Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Funding Challenges Faced by Small NGOs: Perspectives from an Organization with Practical Experience of Working in Rural Malawi.","authors":"Faiz Kermani,&nbsp;Sbita Tia Anna Reandi","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S424075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S424075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malawi is a small landlocked country in Southern Africa, which faces a number of development challenges. It is one of the world's poorest nations and over 70% of the population live below the International Poverty Line of $2.15 per day. Health inequalities are a well-documented problem and those most affected are women and children. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in supplementing government efforts to provide health services to vulnerable people in areas that are difficult to reach. The World Medical Fund (WMF) is a small medical charity that operates in the central, rural, Nkhotakota region of Malawi where many children lack access to even basic health services. To date, WMF has successfully provided free care and treatment for over 400,000 sick children, but its initiatives, such as mobile clinics, rely entirely on external donations. Since 2000, the funding resources available to small NGOs have declined and efforts to attract funding have become increasingly competitive. Frequently, the criteria used for funding decisions are too rigid, and do not reflect the difficult operating conditions on the ground in rural Africa. As one of the world's most highly resource constrained healthcare environments, Malawi illustrates the need for more flexible funding criteria from donors so that NGOs can carry out their work to save children's lives.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"14 ","pages":"99-110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0c/0b/rrtm-14-99.PMC10479561.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10183300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Central Nervous System Paracoccidioidomycosis: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Rangel de Sousa Costa,&nbsp;Luiz Celso Hygino da Cruz,&nbsp;Simone Rachid de Souza,&nbsp;Nina Ventura,&nbsp;Diogo Goulart Corrêa","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S391633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S391633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a infection caused by the thermodimorphic fungus <i>Paracoccidioides</i> spp. (P. <i>lutzii</i> and, mainly, <i>P. brasiliensis</i>). This infection predominantly affects rural male workers aged between 30 and 50 years old who deal with soil on daily activities. Clinically, the disease is classified as acute/subacute phase, which evolves rapidly, secondary to dissemination of the fungus through to the phagocytic-mononuclear system, leading to fever, weight loss, and anorexia, associated with hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, which can be complicated with suppuration and fistulization; and chronic phase, which corresponds to 74% to 95% of symptomatic cases, with a common pulmonary involvement. Central nervous system involvement is almost always a characteristic of the chronic form. Inhalation is the most common route of primary infection, usually affecting the lungs, forming the primary complex. From the primary complex, hematogenic dissemination can occur to any organ, including the brain and spinal cord. Although PCM of the central nervous system diagnosis is usually based on histopathological analysis and the imaging features are not specific for PCM, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can demonstrate evidences of granuloma, abscess, meningitis, or a combination of these lesions, contributing to a preoperative diagnosis, especially when considered in conjunction with epidemiology. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and imaging aspects of neuro-PCM.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"14 ","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/d1/rrtm-14-87.PMC10406117.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10319558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-Art in the Drug Discovery Pathway for Chagas Disease: A Framework for Drug Development and Target Validation.","authors":"Juan Carlos Gabaldón-Figueira,&nbsp;Nieves Martinez-Peinado,&nbsp;Elisa Escabia,&nbsp;Albert Ros-Lucas,&nbsp;Eric Chatelain,&nbsp;Ivan Scandale,&nbsp;Joaquim Gascon,&nbsp;María-Jesús Pinazo,&nbsp;Julio Alonso-Padilla","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S415273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S415273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease is the most important protozoan infection in the Americas, and constitutes a significant public health concern throughout the world. Development of new medications against its etiologic agent, <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, has been traditionally slow and difficult, lagging in comparison with diseases caused by other kinetoplastid parasites. Among the factors that explain this are the incompletely understood mechanisms of pathogenesis of <i>T. cruzi</i> infection and its complex set of interactions with the host in the chronic stage of the disease. These demand the performance of a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays as part of any drug development effort. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the understanding of the parasite's life cycle and their implications in the search for new chemotherapeutics. For this, we present a framework to guide drug discovery efforts against Chagas disease, considering state-of-the-art preclinical models and recently developed tools for the identification and validation of molecular targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"14 ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/db/5e/rrtm-14-1.PMC10277022.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9722561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Renal Function Profile in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) Patients: A Case of Western Tigray, Ethiopia.","authors":"Kibrom Gerezgiher Asfaw,&nbsp;Solomon Tebeje Gizaw,&nbsp;Natesan Gnanasekaran","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S410137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S410137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection that has a wide clinical spectrum in the tropics and subtropics. Kidney damage is frequently associated with increased morbidity and mortality in <i>visceral leishmaniasis</i> (<i>VL</i>) patients. However, up to date, there is a very limited report on the effect of visceral leishmaniasis on kidney function profiling in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the renal function profile in human <i>visceral leishmaniasis</i> (kala-azar) patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Human blood was taken from <i>VL</i> patients (n = 100) and healthy controls (n = 100) attending Kahsay Abera and Mearg Hospitals, Western Tigray of Ethiopia. Serum was separated according to the conventional protocol and kidney function profiling (creatinine, urea, and uric acid) was analyzed by Mindray 200E automated chemistry analyzer. