{"title":"Comparative analysis of biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) by 4S pathway using molecular simulations.","authors":"Pushpita Das, Umesh, Lepakshi Barbora, Vijayanand Suryakant Moholkar","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2448183","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2448183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we have analyzed biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) by 4S metabolic pathway using molecular simulations. Docking analysis revealed lower binding energies and inhibition constants (<i>K<sub>i</sub></i>) for 4,6-DMDBT and its metabolic intermediates with DSZ enzymes than DBT and its intermediates. The complexes of substrate and its metabolites with DSZ enzymes had higher stability for 4,6-DMDBT than DBT owing to lower RMSF values than apoprotein. The docking analysis revealed affinity of the inhibitors HBPS and HBP (for DBT) and DMHBPS and DMHBP (for 4,6-DMDBT) toward DSZ enzyme due to negative binding energies. Molecular dynamics simulations showed stability of several enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The inhibitory effect of DMHBPS on DSZC enzyme (<i>K<sub>i</sub></i> = 1.53 µM) and DMHBP on DSZB enzyme (<i>K<sub>i</sub></i> = 3.87 µM) was most marked. The inhibitory effect of HBP on DSZC and DSZB enzymes was moderate due to <i>K<sub>i</sub></i> of 6.36 and 7.93 µM, respectively. The inhibition effect of DMHBP on the DSZA enzyme was insignificant due to high <i>K<sub>i</sub></i> of 53.6 µM. In summary, higher stability of enzyme-substrate complexes and strong inhibition by DMHBPS and DMHBP (due to very low <i>K<sub>i</sub></i>) contribute to slower biodesulfurization of 4,6-DMDBT as compared to DBT.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"719-735"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elaine Cristina da Silva, Leandro Paes de Brito, Francisca Crislândia Oliveira Silva, Dayane da Silva Santos, Allyson Andrade Mendonça, Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra, Paulo Antônio Galindo Soares, Marcos Antônio de Morais Junior, Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto, Maria Taciana Holanda Cavalcanti
{"title":"Exploiting the bacterial exopolysaccharide bioconversion using residual cheese whey as culture medium.","authors":"Elaine Cristina da Silva, Leandro Paes de Brito, Francisca Crislândia Oliveira Silva, Dayane da Silva Santos, Allyson Andrade Mendonça, Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra, Paulo Antônio Galindo Soares, Marcos Antônio de Morais Junior, Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto, Maria Taciana Holanda Cavalcanti","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2479829","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2479829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cheese whey (CW) represents a potential substrate in biotechnological processes due to the presence of valuable nutrients in its composition. Therefore, CW is used as a low-cost substrate in fermentation for microbial growth and the synthesis of value-added compounds, while mitigating the environmental impact that this by-product can cause. The current study aimed to obtain exopolysaccharides (EPS) by fermenting lactic acid bacteria in CW followed by optimizing production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and evaluating the biological properties. Out of 64 isolates, <i>Enterococcus</i> sp. 133 V exhibited a high concentration with 5.58 mg/mL of EPS. With optimization using RSM, 21.74 mg/mL of EPS was obtained with temperature and fermentation time fixed at 42 °C and 22 h, respectively. The characterization of the new EPS revealed a hetero-polysaccharide consisting of galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, rhamnose and fucose, including proteins and uric acid in the structure. With a concentration of 2 mg/mL, the purified EPS showed good scavenging effects against DPPH (27%), ABTS (72%) and superoxide (43%), except for the hydroxyl radical (1.29%) which needs a high EPS concentration. These findings underscore the interest in using cheap residue as culture medium to produce biopolymers with potential for applications, particularly in the food and biotechnology sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"787-796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The potential of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> bacteriocins in synergistic control of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Gideon Sadikiel Mmbando, Musa Wilson Salaja","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2457556","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2457556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> has developed resistance to most conventional antibiotics and is a causative agent of serious infections. Alternative therapies are urgently needed. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, including <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (<i>S. pyogenes</i>), and represent a potential solution. While several bacteriocins have shown promise, their synergy with bacteriocins from other bacterial species remains largely unexplored. This work used agar diffusion on Muller-Hinton Agar (MHA) with <i>S. aureus</i> as a test bacterium to evaluate <i>E. coli</i>, <i>S. pyogenes</i> and their combined bacteriocins. The bacteriocins of <i>S. pyogenes</i> showed the maximum antimicrobial activity of zone of inhibition (ZOI), 24.93 mm, compared to that of <i>E. coli</i> bacteriocin, which was 19.28 mm, and that of the combined ones at 100% concentration, 22.6 mm. The combined bacteriocins at 50% concentration showed a reduced activity of 18.35 mm. These observations suggest that the bacteriocins produced by <i>S. pyogenes</i> have higher specificity and activity against <i>S. aureus</i>, making them effective therapeutic agents in the fight against multidrug-resistant infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"846-854"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a scalable semi-synthetic medium for high-yield diphtheria toxin production using a definitive screening design an innovative statistical optimization method.","authors":"Prashant R Chawla, Uma Addepally","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2465991","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2465991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> is the causative agent of diphtheria, which continues to be a serious health risk to children, particularly in countries such