Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Manifestations and Management of Flea-Borne Rickettsioses.","authors":"Maria A Caravedo Martinez,&nbsp;Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández,&nbsp;Lucas S Blanton","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S274724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S274724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Murine typhus and flea-borne spotted fever are undifferentiated febrile illnesses caused by <i>Rickettsia typhi</i> and <i>Rickettsia felis</i>, respectively. These organisms are small obligately intracellular bacteria and are transmitted to humans by fleas. Murine typhus is endemic to coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics (especially port cities), where rats are the primary mammalian host and rat fleas (<i>Xenopsylla cheopis</i>) are the vector. In the United States, a cycle of transmission involving opossums and cat fleas (<i>Ctenocephalides felis</i>) are the presumed reservoir and vector, respectively. The incidence and distribution of murine typhus appear to be increasing in endemic areas of the US. <i>Rickettsia felis</i> has also been reported throughout the world and is found within the ubiquitous cat flea. Flea-borne rickettsioses manifest as an undifferentiated febrile illness. Headache, malaise, and myalgia are frequent symptoms that accompany fever. The incidence of rash is variable, so its absence should not dissuade the clinician to consider a rickettsial illness as part of the differential diagnosis. When present, the rash is usually macular or papular. Although not a feature of murine typhus, eschar has been found in 12% of those with flea-borne spotted fever. Confirmatory laboratory diagnosis is usually obtained by serology; the indirect immunofluorescence assay is the serologic test of choice. Antibodies are seldom present during the first few days of illness. Thus, the diagnosis requires acute- and convalescent-phase specimens to document seroconversion or a four-fold increase in antibody titer. Since laboratory diagnosis is usually retrospective, when a flea-borne rickettsiosis is considered, empiric treatment should be initiated. The treatment of choice for both children and adults is doxycycline, which results in a swift and effective response. The following review is aimed to summarize the key clinical, epidemiological, ecological, diagnostic, and treatment aspects of flea-borne rickettsioses.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d1/ef/rrtm-12-1.PMC7873028.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10283895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Diagnostic Criteria for Neurocysticercosis.","authors":"Carolina Guzman,&nbsp;Hector H Garcia","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S285393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S285393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurocysticercosis (NCC) causes significant neurological morbidity around the world, and is the most common preventable factor for epilepsy in adults. It is endemic in most developing countries, and also diagnosed with some frequency in industrialized countries because of travel and migration. The clinical manifestations of NCC are extremely variable and may include almost any neurological symptom, depending on the number of lesions, location, size and evolutive stage of the infecting parasitic larvae and the immune response of the host. Thus, the diagnosis of NCC relies mostly on neuroimaging and immunological tests. Despite being a disease with a known etiology, the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations and auxiliary examinations makes its diagnosis difficult. In an attempt for developing a standard diagnosis approach, a chart of diagnostic criteria for NCC was initially published in 1996, and revised in 2001 and 2017. This chart of diagnostic criteria systematized the diagnosis of NCC and became widely used worldwide. This manuscript describes the structure of the chart, the principles behind the changes for each revision, as well as the context of its use and potential for improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"197-203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/83/79/rrtm-12-197.PMC8364393.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10498352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Knowledge and Attitude Towards Visceral Leishmaniasis Among Migrants and Seasonal Farm Workers in Northwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Kassahun Alemu Gelaye,&nbsp;Getu Debalkie Demissie,&nbsp;Tadesse Awoke Ayele,&nbsp;Sintayehu Daba Wami,&nbsp;Malede Mequanent Sisay,&nbsp;Temesgen Yihunie Akalu,&nbsp;Destaw Fetene Teshome,&nbsp;Haileab Fekadu Wolde","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S286212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S286212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Ethiopia has the second highest burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) next to Sudan. North West Ethiopia alone accounts for 60% of the national burden. Migrant and seasonal farmworkers were the riskiest groups. Good knowledge and attitude on VL is a precursor for successful control of the disease. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine knowledge and attitude towards VL and its associated factors among migrants and seasonal farmworkers in West Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2018 in Metema and West Armachiho districts. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 950 migrant and seasonal farmworkers. A binary logistic regression model was fitted and variables having a <i>P</i>-value<0.05 were considered to have a significant association with the outcome variable. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as a measure of association. The goodness of fit test was assessed by Hosmer-Lemeshow test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the total participants, 33.2% (95% CI=30.2-36.2) and 30.2% (95% CI=27.4-33.2) were found to have good knowledge and favorable attitude towards VL, respectively. Factors associated with good knowledge include having health information (AOR=3.2, 95% CI=2.3-4.4), previous history of VL (AOR=6.8, 95% CI=3.7-12.8), and higher age (AOR=1.58, 95% CI=1.12-2.23). Moreover, factors associated with favorable attitude include having health information (AOR=2.8, 95% CI=2.0-3.9), previous history of VL (AOR=2.3, 95% CI=1.3-4.1), good knowledge (AOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.7-3.3), and larger number of visits to the farm area (AOR=2.5, 95% CI=1.5-4.1).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, knowledge and attitude of migrants and seasonal farmworkers towards VL were low. Having health information and previous history of VL had increased the odds of both knowledge and attitude. Tailored interventions for the migrant seasonal farmworkers focusing on knowledge and attitude of VL would be supremely important.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5e/47/rrtm-11-159.PMC7751707.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38753379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Fascioliasis: Current Epidemiological Status and Strategies for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control.","authors":"Maria Alejandra Caravedo,&nbsp;Miguel Mauricio Cabada","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S237461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S237461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>This review aims to critically assess current knowledge about the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Fasciola infection in humans.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Fascioliasis is an emerging neglected zoonotic infection affecting the health and wellbeing of human populations. The burden of infection is unclear, and studies have shown the geographic expansion of fascioliasis in human and livestock likely related to climate change. The infection can be asymptomatic or present in acute or chronic forms. Regardless of the presentation, fascioliasis can be associated with long-term complications such as anemia and malnutrition. Early in the infection, antibody testing is the only tool available for diagnosis confirmation. In the chronic forms serology and stool microscopy are helpful. Other tests such as antigen detection and PCR-based methods including isothermal tests have shown promising results. Triclabendazole is the only drug available to treat Fasciola infection. However, reports of resistant infections in livestock and human threaten the clinical care and control of the infection in endemic areas.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Fascioliasis is an emerging infection around the world with an uncertain burden. Lack of standardization of diagnostic testing and treatment alternatives hinder treatment and control of the infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"149-158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S237461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38335119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection and Predictors Among Dyspeptic Adult Patients in Southwest Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Daniel Kahase,&nbsp;Kassahun Haile","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S282557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S282557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globally, <i>H. pylori</i> infection affects approximately 4.4 billion people. The burden of the infection varies within and between countries, with a higher prevalence reported from developing countries including Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the magnitude and predictors of <i>H. pylori</i> infection among dyspeptic patients who visited Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Referral Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Consecutive willing dyspeptic adult patients (n=405) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study done from September to December 18, 2019. Socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of the study participants were gathered by a pretested structured questionnaire. Stool samples were examined for <i>H. pylori</i> antigens using Wondfo one step <i>H. pylori</i> feces test kit. SPSS version 20 was utilized to compute descriptive statistics, binary and multivariate logistic regression. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of patients was 30 (± 7.4 SD) years, and 56.8% of participants were females. About 51.4% (208/405) of adult dyspeptic patients were infected with <i>H. pylori</i>. Being female gender (AOR꞊ 2.56, CI 95% ꞊1.61-4.07, p꞊0.001), consumption of alcohol (AOR꞊1.95, CI 95% ꞊1.02-3.73, p꞊ 0.019) and being undernourished (underweighted) (AOR꞊ 4.59, CI 95%꞊ 1.28-16.45, p꞊0.019) were independent predictors of <i>H. pylori</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the study area, high (51.4%) magnitude of <i>H. pylori</i> infection was observed in dyspeptic patients and significantly associated with female gender, alcohol consumption, and undernourishment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"141-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S282557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38648317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Level