Proceedings最新文献

{"title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Apple Cider Vinegar in Type-2 Diabetic Rat Model","authors":"Ruqaiyya Nazir, Muniza Saeed, Ghulam Mustafa, Seher Naeem, Hifza Noor Lodhi, Sehrish Ijaz","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v38i1.423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v38i1.423","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Type-2 diabetes mellitus, a major public health problem, is caused by insulin resistance. In diabetics, chronic hyperglycemia results in formation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress in diabetic patients is responsible for hepatic damage because it causes activation of several pro-inflammatory mediators in liver. Hepatic complications of diabetes include fatty liver disease, necrosis, cirrhosis, carcinoma and liver failure.\u0000Aims & Objectives: To determine and compare the hepatoprotective effect of extra virgin olive oil and apple cider vinegar in streptozotocin induced Type-2 diabetic rat model.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: This experimental study was conducted at Animal House of Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan from May 2021 to June 2021.\u0000Material & Methods: In this study, 40 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups i.e., Group I was NC (negative control), Group II PC (positive control), Group III EVOO (Extra virgin olive oil) and Group IV (Apple cider vinegar), each group having 10 rats. Diabetes was induced in all rats except the rats of NC group at the start of the study by intraperitoneal administration of injection nicotinamide, followed by injection STZ after 15 minutes. Group III was given 1ml/100gBW/ day EVOO and Group IV was given 2ml/kgBW/day diluted ACV with distilled water in 1:5 orally for 4 weeks. Terminal sampling was performed at the end of the 4th week for estimation of liver enzymes (ALT, ALP and AST) in serum. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 26. p value of ? 0.05 was considered significant.\u0000Results: On comparison with PC group, both the treatment groups showed significant decrease in serum ALT levels with p values 0.026 for EVOO and < 0.001 for ACV. Serum ALP levels were also decreased significantly in both the treated groups with p value < 0.001 for EVOO as well as for the ACV group. However, reduction in serum AST levels was nonsignificant with p values 0.082 and 0.058 in EVOO and ACV groups respectively.\u0000Conclusion: Both EVOO and ACV have hepatoprotective effect in Type-2 diabetic rats. However, ACV is more effective.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140479701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Culture Free Rapid ImmunoAssay (ELISA) and Genexpert (MTB/RIF) Technology in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis","authors":"Shahida Hussain, Sikander Sultan, Saba Riaz, Hajra Hussain, Chetan Lal","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v38i1.416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v38i1.416","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Prolonged laboratory processes are major hurdles in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis. Prompt management of this disease is utmost necessary to control its spread. For this purpose, use of rapid and reliable laboratory testing methods for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are crucial alongwith timely infection management and preventing its transmission to the close contact population.\u0000Aims and Objective: The aim of this study was to establish a diagnostic-connection between culture free cost effective rapid immuno-assay (IgG and IgM) and GeneXpert (MTB/RIF) technology for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the shortest possible turnaround time.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetic, University of the Punjab, Pakistan in collaboration with the Department of Pulmonology and TB Outpatient Department (OPD) at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore over the time of one year (2019-2020).\u0000Material and Methods: To achieve the aim, a total of 180 (pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) samples along with blood samples were collected from clinical suspects of Tuberculosis. All collected samples were subjected to AFB microscopy, GeneXpert (MTB/RIF) assay and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgM. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of both methods were determined by using the solid culture as the gold standard.Study data collected through questionnaire was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20).p value of ? 0.05 was considered significant.\u0000Results: The overall sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert (MTB/RIF) assay were 98.2 % and 82.4% respectively, whereas, for IgG (ELISA) antibodies, it was 50.0% and 76.4% and for IgM (ELISA) antibodies 50.4% and 97.1% respectively.\u0000Conclusion: It was concluded that with fully automated GeneXpert (MTB/RIF) technology, maximum sensitivity and specificity can be achieved for diagnosis of tuberculosis within 2 hours.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140474596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Self Medication in Pregnancy in Secondary and Tertiary Care Hospitals of Pakistan and Factors Contributing Towards this Malpractice","authors":"Maryam Ahmer, Rimsha Iqbal, A. Akram, Habibah Ishaq Hashmi, Naila Abrar, Fehmida Shaheen, Muhammad Munir Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v38i1.431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v38i1.431","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Self-medication during pregnancy is of special concern as it can lead to serious maternal and fetal adverse effects. By controlling the factors responsible for this practice, we can promote safer health practices during this critical period of a woman’s life.\u0000Aims & Objectives: Comparison of the prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women presenting in secondary and tertiary care hospitals of our country. Exploring the factors that contribute to the practice of self-medication in pregnant women.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: A multi-centric cross-sectional study was performed at the Heavy Industries Taxila Education City Institute of Medical Sciences (HITEC-IMS) for one-year duration i.e from September 2022 to September 2023.