Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Off-Label Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 Treatment in Africa Against WHO Recommendation.","authors":"Anteneh Belayneh","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S269936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S269936","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract COVID-19 is continuing as a big challenge for the globe and several types of research are continued to find safe and effective treatment and preventive options. Although there is a lack of conclusive evidence of their benefit, there is worldwide controversy to use anti-malarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, for the treatment of COVID-19. FDA issued an emergency use authorization to the use of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. On the contrary to the FDA, the European Medicines Agency has warned against the widespread use of these drugs to treat COVID-19. Finally, the WHO declared that clinical trials on these drugs are halted after the devastating findings of the study published in the medical journal called The Lancet. Against this fact, there are several rumors about the irresponsible use of these drugs in Africa for the treatment of COVID-19. This work aimed to review the off-label use of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 in African countries against WHO recommendation. Data on the use of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 in African countries were searched from credible sources including Scopus, PubMed, Hindawi, Google Scholar, and from local and international media. The study showed that many African countries have already approved at the national level to use these drugs to treat COVID-19 by opposing WHO warnings. In addition to this, falsified and substandard chloroquine products started to emerge in some African countries. The health sectors of the African government should critically compare the risks and benefits before using these drugs. The WHO and African drug regulatory organizations should intervene to stop the off-label use practice of these drugs against the licensed purpose and distribution of falsified and substandard products in the continent.","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S269936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38521664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria Morbidities Following Universal Coverage Campaign for Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets: A Case Study in Ukerewe District, Northwestern Tanzania.","authors":"Anthony Kapesa,&nbsp;Namanya Basinda,&nbsp;Elias C Nyanza,&nbsp;Joshua Monge,&nbsp;Sospatro E Ngallaba,&nbsp;Joseph R Mwanga,&nbsp;Eliningaya J Kweka","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S248834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S248834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surveillance of the clinical morbidity of malaria remains key for disease monitoring for subsequent development of appropriate interventions. This case study presents the current status of malaria morbidities following a second round of mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on Ukerewe Island, northwestern Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of health-facility registers to determine causes of inpatient morbidities for every admitted child aged <5 years was conducted to ascertain the contribution of malaria before and after distribution of LLINs. This review was conducted from August 2016 to July 2018 in three selected health facilities. To determine the trend of malaria admissions in the selected facilities, additional retrospective collection of all malaria and other causes of admission was conducted for both <5- and >5-year-old patients from July 2014 to June 2018. For comparison purposes, monthly admissions of malaria and other causes from all health facilities in the district were also collected. Moreover, an LLIN-coverage study was conducted among randomly selected households (n=684).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between August 2016 and July 2018, malaria was the leading cause of inpatient morbidity, accounting for 44.1% and 20.3% among patients <5 and >5 years old, respectively. Between October 2017 and January 2018, the mean number of admissions of patients aged <5 years increased 2.7-fold at one health center and 1.02-fold for all admissions in the district. Additionally, approximately half the households in the study area had poor of LLIN coverage 1 year after mass distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This trend analysis of inpatient morbidities among children aged <5 years revealed an upsurge in malaria admissions in some health facilities in the district, despite LLIN intervention. This suggests the occurrence of an unnoticed outbreak of malaria admissions in all health facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S248834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38268395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Predictors of CD4+ T-Lymphocytopenia Among HIV-Negative Tuberculosis Patients in Uganda.","authors":"Joseph Baruch Baluku,&nbsp;Joseph Musaazi,&nbsp;Rose Mulwana,&nbsp;Araali Robert Mugabo,&nbsp;Felix Bongomin,&nbsp;Winceslaus Katagira","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S252550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S252550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia is a risk for tuberculosis (TB) infection, reactivation and severe disease. We sought to determine the prevalence and predictors of CD4 T-lymphocytopenia among HIV-negative patients with bacteriologically confirmed TB in Uganda.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Eligible participants were adult HIV-negative patients with bacteriologically confirmed TB at the National TB Treatment Centre in Uganda. CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts were determined by flow cytometry. We defined CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia as a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of <418 cells/mm³ as per the population estimate for Ugandans. We performed logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 216 participants whose mean age (standard deviation (±SD)) was 32.5 (±12.1) years, of whom 146 (67.6%) were males. The prevalence of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia was 25% (54/216) (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.6-31.2%). Patients with anaemia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.83, 95% CI: 1.59-9.23, p = 0.003), weight loss (aOR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.07-12.23, p = 0.039) and a low CD8+ T-cell count (aOR: 6.10, 95% CI: 2.68-13.89, p < 0.001) were more likely to have CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia while those with monocytosis (aOR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.89, p = 0.028) were less likely to have CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a high prevalence of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia among HIV-negative TB patients. Patients with weight loss, anaemia and a low CD8+ count were more likely to have CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia while those with monocytosis were less likely to have CD4+ lymphocytopenia. The findings suggest that CD4+ lymphocytopenia is indicative of severe disease and globally impaired cell-mediated immune responses against TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S252550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38110182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Analysis of Malaria Cases in a Potentially High Endemic Area of Morogoro Rural District, Eastern Tanzania.","authors":"Joseph N Aikambe,&nbsp;Ladslaus L Mnyone","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S254577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S254577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria is increasingly characterized by appreciable fine-scale variability in ecology and topography, and it is likely that we are missing some salient foci with unprecedented malaria transmission intensity in different parts of Tanzania. Therefore, efforts aimed at identifying area-specific malaria situation and intervening are needed to preserve the realized health gains and achieve elimination. Mkuyuni and Kiroka, adjacent wards within Morogoro Rural District, are purported to form one of such foci.