Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture最新文献_第2页

SurfNoC: a low latency and provably non-interfering approach to secure networks-on-chip SurfNoC:一种低延迟且可证明无干扰的芯片网络安全方法

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485972

Hassan M. G. Wassel, Ying Gao, J. Oberg, Ted Huffmire, R. Kastner, F. Chong, T. Sherwood

{"title":"SurfNoC: a low latency and provably non-interfering approach to secure networks-on-chip","authors":"Hassan M. G. Wassel, Ying Gao, J. Oberg, Ted Huffmire, R. Kastner, F. Chong, T. Sherwood","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485972","url":null,"abstract":"As multicore processors find increasing adoption in domains such as aerospace and medical devices where failures have the potential to be catastrophic, strong performance isolation and security become first-class design constraints. When cores are used to run separate pieces of the system, strong time and space partitioning can help provide such guarantees. However, as the number of partitions or the asymmetry in partition bandwidth allocations grows, the additional latency incurred by time multiplexing the network can significantly impact performance. In this paper, we introduce SurfNoC, an on-chip network that significantly reduces the latency incurred by temporal partitioning. By carefully scheduling the network into waves that flow across the interconnect, data from different domains carried by these waves are strictly non-interfering while avoiding the significant overheads associated with cycle-by-cycle time multiplexing. We describe the scheduling policy and router microarchitecture changes required, and evaluate the information-flow security of a synthesizable implementation through gate-level information flow analysis. When comparing our approach for varying numbers of domains and network sizes, we find that in many cases SurfNoC can reduce the latency overhead of implementing cycle-level non-interference by up to 85%.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80084565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 136

WeeFence: toward making fences free in TSO WeeFence:在TSO实现围栏免费

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485941

Yuelu Duan, A. Muzahid, J. Torrellas

{"title":"WeeFence: toward making fences free in TSO","authors":"Yuelu Duan, A. Muzahid, J. Torrellas","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485941","url":null,"abstract":"Although fences are designed for low-overhead concurrency coordination, they can be expensive in current machines. If fences were largely free, faster fine-grained concurrent algorithms could be devised, and compilers could guarantee Sequential Consistency (SC) at little cost. In this paper, we present WeeFence (or WFence for short), a fence that is very cheap because it allows post-fence accesses to skip it. Such accesses can typically complete and retire before the pre-fence writes have drained from the write buffer. Only when an incorrect reordering of accesses is about to happen, does the hardware stall to prevent it. In the paper, we present the WFence design for TSO, and compare it to a conventional fence with speculation for 8-processor multicore simulations. We run parallel kernels that contain explicit fences and parallel applications that do not. For the kernels, WFence eliminates nearly all of the fence stall, reducing the kernels' execution time by an average of 11%. For the applications, a conservative compiler algorithm places fences in the code to guarantee SC. In this case, on average, WFences reduce the resulting fence overhead from 38% of the applications' execution time to 2% (in a centralized WFence design), or from 36% to 5% (in a distributed WFence design).","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79048150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32

Continuous real-world inputs can open up alternative accelerator designs 持续的现实世界输入可以打开可选择的加速器设计

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485923

B. Belhadj, A. Joubert, Zheng Li, R. Héliot, O. Temam

{"title":"Continuous real-world inputs can open up alternative accelerator designs","authors":"B. Belhadj, A. Joubert, Zheng Li, R. Héliot, O. Temam","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485923","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by energy constraints, future heterogeneous multi-cores may contain a variety of accelerators, each targeting a subset of the application spectrum. Beyond energy, the growing number of faults steers accelerator research towards fault-tolerant accelerators. In this article, we investigate a fault-tolerant and energy-efficient accelerator for signal processing applications. We depart from traditional designs by introducing an accelerator which relies on unary coding, a concept which is well adapted to the continuous real-world inputs of signal processing applications. Unary coding enables a number of atypical micro-architecture choices which bring down area cost and energy; moreover, unary coding provides graceful output degradation as the amount of transient faults increases. We introduce a configurable hybrid digital/analog micro-architecture capable of implementing a broad set of signal processing applications based on these concepts, together with a back-end optimizer which takes advantage of the special nature of these applications. For a set of five signal applications, we explore the different design tradeoffs and obtain an accelerator with an area cost of 1.63mm2. On average, this accelerator requires only 2.3% of the energy of an Atom-like core to implement similar tasks. We then evaluate the accelerator resilience to transient faults, and its ability to trade accuracy for energy savings.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87658543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 72

Microarchitectural mechanisms to exploit value structure in SIMT architectures 利用SIMT体系结构中的值结构的微体系结构机制

