i>gce</i> globally in the nervous system as well as specifically in the mushroom body. The observed changes in naive ethanol olfactory preference suggest a novel role of juvenile hormone in the maturation of dimorphic ethanol behaviours during the transition from increased naive ethanol olfactory preference observed in young flies to decreased naive ethanol olfactory preference responses in older flies. Mating decreases naive ethanol olfactory preference in males, likely acting through rewarding pathways such as <i>neuropeptide F</i> and <i>corazonin</i>. Our study suggests an early evolutionary emergence of hormonal mechanisms regulating ethanol-dependent behaviours, as corazonin and juvenile hormone functionally resemble the vertebrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid hormones, respectively. The results described here pave the way for future studies to further investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which a non-reproductive, yet sexually dimorphic behaviour matures using <i>Drosophila</i> as a model. The key molecular players identified to regulate this dimorphic behaviour are conserved among species, providing fundamental knowledge to advance our understanding of sexual dimorphism and brain maturation processes relevant in numerous species.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"242217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interplay between local biodiversity floral odours and reproductive success varies across different population sizes of <i>Cypripedium calceolus</i>.","authors":"Melissa Haouzi, Olivia Rusconi, Rahel Boss, Christophe J Praz, Gregory Röder, Théo Steiner, Sergio Rasmann","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250207","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To attract pollinators, individuals of the threatened and food-deceptive orchid <i>Cypripedium calceolus</i> (L.) employ visual and olfactory signals, notably volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, habitat fragmentation has disrupted its population into patches of still relatively large sizes, but also small sizes. We hypothesized that small orchid populations inhabit low-biodiversity areas with fewer pollinators, potentially leading to extinction. To investigate whether local biodiversity and olfactory signals vary with population size, we analysed site-specific vegetation characteristics, insect and flower visitor diversity, plant growth traits and floral VOC profiles in small and large <i>C. calceolus</i> populations. Our results revealed that smaller populations occupy habitats with lower biodiversity, consist of smaller plants with fewer flowers and exhibit reduced flowering success compared to larger populations. VOC profiles also varied between population sizes. However, fruit production and reproductive success did not differ, indicating that these chemical and ecological differences do not necessarily affect reproductive output. These results highlight that population size is linked to variation in plant traits and floral scent but does not directly predict reproductive success under current conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High abundances of crustose coralline algae inside cryptic coral habitats linked to coral reef functioning.","authors":"Anna Rothstein, Orion S McCarthy, Sophie Luu, Emily L A Kelly, Philip Heller, Stuart Sandin, Jennifer E Smith, Maya S deVries","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241971","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptic habitats on coral reefs consist of crevices, tunnels, and holes that are estimated to comprise 30%-75% of the total reef surface area. These large habitats are vastly understudied because they are often difficult to access. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are thought to perform important ecological functions, including calcium accretion, both inside cryptic habitats and on the exposed (top) reef. Using GoPro cameras, we surveyed 250 coral crevices from 13 reefs on West Maui, Hawai'i. We compared relative CCA cover between crevice microhabitats and the well-studied top-reef and identified abiotic and biotic factors that correlated with CCA abundance. We found that crevices had approximately 3.1 times more CCA cover than the top-reef and that CCA cover was highest on crevice ceilings and entrances, which had low sediment and macroalgal cover, compared to the back walls of crevices, which had higher sediment abundance. These results suggest that crevice openings and ceilings are key microhabitats for CCA and therefore may also be important for reef building and stabilization. Thus, these findings help establish functional links between coral reef structural complexity, cryptic habitats, and reef resilience, and highlight the importance of studying cryptic habitats to inform approaches to coral reef conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"241971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humans can find rhythm in randomly timed sounds.","authors":"Jelle van der Werff, Tommaso Tufarelli, Laura Verga, Andrea Ravignani","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250453","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.250453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans are keen pattern-seekers and take advantage of regularities present in their environment. In the temporal domain, we may call these patterns rhythms, but what is rhythm? Definitions vary, but all presuppose a categorical distinction between rhythm and randomness. Here, we challenge this view and show that two types of random sound sequences-classically considered arrhythmic by experimenters-differ in the amount of regularity humans reconstruct from them. When asked to synchronize to randomly timed sounds, participants leverage statistics to estimate the underlying tempo of the sequence, similar to linear statistical estimators. Theoretically, our results challenge current definitions of rhythm by showing that rhythmicity and randomness are instances of a continuum. Methodologically, our data and mathematical model show that a common method for creating random timing, namely the jittering of event onsets, introduces an undesirable regularity that humans readily exploit. New experiments should aim to maximize temporal randomness, and past experiments' outcomes require reconsideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":"12 8","pages":"250453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12365352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144967080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}