of Perceived Attitude and Practice and Associated Factors Towards the Prevention of the COVID-19 Epidemic Among Residents of Dessie and Kombolcha Town Administrations: A Population-Based Survey.","authors":"Ayesheshim Muluneh Kassa, Getahun Gebre Bogale, Asnakew Molla Mekonen","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S283043","DOIUrl":"10.2147/RRTM.S283043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The unprecedented global health crisis we are facing is affecting all parts of society and changing lives and livelihoods. International efforts have been applied to prevent the spread of the virus through personal hygiene, masks and social distancing as prevention measures. The aim of this study is to assess the level of perceived attitude and practice and associated factors among Dessie and Kombolcha Town administrations, north-east Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted using a structured interview-administered questionnaire from June 7 to 14, 2020, among Dessie and Kombolcha town residents. The data were entered to Epi Info-7.1 and exported to SPSS-23. Bivariable logistic regression was done, and variables with <i>p</i> < 0.25 were entered a multivariable logistic regression analysis model. Statistically significant level was declared at 95% CI and a <i>p</i>-value <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 828 participants were involved with a response rate of 98%. Of the total participants, 29.35% (95% CI: 26.3, 32.5) had poor attitude and 41.79% (95% CI: 38.5, 45.3) had poor practice towards COVID-19 prevention. Multivariable regression results showed a significant association with being male, unable to read and write, and mass media with attitude and rural residence, being widowed, a merchant, family size 4-6, spring water source and information heard from social media with practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings revealed that there are inappropriate practices and poor attitudes towards COVID-19 prevention among Dessie and Kombolcha residents.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"129-139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/89/rrtm-11-129.PMC7683888.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38648315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Understanding of Immunity Against Schistosomiasis: Impact on Vaccine and Drug Development.","authors":"Adebayo J Molehin","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S274518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S274518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease inflicting significant morbidity in humans worldwide. The disease is caused by infections with a parasitic trematode belonging to the genus <i>Schistosoma</i>. Over 250 million people are currently infected globally, with an estimated disability-adjusted life-years of 1.9 million attributed to the disease. Current understanding, based on several immunological studies using experimental and human models of schistosomiasis, reveals that complex immune mechanisms play off each other in the acquisition of immune resistance to infection/reinfection. Nevertheless, the precise characteristics of these responses, the specific antigens against which they are elicited, and how these responses are intricately regulated are still being investigated. What is apparent is that immunity to schistosome infections develops slowly and over a prolonged period of time, augmented by the death of adult worms occurring naturally or by praziquantel therapy. In this review, aspects of immunity to schistosomiasis, host-parasite interactions and their impact on schistosomiasis vaccine development are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"119-128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S274518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38587619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State of Affairs in Post-Exposure Leprosy Prevention: A Descriptive Meta-Analysis on Immuno- and Chemo-Prophylaxis.","authors":"Anne Schoenmakers, Liesbeth Mieras, Teky Budiawan, Wim H van Brakel","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S190300","DOIUrl":"10.2147/RRTM.S190300","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Annually, over 200,000 people are diagnosed with leprosy, also called Hansen's disease. This number has been relatively stable over the past years. Progress has been made in the fields of chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis to prevent leprosy, with a primary focus on close contacts of patients. In this descriptive meta-analysis, we summarize the evidence and identify knowledge gaps regarding post-exposure prophylaxis against leprosy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A systematic literature search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was conducted by searching the medical scientific databases Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Research Gate, Scopus and Web of Science on Jan. 22, 2020, using a combination of synonyms for index terms in four languages: \"leprosy\" and \"population\" or \"contacts\" and \"prevention\" or \"prophylaxis.