Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology最新文献

{"title":"Multidimensional assessment of breathlessness during exercise: current methods and recommendations","authors":"Olivia N. Ferguson ,&nbsp;Dennis Jensen ,&nbsp;Jordan A. Guenette ,&nbsp;Hayley Lewthwaite","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dyspnea, or breathlessness, is a complex, multidimensional symptom of breathing discomfort, which significantly impacts quality of life and clinical prognosis. While traditional assessments have primarily focused on breathlessness sensory intensity, this approach does not consider affective and/or qualitative dimensions. Growing evidence highlights the need for multidimensional assessment approaches that provide a more comprehensive understanding of breathlessness, particularly in the context of exercise. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides a standardized physiological stimulus to assess breathlessness responses in real-time, offering valuable insights into its underlying mechanisms and response to therapeutic intervention. Normative reference equations can help identify abnormally high breathlessness intensity during CPET. This review examines current methodologies for multidimensional breathlessness assessment during exercise, including single-item rating scales, multidimensional tools, descriptor lists, and locus of symptom limitation. We also discuss best practices for linking breathlessness with physiological responses during CPET to enhance mechanistic understanding, inform targeted interventions, and evaluate interventional efficacy. Standardizing assessment approaches and ensuring transparent reporting are critical steps toward improving the clinical and research utility of exertional breathlessness assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spirometric and exercise ventilatory predictors of expiratory flow-limitation in adults with normal and mildly-obstructed airways","authors":"Hans Christian Haverkamp ,&nbsp;Peter Luu ,&nbsp;Yannick Molgat-Seon ,&nbsp;Gregory Petrics ,&nbsp;Sterling McPherson","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We determined the resting spirometric and exercise ventilatory variables that are predictive of exercise expiratory flow limitation (EFL) in a group of adults in whom airway function varied from mildly obstructed to above predicted values.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We studied <em>n</em> = 25 adults (16/9 M/F; age, 31 years) in whom forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) ranged from 63 % to 149 %-predicted. Subjects completed an incremental exercise test. Tidal expiratory flow-volume (TEFV) curves were placed within the maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve and %-EFL was determined based on the overlap between the TEFV and MEFV curves. Multivariate linear (MR_lin) and logistic regression (MR_log) were performed using spirometric and exercise measurements as predictor variables and the presence and magnitude of EFL as the outcome variable.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A set of spirometric variables explained 75 % and 73 % of the variance in %-EFL and the presence of EFL using MR_lin and MR_log, respectively. A set of inputs consisting of both spirometric and exercise ventilatory variables improved the predictive ability of the models. Backward stepwise modeling, using both MR_lin and MR_log, resulted in a total of seven final variables in both analyses. The final variables represented a combination of spirometric and exercise ventilatory inputs, and R² values of 0.93 and 1.00 for MR_lin and MR_log.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Given the difficulty of measuring EFL during exercise, our findings suggest that integrating additional measurements reflecting ventilatory capacity (i.e., spirometry) and demand (exercise measurements), including dynamic operating lung volumes, in clinical exercise testing will improve assessment of exercise ventilatory constraint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in cough motor output during repetitive mechanical stimulation of the tracheobronchial tree in cats","authors":"Ivan Poliacek ,&nbsp;Lukas Martvon ,&nbsp;Melanie J. Rose ,&nbsp;M. Nicholas Musselwhite ,&nbsp;Teresa Pitts ,&nbsp;Donald C. Bolser","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lack of airway protective responses is highly predictive of pulmonary morbidity and mortality. We investigated changes in motor output of mechanically induced cough during a repeated stimulation protocol, as may occur during aspiration of food / liquid over a meal. The occurrence, magnitude, phase durations, and power spectra characteristics of diaphragm and abdominal muscle electromyograms, and esophageal pressures during coughing were recorded during repeated mechanical stimulation of the trachea in cats. After the initial increase in cough excitability, repeated tracheal stimulation resulted in reduced cough number, electromyograms and esophageal pressure magnitudes, which fit an exponential model. There was little change in cough phase durations. Additionally, a pause in sequential airway stimulation (lasting several minutes) resulted in a further cough reduction, associated with prolongation of cough phase durations, but was resolved after one additional stimulus trial, consistent with long-latency transient depression. Power spectral analysis suggested changes in recruitment of motor units for parasternal muscles and no signs of fatigue although hundreds of coughs were executed. Our results are consistent with the presence of central adaptive mechanisms that can regulate the excitability of repetitive coughing, likely overlapping with transient potentiation and depression. The results have mechanistic implications for predicting airway protective responses in respiratory diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The acute effect of slow deep breathing variation techniques on ventilatory capacity and inspiratory muscle endurance","authors":"Kridtin Vijitsoontronkul ,&nbsp;Kanogwun Thongchote ,&nbsp;Tepmanas Bupha-Intr","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The study aimed to examine the post-effect of deep breathing warm-up techniques on ventilatory capacity and inspiratory muscle endurance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a randomized crossover design, fourteen active women performed four different inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) protocols followed by maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and repeated inspiratory resistance breathing (RIRB) tests. Heart rate variability was also monitored before and after IMW. IMW techniques included deep inspiration with normal expiration (DI), deep inspiration with short breath-holding (DI-H), deep inspiration with short breath-holding followed by shallow breathing alternate (DI-H/SB), and deep inspiration and expiration (DI-DE). Each protocol was performed six breathing cycles per set for five sets, one-minute rest between sets.