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was also assessed in this study. The obtained data were processed using SPSS Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics, independent-test, and bivariate correlations were used for data analysis. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean serum creatinine level was found significantly higher, while respective serum urea and eGFR were significantly lower in <i>VL</i> patients compared to healthy controls. Specifically, from 100 <i>VL</i> cases, an increased level of serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid was found in 10%, 9% and 15% <i>VL</i> cases, respectively; meanwhile, a decreased serum urea and eGFR have been reported from 33% to 44% <i>VL</i> cases, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The finding of this study asserted that <i>visceral leishmaniasis</i> causes derangement in kidney activities characterized by alteration of renal function profile. This may indicate that <i>VL</i> is the determinant factor for developing kidney dysfunction. This study encourages researchers to engage in <i>visceral leishmaniasis</i> and its effect on other organ function profiles in humans and identify potential markers for both prevention and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"14 ","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/81/23/rrtm-14-21.PMC10315324.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10178183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Neglected to Public Health Burden: Factors Associated with Podoconiosis in Resource Limited Setting in Case of Southwest Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross Sectional Study.","authors":"Gebiso Roba Debele,&nbsp;Eyasu Shifera,&nbsp;Yohannes Lulu Dessie,&nbsp;Debela Dereje Jaleta,&nbsp;Megersso Urgessa Borena,&nbsp;Shuma Gosha Kanfe,&nbsp;Kabtamu Nigussie,&nbsp;Galana Mamo Ayana,&nbsp;Temam Beshir Raru","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S412624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S412624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Even though podoconiosis can cause physical, financial, and social impairments, it is commonly overlooked by organizations, and one-fourth of the predicted worldwide burden will fall on Ethiopia. In spite of this, there are only a few attempts for prevention and control in certain areas in Ethiopia. Updated statistics on prevalence and contributing factors could make local efforts at prevention, control, and rehabilitation more effective. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of podoconiosis and its associated factors among Ilu Aba Bor zone residents, South West Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 491 participants from March 25 to April 25, 2022. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.6.0, then exported to SPSS version 25 for final analysis. In the bi-variable regression, variables with P-values less than 0.25 were included in the multivariable model. Finally, multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with podoconiosis at a 5% level of significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study area, podoconiosis prevalence was found to be 5.7% [3.6-7.2]. In multivariable regression model, lower tertile wealth status [AOR=2.09; (95% CI (1.384, 5.343)], no formal education [AOR=2.23; (95% CI; 1.179-3.820)] and average distance to reach water source to home [AOR=2.061; (95% CI: 1.78-7.35)] were significantly associated podoconiosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and recommendation: </strong>According to this study, one in every seventeen individuals had podoconiosis, which is a significant prevalence when compared to earlier studies. Podoconiosis was observed to be associated with factors like wealth status, educational attainment, and distance from water source. To address this public health issue, strong preventive and therapeutic treatments should be used.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"14 ","pages":"49-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0e/b2/rrtm-14-49.PMC10350399.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9837654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-Deployable Treatments For Leishmaniasis: Intrinsic Challenges, Recent Developments and Next Steps.","authors":"Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez,&nbsp;Hannah Markle,&nbsp;Chaitenya Verma,&nbsp;Ryan Huston,&nbsp;Sreenivas Gannavaram,&nbsp;Hira L Nakhasi,&nbsp;Abhay R Satoskar","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S392606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S392606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic primarily to low- and middle-income countries, for which there has been inadequate development of affordable, safe, and efficacious therapies. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing skin lesions to lethal visceral infection with chances of relapse. Although treatments are available, secondary effects limit their use outside the clinic and negatively impact the quality of life of patients in endemic areas. Other non-medicinal treatments, such as thermotherapies, are limited to use in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis but not with visceral infection. Recent studies shed light to mechanisms through which <i>Leishmania</i> can persist by hiding in cellular safe havens, even after chemotherapies. This review focuses on exploring the cellular niches that <i>Leishmania</i> parasites may be leveraging to persist within the host. Also, the cellular, metabolic, and molecular implications of <i>Leishmania</i> infection and how those could be targeted for therapeutic purposes are discussed. Other therapies, such as those developed against cancer or for manipulation of the ferroptosis pathway, are proposed as possible treatments against leishmaniasis due to their mechanisms of action. In particular, treatments that target hematopoietic stem cells and monocytes, which have recently been found to be necessary components to sustain the infection and provide a safe niche for the parasites are discussed in this review as potential field-deployable treatments against leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"14 ","pages":"61-85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/64/6f/rrtm-14-61.PMC10364832.