\u0000Material & Methods: The study population consisted of 354 pregnant women who were being consulted for antenatal checkups at Gynecology and Obstetrics OPD of Heavy Industries Taxila Hospital (HIT Hospital Taxila) and Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Taxila (THQ Hospital Taxila). Pregnant females of any age and gestation who presented to the OPD for antenatal checkups were included in the study. Any pregnant lady who was unwilling to participate or any of the women who were too critically ill to give a response were excluded from the study. Non-probability convenience sampling was used for the selection of participants. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. SPSS software version 25 was used to analyze the data.Results were deemed significant if the P value was less than 0.05.\u0000Results: The prevalence of self-medication in our study came out to be 35.59% in the current pregnancy. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of self-medication in previous and current pregnancies. Prevalence of self- medication in current and previous pregnancies is greater in THQ Hospital than HIT Hospital. Residence, education, monthly income, gestation, gravidity, parity, number of alive children and place of birth are significantly associated with the practice of self-medication in the current pregnancy. Cost and time savings were the two main justifications for self- medication. Headaches were the most frequent complaints treated by self-medication, and leftover medication and drug stores were the most popular sources. Antipyretics and painkillers were the two medications that were most frequently used for self-medication.\u0000Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication in pregnant women was found to be more in a secondary care hospital as compared to the tertiary care hospital. This concludes that the quality of health care services provided to the patients can significantly impact their attitudes towards the management of their conditions. Thus countries who have lack of tertiary care facilities should try to provide better quality of health care. The factors found responsible should be confronted so that this malpractice can be reduced significantly.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140475729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Intracranial Tuberculomas In Immunocompetent Patient: An Uncommon Primary Manifestation Of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis (CNS TB)","authors":"None Muhammad Sohail Ajmal Ghoauri, None Fatima Abbas, None Nauman Ismat Butt, None Muhammad Bilal Rasheed, None Abdul Samad, None Farah Naz","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.439","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious yet potentially-curable health issue among most developing countries including Pakistan. We report the case of an immunocompetent patient having multiple intracranial tuberculomas without evidence of meningitis which is an uncommon manifestation of CNS tuberculosis. A 50-year old man presented with 5 episodes of tonic-clonic generalized fits for 1 day, right sided body weakness for 2 weeks, generalized headaches and intermittent low-grade fever for 1 month. No contact or past history of tuberculosis was reported. On neurologic examination, there was hypertonia, exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and power of 3/5 in both right upper limb and right lower limb with a right plantar extensor response. CT scan (Brain) showed hyperdense areas in left frontal and temporal lobes with surrounding vasogenic edema. ESR was raised at 86 mm/hour. CSF analysis demonstratedRBC 0 cells/uL, WBC 783 cells/uL with 100% lymphocytes, Glucose 39 mg/dl andProtein 81 mg/dl with negative organism microscopy onAFB and Giemsa staining. However, CSF was positive for GeneXpert-PCR-MTB but drug resistance was not detected to rifampicin. Brain MRI with FLAIR demonstrated multiple disseminated, rim enhancing lesions with perilesional edema in bilateral cerebral hemispheres, thalami, left basal ganglia, medulla oblangata and cerebellum having no meningeal enhancement. Workup for immune-suppression was normal. A diagnosis of multiple intracranial tuberculomas was established and Anti-tubercular therapy was commenced. He was asymptomatic and taking ATT with good compliance having no adverse affects by 6-week follow up.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamifying Assessments in Medical Education: A Novel Approach to Tackling Test Anxiety in Medical Students","authors":"None Madiha Ata, None Shazia Irum, Fahad Azam, Abida Shaheen, Shahzad Riyaz, Hasan Ali, None Muhammad Waqas Rabbani, None Hasan Ali","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.386","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Test anxiety is a specific type of anxiety that typically occurs during assessments and may compromise students’ academic performance. The use of gamification in assessment has the potential to reduce test anxiety. Aims &amp;Objectives: This study aims to provide an understanding of the potential benefits of gamification as an intervention in formative assessments to reduce test anxiety in medical students. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gamification on the academic performance and test anxiety scores of medical students during formative assessments. Place and Duration of Study:The study was conducted at Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University and Bahria University Medical and Dental College from July to December 2022 Material &amp;Methods: The present mixed-method study used Nist&amp; Diehl Patrick-Henry-Community-College (PHCC) questionnaire to measure test anxiety in 251 medical students of Year 1&amp;2 MBBS after formative MCQ assessments based on the Biochemistry course related to the structure and Metabolism of carbohydrates delivered during their respective modules using gamified and non-gamified online applications in the quantitative phase. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with students based on their test anxiety scores. Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used to analyze the quantitative data, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean anxiety scores of male students in all groups were significantly lower than female students. There was no significant difference in the test anxiety score of students taking assessments through gamified and non-gamified assessment tools. Conclusion: Female students reported significantly higher anxiety scores both in gamified and non-gamified formative assessments. There was no significant difference in the test anxiety scores of students taking assessments through gamified and non-gamified assessment tools. Qualitative analysis revealed a positive effect on the motivation of the learners using gamified assessment tools.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development Of Inhibitors In Hemophilia A Patients Receiving Different Treatment Options","authors":"Isma Imitiaz, Aiman Mahmood Minhas, None Ayesha Younus, None Usman Imtiaz, None Hareem Noor, None Ayisha Imran","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.403","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hemophilia A is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in Pakistan. Apart from frequent bleeds and joint deformities, the formation of inhibitors is the major complication of hemophilia. Inhibitors are antibodies formed against the coagulation factor. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of inhibitor development in hemophilia A patient receiving different treatment modalities namely fresh frozen plasma (FFP)/cryoprecipitate, plasma derived FVIII concentrates and long-acting recombinant FVIII concentrates. Aims &amp; Objectives: To assess the development of inhibitors in hemophilia A patients receiving treatment modalities. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Chughtai Institute of Pathology from November 2021 to November 2023. Material &amp;Methods: A total of 75 registered patients of the Hemophilia Patient Welfare Society, Lahore and Sundas Foundation were initially screened for FVIII inhibitors. Those who were found negative for these inhibitors were included in the study and then divided into three equal groups of 25 patients each. One group received only FFP/cryoprecipitate for treatment, the other group received plasma derived FVIII concentrates and the last group received recombinant factor VIII concentrates. These patients were observed for two years i.e after 15-20 exposures and following this period their inhibitors screening was done again to establish the effect of different treatment modalities on inhibitor development. The data collected was entered and analyzed by SPSS-21, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant. Results: Our study showed that only 3 patients out of 25, receiving FFP as treatment modality developed inhibitors. Whereas, none of the patients receiving plasma derived FVIII concentrates and recombinant factor VIII concentrates developed inhibitors. The P value calculated is 0.044 which is significant. Conclusion: Plasma derived FVIII concentrates and recombinant FVIII concentrates are safer as compared to FFP/Cryoprecipitate and have lesser risk for inhibitor development.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136348161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorating Effect of Aqueous Ginger Extract And Exercise On Insulin Resistance in Fructose Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats Through Upregulation of Serum Sirtuin-1","authors":"None Seher Naeem, Muniza Saeed, Jawaria Ilyas, Asma Ashraf, Madiha Akram, Ruqayyah Nazir","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.409","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:The mounting prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in developing countries calls for an immediate need to find novel treatment strategies that not only target its underlying pathological process but are also safe and cost effective. Aims &amp;Objectives:To determine the effect of ginger supplementation, exercise and their combination on insulin resistance (IR) and levels of serum sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in fructose induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Material &amp;Methods:This randomized controlled trial was conducted at animal laboratory of Postgraduate Medical Institute Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2021 to June 2021, in which thirty rats were randomly allocated to five groups with six rats in each.Rats belonging to group1 (Normal Control) were given normal rat chow diet. Diabetes was induced in groups 2, 3 and 4 by administering 25% fructose diet, following which, group 2 was reserved as diabetic/positive control (PC) and continued to receive 25 %fructose diet only. Animals of group 3 received aqueous ginger extract (GE), group 4 underwent swimming exercise (EX) and group 5 received their combination (GE+EX) for 8 weeks. Aqueous ginger extract was prepared in the Pharmacology lab at PGMI where 50 gm of fresh ginger was blended with 75ml of 0.9% NaCl and filtered thrice. The obtained filtrate was centrifuged at a speed of 2000 rpm for ten minutes. The clear supernatant fraction was made to reach 100 ml mark using NaCl resulting in a concentration of 500 mg/ml which was used for oral administration. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant. Results:The results of the current study showed development of T2DM with 25% fructose supplementation in PC group, resulting in significantly high level of IR along with a significant reduction in levels of serum SIRT1. Aqueousginger extract group as well as the exercise group, both individually showed a significant reduction in IR as compared to the diabetic group and this was associated with significantly increased level of serum SIRT1 (p<0.05). However, most pronounced effect was seen in the combination group having lowest level of IR associated with a statistically significant increase in SIRT1 levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Aqueousginger extract supplementation and exercise training, alone and in combination have the potential to significantly ameliorate IR in T2DM through its positive influence on serum SIRT1.However, the combination group has the most pronounced effect reflecting a potential synergistic effect of both interventions. Ginger supplementation and exercise may be introduced as safer, cost effective and natural adjunct to anti diabetic drugs hence lowering their potentially harmful side effects.