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MVV and RIRB score were significantly increased by both protocols with breath-holding (MVV: p = 0.002, p = 0.021; RIRB p = 0.002, p = 0.002, in DI-H and DI-H/SB, respectively). Deep inspiration alone did not affect both parameters. On the other hand, slow deep inspiration and deep expiration increased RIRB attempts (p = 0.020) without any effect on MVV value. Electrocardiogram indicated a significant decrease in RMSSD heart rate variability in deep inspiration with short breath-holding continuously (p = 0.043) and slow deep inspiration and deep expiration techniques (p = 0.032). However, a decrease was not observed in the technique of deep/shallow breathing alternate.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The data suggested that the addition of short breath-holding during IMW exerted significant stress on inspiratory muscles, which consequently activated a higher tolerance to fatigue. Deep/shallow alternate breathing helped lessen the stress due to breath-holding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive changes of oxygenation, diving response, and involuntary breathing movements during repeated apneas","authors":"Eric R. Mulder ,&nbsp;Janne Bouten ,&nbsp;Pontus K. Holmström ,&nbsp;Erika K. Schagatay","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study investigated whether trained freedivers can sustain a 1:1 apnea-to-recovery ratio without progressive arterial or cerebral oxygen desaturation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>21 trained freedivers (6 females) performed 7 static apneas of fixed 2-min duration, each followed by 2-min of rest, in a supine laboratory setting. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) assessed cerebral and peripheral muscle oxygenation. A chest force sensor recorded involuntary breathing movements (IBM). End-tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂) was measured pre- and post apnea.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SpO₂ declined most during the first apnea (94 ± 3 %) but stabilized thereafter (p &lt; 0.005). Lowest HR increased from 61 ± 15 to 65 ±13 bpm across the series (p = 0.02), and the intial apnea tachycardia declined by 10 bpm (p = 0.012). Cerebral oxygenation increased above baseline only during the first apnea (1.0 ± 2.3 %); in subsequent apneas it remained stable, although slightly below baseline. Muscle oxygenation declined during all apneas but was more pronounced in the first (-6.7 ± 3.1 %). IBM onset was progressively delayed; 63 % of participants showed no IBM during the final apnea. EtCO₂ increased after each apnea by ≈ 1.0kPa (p &lt; 0.001) but did not change progressively across the series.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A 1:1 apnea-to-recovery ratio was physiologically sustainable in trained freedivers at rest, without inducing progressive oxygen desaturation. The initial apnea elicited the strongest oxygen-conserving responses, which progressively attenuated across the series, suggesting that physiological regulation during repeated submaximal apneas is adaptable to meet situation-specific demands. The progressive IBM delay despite stable CO₂ levels suggests additional mechanisms beyond chemoreflex-driven stimulation of breathing may contribute to ventilatory drive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ventilation management: Time for a paradigm shift focusing on tidal volume","authors":"Raffaele Merola ,&nbsp;Maria Vargas ,&nbsp;Denise Battaglini","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) remains a critical challenge in intensive care medicine, with persistently high mortality despite decades of research and advancements in supportive therapies. Mechanical ventilation, particularly low tidal volume (VT) strategies, has become the cornerstone of ARDS management; however, emerging evidence suggests that a uniform application of these approaches may not be universally beneficial. This viewpoint critically examines the evolution of ARDS ventilation strategies, from high VT methods to protective ventilation protocols centered on reduced VT and plateau pressures. It explores the limitations of current guidelines, highlighting how global parameters such as VT and driving pressure (ΔP) may inadequately capture the complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology of ARDS. Concepts like mechanical power, compliance-based ventilation, and transpulmonary pressure offer promising avenues for more personalized care but remain underutilized in clinical practice. Additionally, this viewpoint underscores the significance of heart-lung interactions and the impact of ventilator settings on cardiovascular function, further complicating one-size-fits-all approaches. Ultimately, this work calls for a reassessment of existing paradigms, advocating for individualized, physiology-driven strategies that move beyond population-based protocols to better address the nuanced needs of ARDS patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity and reliability of anharmonic morphological ventilometry for the characterisation of human breathing","authors":"Patrick Hanusse ,&nbsp;Pierantonio Laveneziana ,&nbsp;Marie-Cécile Niérat ,&nbsp;Marion Teulier ,&nbsp;Patrick Berger ,&nbsp;Fabien Beaufils ,&nbsp;Christian Straus ,&nbsp;Thomas Similowski","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diagnosing and monitoring respiratory disorders typically rely on pulmonary function testing, which requires full patient cooperation and trained personnel, limiting its applicability. Analysing natural breathing offers a valuable alternative but requires new methodological approaches. This study introduces anharmonic morphological analysis, a novel