The Open Veterinary Science Journal最新文献

{"title":"Adhesion Molecules and the Cellular Population of the Normal Camel (Camelus dromedaries) Mammary Glands","authors":"K. T. A. Salem, S. Ramadan, A. M. Alluwaim","doi":"10.2174/1874318801206010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801206010015","url":null,"abstract":"The demand to camel's (Camelus dromedaries) milk is increasing worldwide. The new advances in the dairy industry have made the camel milk production on the commercial level is possible. The camel mammary glands immune system is not explored in detail. This study was conducted to identify the cell adhesion molecules involved in the regulation of the cells trafficking to the camel mammary glands at two different physiological stages; lactation and non- lactating periods. The expression and distribution of CD markers and the adhesion molecules, CD4 + , CD8 + , MAdCAM-1, WC+1 + , CD62L, CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), VCAM-1, TCR-�� , CD44 + and CD20 + in the alveolar tissues, supramammary lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph node of the healthy camels were explored. The expression of the adhesion molecules was determined in situ by immunohistochemical technique using immunoperoxidase staining. MAdCAM-1 was detected in almost all the tissues at the two physiological stages in which high expression was evident in the non-lactating period. CD8 + T-cells were detected in both mammary alveolar tissues and the supramammary lymph nodes, with the highest expression observed in the lactating period. WC+1 + expression on  cells were evident in mammary tissues and supramammary lymph nodes at both stages; however, the expression was higher in the non-lactating period. The detection of CD20 + , CD62L, VCAM-1, TCR-�� , and CD44 + expression failed despite their expression in the original species that the antibodies were raised against. The expression of CD4 + and CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) were not detected at all. The intensive expression of the MAdCAM-1 in the camel mammary glands could indicates that camel mammary glands cells trafficking is closely linked to the intestinal immune system (mucosal) rather than peripheral as it is well known for the bovine mammary glands. The high expression of WC+1 + strongly reflects the importance of these cells subset in the defense mechanism of the camel mammary glands during the late lactation.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130925866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Different PCR-Based Methods for the Detection of African Horsesickness Virus","authors":"C. Bremer","doi":"10.2174/1874318801206010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801206010008","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) by three different reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based methods were compared. Primers were complementary to sequences contained in the gene encoding non-structural protein 2 of AHSV serotype 3. All three assays were group-specific for AHSV and detected all nine serotypes but not related orbiviruses. A dilution range was made of titrated chicken embryo-related cells infected with AHSV serotype 3 and, after isolating RNA from each diluted sample they were tested using the three different assays. RNA representing 0.2, 2 and 20 plaque forming units of AHSV could be detected by hemi-nested RT-PCR, PCR- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA) and RT-PCR respectively. In twelve samples from African horsesickness suspect field cases hemi-nested RT-PCR, intra-cerebral injection of mice and virus isolation from cell culture detected AHSV in 83%, 58% and 25% of samples respectively.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129578626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Plasma Adiponectin Level and Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Adiponectin Receptor Expression in Dogs Suffering from Insulin Deficiency","authors":"N. Mori, Peter Lee, I. Yamamoto, T. Arai","doi":"10.2174/1874318801206010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801206010001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to determine and compare the effect of obesity or insulin deficiency on plasma adiponectin level and peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 (ADIPOR1 and -R2) expression in dogs. Obese and insulin deficient (ID) dogs demonstrated a significant reduction (60% lower) and significant increase (2x higher) in circulating adiponectin level, respectively, as compared to normal controls. PBL ADIPOR1 and -R2 mRNA expression was also significantly higher in obese (R1=333 mean fold higher, R2=64 mean fold higher) and ID dogs pre- insulin treatment (R1 =48 mean fold higher, R2=16 mean fold higher) as compared to normal PBL. Insulin treatment reduced ADIPOR1 (3 mean fold higher) and -R2 (1.5 mean fold higher) expression back down closer to control PBL levels in ID animals. The upregulation of adiponectin receptor expression might reflect an increased need for adiponectin signaling; however, the increase may have a different implication between obese and ID dogs. This may be due to adiponectin's contradictory paradoxical dual role, having both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory properties on peripheral leukocytes, especially on monocytes depending on the biological context and adiponectin isoform.