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136348551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Trends and Spectrum of Pediatric Surgical Conditions Operated In A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital In Pakistan","authors":"None Noor Ul Sabah Butt, None Mudassar Fiaz Gondal, None Jawad Abbasi, None Sajeel Saeed, None Omer Fraz, None Faizan Fazal","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.407","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Knowing the temporal trends as to when and how many pediatric surgery patients present and are operated on in a newly developed unit is crucial in the allocation of resources and policy making in health care center. Aims &amp; Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe the spectrum and pattern of operated pediatric surgery patients in a newly developed pediatric surgical unit of Pakistan. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Pardiatric Surgery Unit of Holy Family hospital, Rawalpindi between January 2020 and September 2021. Material &amp; Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted on all patients that were operated under Pediatric surgery unit over a period of 20-months. Data regarding age, sex, diagnosis, and procedure performed were obtained. Diagnoses were categorized based on organ system. SPSS version 22 was used to perform the data analysis., a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant. Results:898 procedures were performed in total with a male to female ratio of 2.03:1. Most of the patients fell under 2-8 years of age. Digestive system disorders (164, 18.3%) and genitourinary (377, 42%) made most of the cases observed, with inguinal hernias making up to 15.0% of all cases. Oddsratio was calculated for different variables which showed that male patients , patients with gastrointestinal problems had greater odds of being operated. Conclusion: The expected number of operated cases in a newly developed unit is comparable to other units that have been established for a long time.More focus research needs to be done on different aspects of pediatric surgery in our region and to try for integration of pediatric surgery into public health programs including primary and secondary health centers to meet the increasing demand of pediatric surgical patients presented to tertiary care.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Accuracy Of Ultrasound For Confirmation Of Endotracheal Tube Placement Taking Capnography As A Gold Standard","authors":"None Riffat Saeed, None Mahrukh Hamza, None Tariq Bangash, None Amer Latif, None Tooba Ammar, None Irfan Ali Kakepotto","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.436","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Accurate placement of an endotracheal tube (ETT) is critical for patient safety during medical procedures. The research explores the potential of ultrasound technology to provide a reliable alternative for ETT confirmation, offering insights into its diagnostic performance and the implications for enhancing patient care in surgical settings.&#x0D; Aims &amp; Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for the confirmation of endotracheal tube keeping Capnography as a Gold standard.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: It is a Cross Sectional study and the study was carried out in Operation Theater Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore, within 6 months after approval of synopsis i.e. from 5th May, 2020 till 4th November, 2021.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods:Total 219 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. After standardization of anesthetic measures all patients were intubated by direct laryngoscopy. ETT placement was assessed by capnometry and by ultrasonography. Endotracheal tube placement was labeled (as per operational definition) on both the techniques.The analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS version 21.0, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results: The mean age, BMI, neck circumference and thyromental distance of the patients was 39±8.15 years, 27±3.42 Kg/m 2, 29.5±4.63cm and 6.9±0.50cm. There were 58% males and 42% females in the study. Ultrasonography exhibited sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy rates of 98.5%, 90.6%, 98.9%, 86.1%, and 97.7%, respectively, in its ability to detect the accurate placement of endotracheal tubes (ETT).&#x0D; Conclusion: The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy and promptness of recognition for confirmation of tracheal placement of ETT is higher withultrasonography compared to the gold standardcapnography in patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136348279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends Of Respiratory Viral Infections in Punjab Pakistan In The Post COVID-19 Period","authors":"None Hajra Farooq, None Waheed Uz Zaman Tariq, None Omar Rasheed Chughtai, None Bushra Iqbal","doi":"10.47489/szmc.v37i4.433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v37i4.433","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Respiratory infections caused by viruses are becoming a global concern, especially in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic. Due to massive impact of COVID-19 in the past 3 years globally, other viruses causing respiratory illnesses have largely been ignored. But as the COVID-19 pandemic declined, changing trends were seen in the pattern of respiratory viral infections in Pakistan.&#x0D; Aims &amp; Objectives: To study the trends of respiratory viral infections in Pakistan in the winter of 2022/2023 after the decline of Covid-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: A total of 454 samples were evaluated for viral pathogens (Influenza A, Influenza B and Respiratory syncytial virus) by running them on Multiplex Polymerase chain reaction. We received 373 samples from Lahore,46 from Multan,24 from Islamabad,6 from Rawalpindi,4 from Okara and 1 from Sheikhupura. Data was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of Influenza A virus was 26.4% (120/454 cases), followed by RSV which showed the prevalence of 10% (46/454 cases) whereas Influenza B showed a prevalence of 6%(27/454cases).&#x0D; Conclusion: Influenza A and RSV incidence has surged in the year 2022/2023 which is the post Covid -19 period. There is an increased incidence of Influenza A in the elderly population whereas RSV in children.","PeriodicalId":20443,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}