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9875181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Burden of Typhoid Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Perspective","authors":"Cara L. Kim, L. M. Cruz Espinoza, Kirsten Vannice, B. T. Tadesse, E. Owusu-Dabo, R. Rakotozandrindrainy, I. Jani, M. Teferi, Abdramane Bassiahi Soura, O. Lunguya, A. Steele, F. Marks","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S282461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S282461","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income regions which have developed modern water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, it remains a significant public health burden resulting in morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals in resource-constrained settings. Prevention and control efforts are needed that integrate several high-impact interventions targeting facilities and infrastructure, including those addressing improvements in sanitation, access to safe water, and planned urbanization, together with parallel efforts directed at effective strategies for use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV). The use of TCVs is a critical tool with the potential of having a rapid impact on typhoid fever disease burden; their introduction will also serve as an important strategy to combat evolving antimicrobial resistance to currently available typhoid fever treatments. Well-designed epidemiological surveillance studies play a critical role in establishing the need for, and monitoring the impact of, typhoid fever control and prevention strategies implemented by public health authorities. Here, we present a perspective based on a narrative review of the impact of typhoid fever on morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and discuss ongoing surveillance activities and the role of vaccination in prevention and control efforts.","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41813218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurocysticercosis: A Review into Treatment Options, Indications, and Their Efficacy.","authors":"Pedro Tadao Hamamoto Filho,&nbsp;Roberto Rodríguez-Rivas,&nbsp;Agnès Fleury","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S375650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S375650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurocysticercosis, due to the localization of <i>Taenia solium</i> larvae in the Central Nervous System, is a neglected tropical disease still endemic in much of Latin America, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The therapeutic management of NC has gradually improved with the establishment of neuroimaging studies (CT and MRI) in endemic countries and with the demonstration of the efficacy of albendazole and praziquantel in the 1980s. But the morbidity and mortality of this preventable disease remain an unacceptable fact. In this scoping review, we will revise the different treatment options and their indications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"13 ","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c6/6f/rrtm-13-67.PMC9807125.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10546551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Application of Treatment for Chikungunya Fever.","authors":"Erin M Millsapps,&nbsp;Emma C Underwood,&nbsp;Kelli L Barr","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S370046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S370046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development and application of treatment for Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) remains complicated as there is no current standard treatment and many barriers to research exist. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes serious global health implications due to its socioeconomic impact and high morbidity rates. In research, treatment through natural and pharmaceutical techniques is being evaluated for their efficacy and effectiveness. Natural treatment options, such as homeopathy and physiotherapy, give patients a variety of options for how to best manage acute and chronic symptoms. Some of the most used pharmaceutical therapies for CHIKV include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), methotrexate (MTX), chloroquine, and ribavirin. Currently, there is no commercially available vaccine for chikungunya, but vaccine development is crucial for this virus. Potential treatments need further research until they can become a standard part of treatment. The barriers to research for this complicated virus create challenges in the efficacy and equitability of its research. The rising need for increased research to fully understand chikungunya in order to develop more effective treatment options is vital in protecting endemic populations globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"13 ","pages":"55-66"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5c/78/rrtm-13-55.PMC9767026.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10414583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver Enzymes and Lipid Profile of Malaria Patients Before and After Antimalarial Drug Treatment at Dembia Primary Hospital and Teda Health Center, Northwest, Ethiopia","authors":"Fentahun Megabiaw, Tegegne Eshetu, Z. Kassahun, Mulugeta Aemero","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S351268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S351268","url":null,"abstract":"Background Infection with malaria in humans involves liver cell destruction, which alters the levels of liver enzymes and lipid profiles. A number of studies have been conducted to address the impact of malaria on liver enzymes and lipid profiles but no studies were addressed after antimalarial treatment in Ethiopia. This study is intended to fill this gap. Methods An observational cohort study was conducted at Dembia Primary Hospital and Teda Health Center, from June to August 2020. Eighty eight malaria infected study participants were recruited using random sampling techniques. Socio-demographic data, capillary and venous blood samples were collected. Assessment of liver enzymes and lipid profiles was done using Beckman Coulter DC-700 clinical chemistry analyzer. Data were entered using Epi-data and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. One way ANOVA, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used to compare the mean liver enzymes and lipid profile. p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Before anti-malaria treatment, among 88 study participants, elevated AST (87.5%), ALT (12.5%), ALP (43.2%), and TG (17.2%) and lower HDL (87.5%) and normal LDL and TC were observed. After treatment, 100% AST, ALT, HDL, and LDL and 92% ALP, 94.3% TC, and 86.4% TG levels were in the normal range. The mean level of AST and ALT increased while HDL decreased from low to higher density parasitaemia. Mean level of AST was significantly lower while ALT did not alter. HDL, LDL, and TC level were increased but statistically were insignificant (P>0.05). Conclusion Malaria could be responsible for increased liver enzymes and certain lipids while decreasing some lipid profiles. After anti-malaria treatment, these parameters were reversed to normal from 86.4% to 100%. Hence, prompt treatment is important to improve liver enzymes and lipid profile impairment during malaria infection.","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"11 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47281644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}