Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive control during scene categorization: The role of identity repetition and timing in congruence sequence effects.","authors":"Virginia Tronelli, Maurizio Codispoti, Andrea De Cesarei","doi":"10.1177/17470218251335293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218251335293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive control abilities include maintaining goal-directed behaviors in spite of the incongruence between habitual and desired responses. In interference paradigms, slower responses to incongruent compared to congruent trials are observed; this interference is reduced after incongruent trials (congruence sequential effect, CSE), suggesting that the control exerted to counteract interference in the previous trial also propagates into the following trial. Moreover, a larger CSE is observed when trial features are repeated. Binding-retrieval accounts suggest that trial features that occur in the same time frame are bound together in an episodic representation; if a feature is repeated in the next trial, the control state that was active in the previous trial is also reactivated, resulting in a modulation of congruence effects. However, previous studies that used stimulus sets characterized by intracategory variability (e.g., faces and scenes) observed CSE modulation by the repetition of response categories but were inconclusive concerning whether repeating the identity of a stimulus may modulate CSE. The present study investigates whether episodic stimulus representations include both stimulus identity and response category information, by comparing the impact of the repetition of novel pictures (no identity repetition) and of frequent pictures (in which identity is repeated over trials) in a picture-word interference task. Results indicated that stimulus identity was not critical in the modulation of CSE, and that CSE was little affected by response-stimulus interval. Altogether, the present results contribute to the understanding and theoretical specification of sequential effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251335293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do the protective effects last? The effectiveness of alternative + forewarning/inoculation techniques in reducing misinformation reliance and reliance regression in the continued influence effect procedure.","authors":"Klara Austeja Buczel, Adam Siwiak, Magdalena Kękuś, Malwina Szpitalak","doi":"10.1177/17470218251336232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218251336232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continued influence effect (CIE) refers to continued reliance on misinformation, even after it has been retracted. There are several techniques to counter it, such as forewarnings or presenting alternative explanations that can replace misinformation in knowledge or mental models of events. However, the existing research shows that they generally do not eliminate CIE, and their protective effects do not appear to be durable over time. In two experiments (<i>N</i> = 441), we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the alternative explanation technique and a combination of an alternative explanation and a forewarning (Experiment 1) or inoculation (Experiment 2) in both reducing CIE and the effect of increasing misinformation reliance over time, which is called belief regression. We found that an alternative reduced CIE while combining it with a forewarning or inoculation boosted this protective effect in the pretest. Nevertheless, the protective effect of the alternative + forewarning and inoculation techniques was not sustained, as shown by the fact that misinformation reliance increased for over 7 days, despite continued memory of the correction. A similar pattern, albeit with mixed evidence from Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) versus Bayesian analyses, was found for the alternative + inoculation technique. In the 'Discussion' section, we address issues such as the potential cognitive mechanisms of this effect. Despite all the similarities, given the difference in both methodology and results, we proposed that increased misinformation reliance over time in inferential reasoning should be attributed not to <i>belief regression</i> but to a phenomenon we refer to as <i>reliance regression</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251336232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of time delay on young adults' prospective memory.","authors":"April H T Leung, Chelsea C S Chan, Celia M Y Kwong, Carole Leung, Yuan Cao, Mandy H M Yu, Raymond C K Chan, David H K Shum","doi":"10.1177/17470218251335308","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251335308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the effect of time delay on prospective memory (PM) by manipulating the interval between encoding and retrieval of an event-based PM task. Seventy-four participants were randomly assigned to one of three delay conditions (immediate, 1-day, and 1-week) and were instructed on a classic dual event-based PM task during the first online experimental session. They were then asked to undertake the PM task after the designated delay period based on their assigned experimental condition in the second online session. Significant main effects of delay on PM performance (measured in terms of remembrance and accuracy) were found. Post hoc test results revealed that, when compared to the no-delay condition, the 1-week delay condition impacted both remembrance as well as accuracy of the PM task, while the 1-day delay condition affected only accuracy but not remembrance. This study provides a unique contribution to the PM literature by including longer delay intervals between PM encoding and retrieval to improve ecological validity. In future research, this factor should be considered when studying PM in different groups of participants, including children, older individuals, and clinical populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251335308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A British understanding of racialised gaze-cueing in the context of implicit racial bias, explicit racial identity and self-esteem.","authors":"Makayla Z Ward, Ayoub Bouguettaya, Wieske van Zoest","doi":"10.1177/17470218251335304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218251335304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gaze-cueing