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485934

J. Kim, Christopher Torng, S. Srinath, Derek Lockhart, C. Batten

{"title":"Microarchitectural mechanisms to exploit value structure in SIMT architectures","authors":"J. Kim, Christopher Torng, S. Srinath, Derek Lockhart, C. Batten","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485934","url":null,"abstract":"SIMT architectures improve performance and efficiency by exploiting control and memory-access structure across data-parallel threads. Value structure occurs when multiple threads operate on values that can be compactly encoded, e.g., by using a simple function of the thread index. We characterize the availability of control, memory-access, and value structure in typical kernels and observe ample amounts of value structure that is largely ignored by current SIMT architectures. We propose three microarchitectural mechanisms to exploit value structure based on compact affine execution of arithmetic, branch, and memory instructions. We explore these mechanisms within the context of traditional SIMT microarchitectures (GP-SIMT), found in general-purpose graphics processing units, as well as fine-grain SIMT microarchitectures (FG-SIMT), a SIMT variant appropriate for compute-focused data-parallel accelerators. Cycle-level modeling of a modern GP-SIMT system and a VLSI implementation of an eight-lane FG-SIMT execution engine are used to evaluate a range of application kernels. When compared to a baseline without compact affine execution, our approach can improve GP-SIMT cycle-level performance by 4-17% and can improve FG-SIMT absolute performance by 20-65% and energy efficiency up to 30% for a majority of the kernels.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75628487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 33

Deconfigurable microprocessor architectures for silicon debug acceleration 用于硅调试加速的可配置微处理器架构

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485976

N. Foutris, D. Gizopoulos, X. Vera, Antonio González

{"title":"Deconfigurable microprocessor architectures for silicon debug acceleration","authors":"N. Foutris, D. Gizopoulos, X. Vera, Antonio González","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485976","url":null,"abstract":"The share of silicon debug in the overall microprocessor chips development cycle is rapidly expanding due to the ever growing design complexity and the limited efficiency of pre-silicon validation methods. Massive application of short random test programs on the prototype microprocessor chips is one of the most effective parts of silicon debug. However, a major bottleneck and source of \"noise\" in this phase is that large numbers of random test programs fail due to the same or similar design bugs. This redundant behavior adds long delays in the debug flow since each failing random program must be separately examined, although it does not usually bring new debug information. The development of effective techniques that detect dominant modes of failure among random programs and triage them into common categories eliminate redundant debug sessions and significantly boost silicon debug. We propose the employment of deconfigurable microprocessor architectures along with self-checking random test programs to reduce the redundant debug sessions and make the triage step of silicon debug more efficient. Several hardware components of high performance microprocessor micro-architectures can be deconfigured while keeping the functional completeness of the design. This is the property we exploit in our silicon debug methodology for the triaging of random test programs. We support our methodology by a hardware mechanism dedicated to silicon debug that groups the failing test programs into categories depending on the microprocessor hardware components that need to be deconfigured for a random test program to be correctly executed. Identical deconfiguration sequences for multiple test programs indicate the existence of redundancy among them and group them together. This grouping significantly reduces the number of failing tests that must be debugged afterwards. Detailed evaluation of the method on an x86 microprocessor demonstrates its efficiency in reducing the debug sessions and thus in accelerating silicon debug.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72687231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Dynamic reduction of voltage margins by leveraging on-chip ECC in Itanium II processors 在Itanium II处理器中利用片上ECC动态降低电压余量

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485948

Anys Bacha, R. Teodorescu

{"title":"Dynamic reduction of voltage margins by leveraging on-chip ECC in Itanium II processors","authors":"Anys Bacha, R. Teodorescu","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485948","url":null,"abstract":"Lowering supply voltage is one of the most effective approaches for improving the energy efficiency of microprocessors. Unfortunately, technology limitations, such as process variability and circuit aging, are forcing microprocessor designers to add larger voltage guardbands to their chips. This makes supply voltage increasingly difficult to scale with technology. This paper presents a new mechanism for dynamically reducing voltage margins while maintaining the chip operating frequency constant. Unlike previous approaches that rely on special hardware to detect and recover from timing violations caused by low-voltage execution, our solution is firmware-based and does not require additional hardware. Instead, it relies on error correction mechanisms already built into modern processors. The system dynamically reduces voltage margins and uses correctable error reports raised by the hardware to identify the lowest, safe operating voltage. The solution adapts to core-to-core variability by tailoring supply voltage to each core's safe operating level. In addition, it exploits variability in workload vulnerability to low voltage execution. The system was prototyped on an HP Integrity Server that uses Intel's Itanium 9560 processors. Evaluation using SPECjbb2005 and SPEC CPU2000 workloads shows core power savings ranging from 18% to 23%, with minimal performance impact.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75228204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 72

Die-stacked DRAM caches for servers: hit ratio, latency, or bandwidth? have it all with footprint cache 服务器的堆叠式DRAM缓存:命中率、延迟还是带宽?是否都使用了内存占用缓存