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127930079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Genotype and Husbandry System on Blood Parameters, Oxidative and Native Immune Status: Welfare and Implications on Performance of Organic Laying Hens","authors":"C. Mugnai, A. Bosco, L. Moscati, L. Battistacci, C. Castellini","doi":"10.2174/1874318801105010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801105010012","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present work was to compare the effect of organic production vs standard cage system on welfare and performance of a pure breed (Ancona) vs a commercial strain (Brown Hy-Line) of laying hens through a multifunctional approach (behaviour, tonic immobility, feathers score, antioxidant status of the body, blood parameters, innate immunity and mortality). The trial was carried out in farm of the Dpt. of Applied Biology (University of Perugia), where 17-weeks-old females of Ancona breed (n=200) and Brown Hy-Line (n=200) were divided in 2 homogenous groups of 100 birds each and assigned to cage or organic rearing systems. The genotype of the hens affected in a degree which depends on rearing system almost all the variables. The feeding and resting activities were higher in caged whereas moving activities were higher in organic hens and especially in Ancona birds. Social relationships showed genotype and rearing system effects being higher in Brown Hy-Line hens particularly when reared in cage. The TI duration was affected by genotype and rearing system being the immobility time longer in Brown Hy-Line. The plumage condition showed a great rearing system effect and genotype effects was observed only between organic groups where Ancona hens showed the better feathers condition. Regarding native immune status serum bactericidal activity showed the highest values in organic hens and mainly in Ancona ones. On the contrary, lysozyme showed greater value in caged hens. The haptoglobin value was lower in organic Ancona group, the same hens showed about 30% greater reactive oxygen substances, but accompanied by highest the antioxidant power. Organic rearing system, mainly in the Ancona hens, induced the highest red blood cells, haemoglobin and hematocrite values. Lymphocytes were higher in Organic birds thus reducing the H/L ratio in Organic hens. As expected, organic birds showed the worst feed efficiency and percentage of deposition, but the lowest mortality rate. In conclusion, on the basis of all these information together with the low mortality rate, Ancona hens showed the better welfare status, mainly when they were organically reared.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121085179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Health and Welfare Planning in Organic Dairy Cattle Farms","authors":"M. Vaarst, C. Winckler, S. Roderick, G. Smolders, S. Ivemeyer, J. Brinkmann, C. Mejdell, L. Whistance, P. Nicholas, M. Walkenhorst, C. Leeb, S. March, B. Henriksen, E. Stöger, E. Gratzer, B. Hansen, J. Huber","doi":"10.2174/1874318801105010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801105010019","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous development is needed within the farm to reach the goal of good animal health and welfare in organic livestock farming. The very different conditions between countries call for models that are relevant for different farming types and can be integrated into local practice and be relevant for each type of farming context. This article reviews frameworks, principles and practices for animal health and welfare planning which are relevant for organic livestock farming. This review is based on preliminary analyses carried out within a European project (acronym ANIPLAN) with participants from seven countries. The process begins with gathering knowledge about the current status within a given herd as background for making decisions and planning future improvements as well as evaluating already implemented improvements. Respectful communication between the owner of the herd and other farmers as well as animal health and welfare professionals (veterinarians and advisors) is paramount. This paper provides an overview of some current animal health and welfare planning initiatives and explains the principles of animal health and welfare planning which are being implemented in ANIPLAN partner countries, in collaboration with groups of organic farmers and organisations.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131368082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Animal Organic Farming Meets Pathology","authors":"J. Cabaret","doi":"10.2174/1874318801105010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801105010001","url":null,"abstract":"Organic farming has developed unevenly throughout the world and under different regulations. Consummers regarded differently the different productions. Herbivore production was considered as a safe one due to its use of usual food (grass grazed on pastures) for these animals, until the “mad cow” public health problem arised. The situation for pig and poultry was considered as inadequate for some consumers, often on ethical grounds. Under organic farming management, prevention is highly important and pathologies are an alert that health management should be revised. The","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123409430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Advisors in Organic Meet Sheep Farms: The Role of the Veterinarians","authors":"J. Cabaret, M. Benoît, G. Laignel, C. Nicourt","doi":"10.2174/1874318801105010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801105010007","url":null,"abstract":"Farmers receive advice from various categories of advisors' regarding the health management of their flocks. With respect to disease control strategies, treatment recommendations typically include either an allopathic synthetic drug approach or a more organic complementary line using alternative medicine, or indeed, a combination of the two. This study aimed to determine the proportion of treatment options in use by farmers and to correlate the treatment recommendations to the different categories of health advisor. A set of 34 meat sheep farms from the centre of France was used in the restricted sampling study, this included a representative sample of both organic (n = 7) and conventional (n = 8) farms. Data on general health matters (e.g. cost of drugs, flock mortalities etc.) were collected from each of the farms. The study found conventional farms prescribed more to the recommendations made by veterinarians and spent more on synthetic allopathic drugs. The reverse situation was observed in organic farms which invested more money in alternative medicines as advised by mostly non-veterinarian health advisors, or guided by their own appreciation of disease management.