is subject to social influences; people tend to shift their attention in the same direction as others, but this relationship may be affected by the observer's race and the observed's race. Evidence suggests that Italian (Black and White) and American (Black and White) populations show preferential ingroup gaze-cueing for White participants, but no preferential variance for Black participants. This experimental study aimed to examine the robustness of this effect within a British population, with a secondary aim of understanding processes behind racial differences via the use of implicit racial bias, explicit racial identity and self-esteem measures. Results revealed that Black participants showed an ingroup bias in gaze-cueing, whereas no such bias was observed for White participants, contradicting previous findings. The hypothesised secondary processes did not significantly influence the biases in gaze-cueing between groups. These findings emphasise intergroup variability's importance in gaining a better understanding of how racialised gaze-cueing manifests across different populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251335304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How personality shapes gaze behavior without compromising subtle emotion recognition.","authors":"Alice Cartaud, Dorine Vergilino-Perez, Laurence Chaby","doi":"10.1177/17470218251334118","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251334118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Can personality, known to shape emotional experiences and gaze behaviors, influence the recognition of subtle emotional facial expressions? Do these personality-related gaze patterns change with emotional intensity? To explore this, we conducted an eye-tracking experiment with 116 participants who identified dynamic emotional facial expressions of varying intensities (anger, fear, disgust, happiness). Using a multidimensional approach to personality, we clustered participants based on Big Five personality dimensions and anxiety scores, distinguishing those scoring high in dimensions associated with positive (extroversion, agreeableness) versus negative emotions (neuroticism, social anxiety). Results showed that individuals with a positively-colored personality focused more on the mouth (likely seeking happiness cues), while those with a negatively-colored personality focused more on the eyes (likely seeking signs of negative emotions). However, at higher intensity, these gaze patterns persisted only when emotions matched participants' personality (individuals with a negatively-colored personality focused more on the eyes than others, but only when viewing fear or anger). Yet, personality did not affect the sensory discrimination or decision-making processes for subtle emotion identification. Thus, personality, as a multidimensional construct, seems to influence gaze strategies, facilitating emotionally congruent experiences without hindering the recognition of others' emotions, even subtle ones, which is crucial for effective social interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251334118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-loss speeding and neurophysiological markers of action preparation and outcome processing in probabilistic reversal learning.","authors":"Eugenia Kulakova, Bartosz Majchrowicz, Şiir Su Saydam, Patrick Haggard","doi":"10.1177/17470218251333429","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251333429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Losses and errors often slow down subsequent reaction times (RTs). This is classically explained in terms of a shift towards more cautious, therefore slow, behaviour. Recent studies of gambling, however, reported <i>faster</i> RTs following losses, so-called <i>post-loss speeding</i>, often attributing these to behavioural impulsivity arising from frustration. Here we instead investigated post-loss speeding in the context of a task that allowed behavioural adaptation and learning, namely probabilistic reversal learning (PRL). We additionally used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate how losses influence subsequent markers of action generation (readiness potential [RP]) and outcome evaluation (feedback-related negativity [FRN] and P300). Our results confirm faster RTs after losses than after wins in PRL, thus extending post-loss speeding from gambling to cognitive contexts where learning is possible. Previous losses did not affect subsequent RP amplitudes. However, compared to wins, previous losses led to more positive FRN and more positive P300 amplitudes elicited by subsequent outcomes. Furthermore, faster RTs were associated with more negative FRN amplitudes irrespective of previous or outcome valence. We hypothesise that post-loss speeding in PRL may represent a form of signal chasing, allowing participants to behaviourally modulate neurophysiological responses and thereby potentially establish agency by influencing internal neurophysiological signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251333429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Art opening minds: An experimental study on the effects of temporal and perspectival complexity in film on open-mindedness.","authors":"Francesca Carbone, Abigail Pitt, Angela Nyhout, Stacie Friend, Murray Smith, Heather J Ferguson","doi":"10.1177/17470218251333747","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251333747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aesthetic Cognitivism posits that artworks have the potential to enhance open-mindedness. However, this claim has not yet been explored empirically. Here, we present two experiments that investigate the extent to which two formal features of the film - temporal and perspectival complexity - can 'open our minds'. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the temporal complexity of the film. Participants (<i>N</i>_total = 100) watched a film (<i>Memento</i>) either in its original non-chronological order or the same film in chronological order. In Experiment 2, we manipulated perspectival complexity in film. Participants (<i>N</i>_total = 100) watched an excerpt from a film (<i>Jackie Brown</i>) that either included the perspectives of multiple characters on an event or a single character's perspective on the same event. Film conditions in both experiments were further compared with a control condition in which participants did not watch a film (<i>N</i> = 50). Participants' open-mindedness was assessed in both experiments through four empirical indicators (creativity, imaginability, cognitive flexibility, openness to new evidence) and in Experiment 2, participants' eye movements, heart rate and electrodermal activity were measured while watching the film. Results showed that watching films, regardless of their temporal or perspectival complexity, modulated only one facet of open-mindedness - cognitive flexibility - when compared to the no-film control condition, providing only limited support for the aesthetic cognitivist claim that artistic films can 'open our minds'. Real-time measures in Experiment 2 revealed that pupil size and number of fixations were modulated by perspectival complexity: both were smaller when watching a film from multiple perspectives compared to a single perspective. Possible explanations for this difference are examined in relation to the viewers' cognitive processes involved in understanding and interpreting film content.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251333747"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The temporal negation suspension strategy in negative conditionals.","authors":"Sergio Moreno-Ríos, Isabel Orenes, Orlando Espino","doi":"10.1177/17470218251332823","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251332823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the psychology of reasoning, researchers have studied which conclusions follow from negative premises (it is not the case), providing in their tasks the choice of affirmative conclusions (it is the case) only. We thought this practice could mask a potential preference for negative conclusions, and indeed, the results of our experiments have corroborated our hypothesis. After reading negative conditional 'if-then' (Experiment 1) or negative biconditional (Experiment 2) statements - for example, 'it is not the case that if/if and only if A, C' - participants preferred to infer the negative conclusion 'it is not the case that A and C' over affirmative conclusions like 'it is the case that if/if and only if A, not-C' (the small-scope interpretation) or 'it is the case that A and not C' (the large-scope interpretation). These results support the idea that whenever people encounter the negation of a conditional or biconditional assertion, they temporarily suspend the negation, flesh out the possibilities of the corresponding affirmative assertions, and then incorporate the negation into the final conclusion. Experiment 3 used the negative conditional 'only if' and ruled out whether this finding can be explained by the matching bias. These results are discussed in the context of current theories of reasoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251332823"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faces displaying dominance and trustworthiness do not automatically capture attention.","authors":"Yadvi Sharma, Parnian Jalalian, Siobhan Caughey, Marius Golubickis, C Neil Macrae","doi":"10.1177/17470218251334082","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251334082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contesting the viewpoint that personality impressions are spontaneously extracted from triggering facial cues, recent research suggests that such inferences emerge only when instructions are given to judge individuals in terms of the trait characteristics of interest. Notwithstanding this demonstration, however, it is possible that faces displaying fundamental character traits may exert influence over lower-level aspects of cognition that precede-and serve as the foundation for-impression formation. For example, paralleling work on emotional expressions, faces conveying important traits may automatically attract attentional resources. Accordingly, employing a dot-probe task, the current research explored whether faces varying in dominance (Experiments 1 & 2) and trustworthiness (Experiment 3) trigger attentional capture. The results were consistent across all three experiments. Using both naturalistic and computer-generated faces of women and men, neither dominance nor trustworthiness captured attention. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251334082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The social self: Categorisation of family members examined through the self-bias effect in new mothers.","authors":"Mengyin Jiang, Jie Sui","doi":"10.1177/17470218251332905","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251332905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-concept is the basis for many cognitive and behavioural processes, such as the processing of self-related information (e.g. one's own face, one's own name) and the categorisation of people into various social groups (e.g. self vs. other, family vs. non-family). Previous research suggests that one's self-concept is not only construed from individual characteristics but also from one's social experiences and group memberships. Thus, important life experiences such as childbirth and becoming a parent have significant impacts on one's self-concept and subsequently influence the categorisation of information regarding the self and others. In two experiments, women who gave birth within the last 2 years were recruited and tested on a series of categorisation tasks using names (Experiment 1) or faces (Experiment 2) as stimuli. Results consistently revealed faster reaction times in response to the self regardless of stimulus type (name or face) and response category (self vs. other, family vs. non-family, familiar vs. non-familiar). A family bias for one's own baby name and one's own mother name over friend was observed in the family versus non-family but not in the familiar versus non-familiar categorisation tasks. These findings indicate that information regarding the self and one's family members receives preferential processing in social categorisation. These findings contribute to current understandings of the evolving self-concept through social experiences and its influence on group membership categorisations and response behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251332905"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}