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485957

Djordje Jevdjic, Stavros Volos, B. Falsafi

{"title":"Die-stacked DRAM caches for servers: hit ratio, latency, or bandwidth? have it all with footprint cache","authors":"Djordje Jevdjic, Stavros Volos, B. Falsafi","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485957","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research advocates using large die-stacked DRAM caches to break the memory bandwidth wall. Existing DRAM cache designs fall into one of two categories --- block-based and page-based. The former organize data in conventional blocks (e.g., 64B), ensuring low off-chip bandwidth utilization, but co-locate tags and data in the stacked DRAM, incurring high lookup latency. Furthermore, such designs suffer from low hit ratios due to poor temporal locality. In contrast, page-based caches, which manage data at larger granularity (e.g., 4KB pages), allow for reduced tag array overhead and fast lookup, and leverage high spatial locality at the cost of moving large amounts of data on and off the chip. This paper introduces Footprint Cache, an efficient die-stacked DRAM cache design for server processors. Footprint Cache allocates data at the granularity of pages, but identifies and fetches only those blocks within a page that will be touched during the page's residency in the cache --- i.e., the page's footprint. In doing so, Footprint Cache eliminates the excessive off-chip traffic associated with page-based designs, while preserving their high hit ratio, small tag array overhead, and low lookup latency. Cycle-accurate simulation results of a 16-core server with up to 512MB Footprint Cache indicate a 57% performance improvement over a baseline chip without a die-stacked cache. Compared to a state-of-the-art block-based design, our design improves performance by 13% while reducing dynamic energy of stacked DRAM by 24%.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86304313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 207

Quantum rotations: a case study in static and dynamic machine-code generation for quantum computers 量子旋转:量子计算机静态和动态机器码生成的案例研究

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485937

Daniel Kudrow, Kenneth Bier, Zhaoxia Deng, D. Franklin, Y. Tomita, K. Brown, F. Chong

{"title":"Quantum rotations: a case study in static and dynamic machine-code generation for quantum computers","authors":"Daniel Kudrow, Kenneth Bier, Zhaoxia Deng, D. Franklin, Y. Tomita, K. Brown, F. Chong","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485937","url":null,"abstract":"Work in quantum computer architecture has focused on communication, layout and fault tolerance, largely driven by Shor's factorization algorithm. For the first time, we study a larger range of benchmarks and find that another critical issue is the generation of code sequences for quantum rotation operations. Specifically, quantum algorithms require arbitrary rotation angles, while quantum technologies and error correction codes provide only for discrete angles and operators. A sequence of quantum machine instructions must be generated to approximate the arbitrary rotation to the required precision. While previous work has focused exclusively on static compilation, we find that some applications require dynamic code generation and explore the advantages and disadvantages of static and dynamic approaches. We find that static code generation can, in some cases, lead to a terabyte of machine code to support required rotations. We also find that some rotation angles are unknown until run time, requiring dynamic code generation. Dynamic code generation, however, exhibits significant trade-offs in terms of time overhead versus code size. Furthermore, dynamic code generation will be performed on classical (non-quantum) computing resources, which may or may not have a clock speed advantage over the target quantum technology. For example, operations on trapped ions run at kilohertz speeds, but superconducting qubits run at gigahertz speeds. We introduce a new method for compiling arbitrary rotations dynamically, designed to minimize compilation time. The new method reduces compilation time by up to five orders of magnitude while increasing code size by one order of magnitude. We explore the design space formed by these trade-offs of dynamic versus static code generation, code quality, and quantum technology. We introduce several techniques to provide smoother trade-offs for dynamic code generation and evaluate the viability of options in the design space.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88058961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Exploring memory consistency for massively-threaded throughput-oriented processors 探索面向大线程吞吐量处理器的内存一致性

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485940

Blake A. Hechtman, Daniel J. Sorin

引用次数: 42

Flicker: a dynamically adaptive architecture for power limited multicore systems 闪烁:功率有限的多核系统的动态自适应架构

Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture Pub Date : 2013-06-23 DOI: 10.1145/2485922.2485924

P. Petrica, Adam M. Izraelevitz, D. Albonesi, C. Shoemaker

{"title":"Flicker: a dynamically adaptive architecture for power limited multicore systems","authors":"P. Petrica, Adam M. Izraelevitz, D. Albonesi, C. Shoemaker","doi":"10.1145/2485922.2485924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485922.2485924","url":null,"abstract":"Future microprocessors may become so power constrained that not all transistors will be able to be powered on at once. These systems will be required to nimbly adapt to changes in the chip power that is allocated to general-purpose cores and to specialized accelerators. This paper presents Flicker, a general-purpose multicore architecture that dynamically adapts to varying and potentially stringent limits on allocated power. The Flicker core microarchitecture includes deconfigurable lanes--horizontal slices through the pipeline--that permit tailoring an individual core to the running application with lower overhead than microarchitecture-level adaptation, and greater flexibility than core-level power gating. To exploit Flicker's flexible pipeline architecture, a new online multicore optimization algorithm combines reduced sampling techniques, application of response surface models to online optimization, and heuristic online search. The approach efficiently finds a near-global-optimum configuration of lanes without requiring offline training, microarchitecture state, or foreknowledge of the workload. At high power allocations, core-level gating is highly effective, and slightly outperforms Flicker overall. However, under stringent power constraints, Flicker significantly outperforms core-level gating, achieving an average 27% performance improvement.","PeriodicalId":20555,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85079667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 93