\" Subsequently, Infolep.org and Google Scholar were searched and the \"snowball method\" was used to retrieve other potentially relevant literature. The found articles were screened for eligibility using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After deduplication, 1,515 articles were screened, and 125 articles were included in this descriptive meta-analysis. Immunoprophylaxis by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is known to provide protection against leprosy. The protection it offers is higher in household contacts of leprosy patients compared with the general population and is seen to decline over time. Contact follow-up screening is important in the first period after BCG administration, as a substantial number of new leprosy patients presents three months post-vaccination. Evidence for the benefit of re-vaccination is conflicting. The World Health Organization (WHO) included BCG in its Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy by stating that BCG at birth should be maintained in at least all leprosy high-burden regions. Literature shows that several vaccination interventions with other immunoprophylactic agents demonstrate similar or slightly less efficacy in leprosy risk reduction compared with BCG. However, most of these studies do not exclusively focus on post-exposure prophylaxis. Two vaccines are considered future candidates for leprosy prophylaxis: &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium indicus pranii&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;MiP&lt;/i&gt;) and LepVax. For chemoprophylaxis, trials were performed with dapsone/acedapsone, rifampicin, and ROM, a combination of rifampicin, ofloxacin, and minocycline. Single-dose rifampicin is favored as post-exposure prophylaxis, abbreviated as SDR-PEP. It demonstrated a protective effect of 57% in the first two years after administration to contacts of leprosy patients. It is inexpensive, and adverse events are rare. The risk of SDR-PEP inducing rifampicin resistance is considered negligible, but continuous monitoring in accordance with WHO policies should be encour","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"97-117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/02/rrtm-11-97.PMC7573302.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38546066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Onchocerciasis Elimination: Progress and Challenges.","authors":"Thomson Lakwo,&nbsp;David Oguttu,&nbsp;Tony Ukety,&nbsp;Rory Post,&nbsp;Didier Bakajika","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S224364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S224364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection caused by the filarial nematode <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> and transmitted through the bites of black flies of the genus <i>Similium</i> that breed in rivers and streams. The impact of mass treatment with ivermectin and supplemented by vector control in some countries has changed the global scene of onchocerciasis. There has been reported progress made in elimination of onchocerciasis in central and southern American countries and in some localities in Africa. The target for elimination in the Americas has been set at 2022 while for 12 countries in Africa this is expected in 2030. This review was conducted to examine the current status of onchocerciasis elimination at the global level and report on progress made. Literature searches were made through PubMed, articles in English or English abstracts, reports and any other relevant articles related to the subject. The global burden of onchocerciasis is progressively reducing and is no longer a public health problem in some regions. However, programs are challenged with a range of issues: cross-border transmission, diagnostic tools, <i>Loa loa</i> co-endemicity, limited workforce in entomology and maintaining enthusiasm among community drug distributors. More concerted effort using appropriate tools is required to overcome the challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"81-95"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S224364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38546065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro Effects of <i>Punica granatum</i> Ellagitannins on Adult Worms of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>.","authors":"Khalid H Abozeid,&nbsp;Mohamed F El-Badawy,&nbsp;Soheir Mahmoud,&nbsp;Mohamed M Shohayeb","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S248604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S248604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis ranks second behind malaria in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the lethal effect of <i>Punica granatum</i> ellagitannins, extracted from the fruit rind, placenta and barks of the root and stem, on adult worms of <i>Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni)</i>. All four ellagitannins were lethal to <i>S. mansoni</i> adult worms. However, while the rind ellagitannins were the most potent, placental ellagitannins were the least. Rind ellagitannins were capable of killing 40% of adult worms at a concentration of 25µg/mL after 5 days. The killing of 100% of the worms was achievable by rind ellagitannins at a concentration of 50µg/mL after 5 days. The LD_50S of the rind ellagitannins after 96h and 120h were 41.25 µg/mL and 28.73 respectively. Ellagitannins-treated worms suffered from erosions, wrinkles, swellings and losses, degenerations of the surface tubercles and tegument. In addition, ellagitannins induced deformation and degradation of oral and ventral suckers and degenerations in the muscles of worms. Ellagitannins also caused a separation of coupled worms and reduction of their motility. Data obtained suggest that ellagitannins of pomegranate could be considered as a cheap candidate for the treatment of schistosomiasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0f/66/rrtm-11-73.PMC7547181.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38546064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}