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted to determine six-year (2014-2019) malaria prevalence rates based on outpatients and laboratory registers obtained from two health facilities, one per ward, carrying out diagnosis of malaria either through microscopy or malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT). These data were checked for completeness before carrying out statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 35,386 (46.19%) out of 76,604 patients were positive for malaria. The average proportion of malaria cases was significantly higher in Mkuyuni (51.23%; n=19,438) than Kiroka (41.21%; n = 15,938) (P <0.001). Females were more affected than males (P <0.001);, and irrespective of the sex, most malaria cases were recorded in children <5 years of age (P <0.001) except at Mkuyuni. Malaria was recorded virtually all year round; however, the highest proportion of cases was recorded in April and July (P <0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed high malaria endemicity in Mkuyuni and Kiroka, with prevalence rate as high as 60.98%, which is far higher than the overall national average prevalence of 9%. More studies are needed in these and other putatively high endemic foci in Tanzania in order to inform the future course of action in disease surveillance and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S254577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38102936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic Coagulation Profiles and Platelet Count Among <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>-Infected Adults Attending Sanja Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Tahir Eyayu, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Masresha Seyoum, Ligabaw Worku","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S244912","DOIUrl":"10.2147/RRTM.S244912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess basic coagulation profiles and platelet count among <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>-infected and non-infected adults.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2019 at Sanja Primary Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. A total of 200 adults (100 cases and 100 controls) were enrolled using convenient sampling technique. Both wet mount and Kato-Katz techniques were performed using a stool sample. The venous blood sample was collected to perform platelet count, basic coagulation and serological tests. The data were coded and entered into EpiData Manager (v4.4.2.1) and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Nonparametric tests were used during data analysis. <i>P</i>-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalization ratio (INR) were significantly higher while the platelet count was significantly lower in <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected than healthy adults (<i>P</i> <0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the median [IQR] value of PT, APTT, INR and platelet count between light, moderate and heavy infected groups (<i>P</i> <0.05). Infection intensity had a positive correlation with basic coagulation profiles and a negative correlation with platelet count (<i>P</i> <0.05) of <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of coagulation abnormality was higher in <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected adults than healthy controls. Coagulation test and platelet count should be used to monitor and manage schistosomiasis-related complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ca/65/rrtm-11-27.PMC7184861.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37901663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Local Markets of Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Getaneh Alemu, Mezgebu Nega, Megbaru Alemu","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S244737","DOIUrl":"10.2147/RRTM.S244737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fruits and vegetables, which are consumed raw, act as potential sources for the spread of various parasitic diseases. The rate of contamination and species of contaminant parasites varies based on climatic, ecological, and human factors. Therefore, local data about the contamination status and predisposing factors augments efforts for successful control of parasitic diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bahir Dar city from February to May 2019. A total of 384 samples were purchased from three randomly selected markets. Data on sociodemographic characteristics of vendors and factors associated with contamination of fruits and vegetables were collected using a structured questionnaire. About 200 g of fruit and vegetable samples were processed for parasites using direct wet mount and modified Zeihl-Neelson staining techniques following standard protocols. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among a total of 384 fruit and vegetable samples purchased from 112 vendors, 150 (39.1%) were contaminated with at least one species of parasite. Lettuce (56.4%) and mango (16.7%) were the most and the least commonly contaminated items respectively. Larva of <i>Strongyloides</i> species (13.5%) was the most frequently detected parasite followed by cysts of <i>Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar</i> (12.8%). Contamination was more common in vegetables than fruits (AOR=2.968, <i>p</i><0.001). Fruits and vegetables purchased from vendors with untrimmed fingernails (AOR=1.966, <i>p</i>=0.006), directly delivered from farmers (AOR=1.883, <i>p</i>=0.040), displayed in bucket with water (AOR=2.676, <i>p</i>=0.017) and those displayed without washing (AOR=5.511, <i>p</i><0.001) were significantly associated with parasitic contamination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The level of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables in Bahir Dar city is of public health importance. Hence, the public health sector should create public awareness in order to reduce parasitic transmission via fruits and vegetables.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e8/62/rrtm-11-17.PMC7127876.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37825331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic Accessibility, Readiness, and Barriers of Health Facilities to Offer Tuberculosis Services in East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia: A Convergent Parallel Design.","authors":"Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn,&nbsp;Getu Degu Alene,&nbsp;Solomon Abebe Yimer","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S233052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S233052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a foremost global public health threat. Active TB control needs geographically accessible health facilities that have quality diagnostics, equipment, supplies, medicines, and staff.