Quantum rotations: a case study in static and dynamic machine-code generation for quantum computers

Daniel Kudrow, Kenneth Bier, Zhaoxia Deng, D. Franklin, Y. Tomita, K. Brown, F. Chong
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引用次数: 22

Abstract

Work in quantum computer architecture has focused on communication, layout and fault tolerance, largely driven by Shor's factorization algorithm. For the first time, we study a larger range of benchmarks and find that another critical issue is the generation of code sequences for quantum rotation operations. Specifically, quantum algorithms require arbitrary rotation angles, while quantum technologies and error correction codes provide only for discrete angles and operators. A sequence of quantum machine instructions must be generated to approximate the arbitrary rotation to the required precision. While previous work has focused exclusively on static compilation, we find that some applications require dynamic code generation and explore the advantages and disadvantages of static and dynamic approaches. We find that static code generation can, in some cases, lead to a terabyte of machine code to support required rotations. We also find that some rotation angles are unknown until run time, requiring dynamic code generation. Dynamic code generation, however, exhibits significant trade-offs in terms of time overhead versus code size. Furthermore, dynamic code generation will be performed on classical (non-quantum) computing resources, which may or may not have a clock speed advantage over the target quantum technology. For example, operations on trapped ions run at kilohertz speeds, but superconducting qubits run at gigahertz speeds. We introduce a new method for compiling arbitrary rotations dynamically, designed to minimize compilation time. The new method reduces compilation time by up to five orders of magnitude while increasing code size by one order of magnitude. We explore the design space formed by these trade-offs of dynamic versus static code generation, code quality, and quantum technology. We introduce several techniques to provide smoother trade-offs for dynamic code generation and evaluate the viability of options in the design space.
量子旋转:量子计算机静态和动态机器码生成的案例研究
量子计算机体系结构的研究主要集中在通信、布局和容错方面,主要是由肖尔分解算法驱动的。我们第一次研究了更大范围的基准测试,并发现另一个关键问题是量子旋转操作的代码序列的生成。具体来说,量子算法需要任意旋转角度,而量子技术和纠错码只提供离散角度和算子。必须生成一个量子机器指令序列来将任意旋转近似到所需的精度。虽然以前的工作只关注静态编译,但我们发现一些应用程序需要动态代码生成,并探讨了静态和动态方法的优缺点。我们发现,在某些情况下,静态代码生成可能会导致一个tb的机器码来支持所需的旋转。我们还发现一些旋转角度直到运行时才知道,需要动态代码生成。然而,动态代码生成在时间开销和代码大小方面表现出重要的权衡。此外,动态代码生成将在经典(非量子)计算资源上执行,这可能比目标量子技术具有时钟速度优势,也可能没有。例如,对捕获离子的操作以千赫兹的速度运行,但超导量子比特的速度是千兆赫兹。我们介绍了一种动态编译任意旋转的新方法,旨在最大限度地减少编译时间。新方法可以减少编译时间由五个数量级,同时增加代码大小由一个数量级。我们将探索动态与静态代码生成、代码质量和量子技术之间的权衡所形成的设计空间。我们介绍几个技巧为动态代码生成提供顺畅的权衡和评估在设计空间的可行性选择。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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