technique to characterise breathing cycles, and evaluates its reliability and ability to distinguish healthy individuals from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty healthy individuals (17 men; age 28 ± 5 years; body mass index 21 ± 2 kg/m²) and 119 COPD patients (covering all spirometric GOLD stages) were studied during natural breathing using a linear pneumotachograph. Ventilatory flow traces were analysed using anharmonic morphological analysis, enabling the reconstruction of an average ventilatory cycle for each individual (personal respiratory profile, PRP). Comparisons were performed by calculating Euclidean distances between PRPs. Anharmonic morphological analysis enabled precise and reproducible characterisation of ventilatory cycles. PRPs showed high temporal stability. Tessellation based on Euclidean distances distinguished healthy individuals from COPD patients with a sensitivity of 86 % and a specificity of 94 %. Exploratory analyses further suggested the potential of the method to identify COPD patients responsive to bronchodilator administration based on inspiratory capacity changes. Anharmonic morphological analysis offers a reproducible, physiologically meaningful description of natural breathing and shows promise for future development as a spontaneous-breathing-based tool to assist in diagnosing respiratory disorders without requiring patient cooperation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Augmented activity of suprahyoid muscles during hypothermia in sevoflurane-anesthetized mice","authors":"Mayumi Hashida,&nbsp;Takashi Nishino,&nbsp;Saki Taiji,&nbsp;Hisayo Jin,&nbsp;Shiroh Isono","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halogenated volatile anesthetics not only cause profound respiratory depression but also exert a facilitatory influence on the upper airway dilator (UAD) muscles in small rodents. A high concentration of sevoflurane inhalation induces gasping respiration characterized by augmented breaths with mandibular movements, to which elevated activity of suprahyoid muscles (SHMs) contributes significantly. Although similar gasping-like breathing has been observed during hypothermia in sevoflurane-anesthetized spontaneously breathing mice, the effect of sevoflurane during hypothermia on SHMs’ activity remains elusive. We investigated the synergistic effects of sevoflurane, pentobarbital, and hypothermia on ventilation and SHMs’ activity in spontaneously breathing mice. The twenty-one tracheally intubated mice were divided into three groups, i.e., the sevoflurane (N = 7), the pentobarbital (N = 7), and the pentobarbital-sevoflurane (N = 7) groups. Progressive hypothermia was produced by cooling mice in each group from 37 to 36℃ to 25–24℃ while measuring body temperature, breathing patterns, and the SHMs’ activity through subcutaneous electromyography (EMG_SH). The pentobarbital group showed minimal change in tidal volume (V_T) and respiratory-related SHMs’ activity during cooling. In contrast, in the sevoflurane and pentobarbital-sevoflurane groups, the EMG_SH, which behaves like the UAD muscle, was augmented with increased V_T during hypothermia. Notably, the pentobarbital-sevoflurane group showed significantly larger EMG_SH values at body temperatures of 34–33 and 31–30℃, indicating a more pronounced effect. Our study confirms the significant role of sevoflurane in inducing increased V_T and augmented SHMs’ activity during hypothermia. Furthermore, adding pentobarbital to sevoflurane anesthesia during hypothermia led to a further increase in augmented EMG_SH, highlighting the synergistic effects of these factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Ethanol abolishes ventilatory long-term facilitation and blunts the ventilatory response to hypoxia in female rats” [Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 332 (2024) 104373]","authors":"Aaron L. Silverstein,&nbsp;Warren J. Alilain","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144080035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chrysin-loaded PLGA nanoparticle attenuates ferroptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced indirect acute lung injury by upregulating Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responses","authors":"Islam Ahmed Abdelmawgood ,&nbsp;Ayman Saber Mohamed ,&nbsp;Noha A. Mahana ,&nbsp;Abdel Hady A. Abdel Wahab ,&nbsp;Abeer Mahmoud Badr ,&nbsp;Asmaa Elsayed Abdelkader","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.resp.2025.104451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chrysin (CHR) is the principal active compound in honey, propolis and plants. Its pharmacological effects include anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antioxidant capabilities. However, its poor solubility and bioavailability constitute a limitation. In this study, Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) was used as a nanocarrier to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and effectiveness of CHR to protect mice from indirect acute lung injury (ALI) caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CHR-loaded PLGA nanoparticle (CHR-NP) was prepared and characterized using techniques such as FTIR, zeta potential analysis, DLS, in vitro drug release assessment, encapsulation efficiency measurement, and TEM. Prior to the intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg), C57BL/6 mice were orally administered CHR (50 mg/kg), PLGA (50 mg/kg), CHR-NP (50 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (Dexa) (5 mg/kg) for a duration of six days. Following 24 h of LPS or normal saline (control) injection, the mice were anesthetized. CHR-NP increased catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase while decreasing malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-γ. Moreover, treatment with CHR-NP augmented the gene and protein expression of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway utilizing quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, CHR-NP reduced histological alterations, pulmonary edema, damage, and iron deposition. Our findings indicate that CHR-NP significantly mitigated indirect ALI, possibly through the suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis via the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20961,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 104451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}