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed at assessing the geographic distribution, physical accessibility, readiness and barriers of health facilities for TB services in East Gojjam zone, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A convergent parallel design was applied using health facility and geographic data. Data on facility attributes, service availability and readiness were collected by inteviewing TB officers, laboratory heads and onsite facility visits. Coordinates of health facilities and kebele centroids were collected by GPS. We used ArcGIS 10.6 to measure Euclidean distance from each kebele centroids to the nearest health facility. Descriptive statistics were computed by using SPSS version 25. Barriers to TB service readiness were explored by in-depth interviews. NVivo12 was used to thematically analyze the qualitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall TB health service coverage (THSC) was 23% (ranging: 10-85%). The mean distance from the nearest health facility was 8km (ranging: 0.5-16km). About 132 (32%) kebeles had poor geographic accessibility to TB services (over 10km distance from the nearest health facility) and had poor facility readiness. Although 114 (95%) health facilities offered at least one TB service, 44 (38.6%) of them had no sputum smear microscopy. The overall TB readiness index was 63.5%: first-line anti-TB drugs (97%), diagnostics (63%), trained staffs, diagnostic and treatment guidelines (53%) and laboratory supplies (41%). Lack of health workers (laboratory personnel), inadequate budget, poor management practice and TB program support, inadequate TB commodity suppliers, and less accessible geographic locations of health facilities were identified as barriers to TB service readiness distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considerable proportion of the population in the study area  have poor access to quality TB diagnostic services due to low THSC and poor facility readiness. Barriers to TB service availability and readiness were health system related. Regular refresher training of health workers on TB, creating mechanisms to attract laboratory personnel to work in the study area and scaling up of sputum smear microscopy services, establishing an efficient mechanism for procurement, distribution, utilization and reporting of TB commodity supplies, and good management practices are crucial to enhance TB service readiness in the study zone.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S233052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37678727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of <i>Cipadessa baccifera</i> (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators [Corrigendum].","authors":"","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S242999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S242999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2147/RRTM.S227590.].</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S242999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37612196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schistosomiasis: Still a Cause of Significant Morbidity and Mortality.","authors":"Mohamud A Verjee","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S204345","DOIUrl":"10.2147/RRTM.S204345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical diseases remain severe threats to global health with acute or chronic debility. Public health issues are regularly monitored and reported by the WHO. Conditions with high prevalence and virulence such as Schistosomiasis or Malaria still need active treatment. Advances over the decades in the treatment and management of Schistosomiasis have reduced morbidity and mortality in patients. However, poverty, adverse environments, lack of education and awareness, with parasites and vectors that can thrive if uncontrolled, remain issues for the successful global eradication of Schistosomiasis. From the disease's discovery in 1850, the author relates historical details to its current status. Several countries previously affected, including Japan and Tunisia, have eliminated the disease while others seek the same goal. Africa remains the most severely affected continent with vulnerable women and children, although the infection persists in South America and the Far East of Asia as well. Realistic improvements for continuing health conditions are vogue and emphasized for those at risk or afflicted by the infection, illustrating success models of concerted efforts of extirpation. Constant proximity to infected water, with a parasite host, are hurdles in reducing exposure. Effective medication for acute treatment is available, and prophylaxis by vaccination is promising. Where endemic Schistosomiasis is prevalent, significant morbidity and mortality have far-reaching complications in multiple human organ systems, including irreversible pulmonary hypertension, renal, genitourinary, central nervous system conditions, and neoplasia. Two hundred and thirty million people are estimated to have contracted Schistosomiasis globally, with up to 700 million still at risk of infection, and 200,000 deaths occur annually. The disease may be more prevalent than thought after newer tests have shown increased sensitivity to pathological antigens. The author discusses infectivity risks, investigations, prognosis, treatment, and management, as well as morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S204345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37677661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culex quinquefasciatus Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators","authors":"G. Ramkumar, S. Karthi, M. Shivakumar, E. Kweka","doi":"10.2147/RRTM.S227590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S227590","url":null,"abstract":"Background Insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors for synthetic insecticides still remains a major problem for control efforts. This study assessed the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera comparatively to standard registered synthetic insect growth regulators (IGR) on freshly laid eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus. Method Five plant extracts were prepared using different solvents. The batches of eggs were exposed to different concentrations of each solvent extract comparatively to synthetic IGR. The hatched eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus were subjected to different concentrations. The first instars that emerged from the eggs were counted daily. The egg hatching inhibition was observed 24, 48 and 72 hrs post treatment. The desiccation median time (DT50 and DT90) was calculated. Results The percent egg hatching inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of extracts. The morphological damage to the eggs was observed. Among five solvent extracts, acetone extracts showed the highest ovicidal activity. The changes in eggshell morphology were observed. The maximum ovicidal activity was observed in acetone extracts with DT50 value of 1.70 hrs (0.91–2.22). The methanol plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 14 compounds. Conclusion These results suggest that the acetone extracts of C. baccifera have the potential to be used as an ovicidal agent for controlling mosquito populations in aquatic stages. The biodegradability of the extracts has the advantage of being eco-friendly.","PeriodicalId":21138,"journal":{"name":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"145 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRTM.S227590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47732988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}