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133579977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Eye of the Farmer and Detection of Animals in Need of Anthelmintic Treatment in Organic Meat Sheep Flocks","authors":"M. Bouilhol, M. Foessel, J. Cabaret","doi":"10.2174/1874318801105010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801105010002","url":null,"abstract":"Organic meat sheep producers are limited by their access to and permitted use of synthetic drugs to effectively control internal parasites, and they are limited further still, by the narrow array of efficient alternative drugs available to them. The use of targeted selective treatments, for the control of parasites, e.g. treating only the lambs that cannot cope with infection, would be of interest. The difficulty is in identifying those specific lambs in need of treatment. FAMACHA © (an anaemia indicator) has been used with success in tropical areas where the blood sucking worm Haemonchus contortus is the main gastrointestinal nematode. From their own experience, farmers may also be able to detect lambs in poor, average or good condition, possibly relative to parasite infection burden, a method referred to as farmers' eye score. Using the farmers'eye score to judge lambs in need of treatment was not found to be fully efficient. It was however, significantly related to the presence of Moniezia eggs and to the number of Trichuris and possibly Nematodirus eggs in faeces but remained unrelated to the excretion of other gastrointestinal nematode eggs. The farmers'eye score was in agreement with the average faecal egg counts but the accuracy of individual detection of lambs in need of treatment, remained low (49% correctly classified). The FAMACHA © had an even lower efficiency to detect lambs requiring treatment. The farmers'eye score when correcting for farm variability was improved and highly correlated to the infection with Nematodirus. The farmers'eye score should be improved using pathophysiological indicators (diarrhoea score, weight gains..) or/and by harmonisation among farmers, if it is to be relied upon to detect animals in need of anthelmintic treatment in the future.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132042430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paratuberculosis in Camel (Camelus dromedarius): The Diagnostic Efficiency of ELISA and PCR","authors":"Ameen M. Alhebabi, A. Alluwaimi","doi":"10.2174/1874318801004010041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801004010041","url":null,"abstract":"The camel paratuberculosis in Saudi Arabia was widely documented. ELISA and PCR were employed to exploit their feasibility for control of the MAP infection in Saudi Arabia. Ruminant ELISA test was used for the screening of 861 serum samples that were collected from three different age groups, 1-4 years (young age), 5-9 years (middle age) and 10-15 years (old age). Only 29 samples were revealed as ELISA positive in which 14 samples were from the young age group. PCR analysis was carried out mainly on the fecal samples that were collected from young age group and all the ELISA positive samples of other groups. PCR detected only 97 positive samples out of 310 tested samples. PCR detected more positive samples in the young age group than ELISA (29% of 276 young age samples). The ELISA proved effective as a screening tool for MAP infection in camel; however its sensitivity in the young group is skeptical. PCR on the other hand, is effective only as supportive test to the ELISA due to the great variations in the pattern of MAP shedding. Hence, ELISA and PCR were shown feasible for control of the MAP infection, but ELISA was not prudent in the early detection of the infection. Attempt to isolate the camel MAP for its genotyping was not successful despite the incubation for more than 10 weeks.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115981177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Bovine Concentrated Lactoserum for Preventing Neonatal Diarrhoea in Belgian Blue Calves","authors":"S. Vandeputte, J. Detilleux, S. Carel, B. Bradfer, H. Guyot, F. Rollin","doi":"10.2174/1874318801004010036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318801004010036","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the efficacy of an european registered bovine concentrated lactoserum (Locatim) in 3 farms with neonatal diarrhoea in calves. A total of 117 healthy Belgian Blue (BB) calves were allocated in 2 groups. Two thirds of the calves received Locatim orally immediately after birth and maternal colostrum one hour later (treated group), while control calves only received maternal colostrum. Every day during 14 days, mental status, faeces consistency, suckling reflex and hydration status of each calf were monitored. Individual blood samples were assessed for passive transfer and specific Escherichia coli antibodies against strains F5, CS31A, F17 and F41. Faecal samples from diarrheic and non diarrheic calves were analysed for rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli F5. Locatim had no significant effect on the onset, duration and incidence of diarrhoea. The mean serum IgG concentration of 23.1 ± 7.8 mg/ml indicates a good IgG transfer. Only the CS31A strain titer was significantly higher in the treated group. The major identified causative agent of diarrhoea was C. parvum. In conclusion, Locatim only has a slight effect when IgG transfer is optimal, but could be justified when specific antibodies lacking in colostrum are needed.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127925563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}