as India. Immunization is the best way to fight this illness. Enhancing the synthesis of diphtheria toxin (DT) is essential for the production of vaccines, particularly as immunization programs advance. Pork digestion medium (PDM) was employed as the standard medium for DT production. Nevertheless, this medium has issues with contamination and batch-to-batch variation. The production of DT is extremely low in the alternative synthetic medium. Compared to synthetic media, semi-synthetic media exhibit superior performance. This study's current goal was to increase DT production through the use of the Definitive Screening Design (DSD) methodology to optimize the composition of semi-synthetic media. A total of 11 components were selected for screening of the best suitable components for DT production. NZ-amine, tryptone N1, and maltose had the highest effects on DT production out of all the nutrients that were chosen. The model accuracy is indicated by the R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.9820, which enables the prediction of DT yields. The model suggests the lower concentrations of NZ-amine combined with the moderate amounts of maltose and tryptone N1 is best suitable for the higher amounts of DT yields. With optimized conditions 174 Lf/mL of DT yield was achieved in validation experiments, which is nearer to the PDM yields. According to this study, this enhanced technique, which makes use of an affordable and expandable medium, could make large-scale toxoid production feasible.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"897-904"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gustavo Henrique Lisboa, Aline de Cassia Campos Pena, Andre Rodrigues, Sabrina Ávila Rodrigues
{"title":"Evaluation of the effect of different organic solvents in the efficiency of the recovery of pullulan synthesized by <i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i>.","authors":"Gustavo Henrique Lisboa, Aline de Cassia Campos Pena, Andre Rodrigues, Sabrina Ávila Rodrigues","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2471890","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2471890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The production and extraction of microbial biopolymers face significant challenges, especially during the purification process. This study evaluated the production of pullulan under controlled conditions and its extraction using different organic solvents. Kinetic parameters such as cell growth rate, substrate consumption, biomass production and biopolymer yield were analyzed. Fermentation was conducted in a bioreactor, followed by solvent extraction of different chemical groups, including ketones, benzene, carboxylic esters, alkanes, and cycloalkanes. The production of the biopolymer started with 10 g/L after 15 hours of fermentation and reached 12 g/L at the end of the process. However, extraction using solvents such as Cyclohexane, Hexane, and Toluene was not effective due to inappropriate molecular interactions. On the other hand, Isopropyl Alcohol recovered 18.87 g/L of pullulan while Ethanol reached 12.82 g/L. Despite the higher yield with Isopropyl Alcohol, Ethanol stood out as the best alternative due to its low toxicity, reduced cost, and ease of handling. The results showed that Ethanol is optimal for the extraction process. Still, it represents a practical approach to the recovery of this biopolymer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"905-913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Xylanase of <i>Bacillus</i> sp. NIORKP76 grown under solid state fermentation: production, purification, characterization and its saccharification potential.","authors":"Pankaj D Parab, Rakhee D Khandeparker","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2457545","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2025.2457545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbial xylanases are xylan hydrolyzing enzymes which has congregated attention due to their immense potential in many industries. The current study is focused on xylanase from bacterial isolate identified as <i>Bacillus</i> sp. NIORKP76 on an inexpensive agro-industrial waste (wheat bran) under solid-state fermentation. The isolate showed maximum xylanase production in growth medium supplemented with phosphate, NaCl and NH<sub>4</sub>Cl at 64 mM, 15 mg/mL and 0.3 mg/mL respectively which was maintained at 1:3 substrate to moisture ratio (w/v). Using optimized conditions, the maximum xylanase production in wheat bran was achieved in 72 h at room temperature 28 ± 2 °C. Xylanase exhibited pH optimum of 8.0 and retained 92% of its residual activity after 24 h incubation at pH 8. Xylanase displayed optimum activity at 60 °C, whereas it remained unhindered even after 12 h of incubation period at 30 and 40 °C. The xylanase isolated in this study was purified to homogeneity with a molecular weight of approximately 28 kDa. Xylanase from <i>Bacillus</i> sp. NIORKP76 was potentially converting agro-residues into biofuel feedstock. Pretreated wheat bran produced the highest yield fermentable sugars (141 mg/g), after 8 h incubation with 5 U/g xylanase and at 40 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"835-845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tania P Castro-Jácome, Erik G Tovar-Pérez, Luz E Alcántara-Quintana
{"title":"Optimization of enzymatic production of anti-skin aging biopeptides from white sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L) Moench] grain.","authors":"Tania P Castro-Jácome, Erik G Tovar-Pérez, Luz E Alcántara-Quintana","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2366994","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2366994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, kafirins from white sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L) Moench] grain have shown promise as a source of biopeptides with anti-skin aging effects (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and inhibition of photoaging-associated enzymes). This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis of kafirins (KAF) for the production of peptides with anti-skin aging properties. The optimization of conditions (reaction time and enzyme/substrate ratio) for liquefaction with α-amylase and hydrolysis of KAF with alcalase was performed using 3<sup>2</sup> complete factorial designs. Subsequently, ultrafiltered peptide extracts were obtained with molecular weights of 1-3 kDa (KAF-UF<sub>3</sub>) and lower than 1 kDa (KAF-UF<sub>1</sub>), which mainly contain hydrophobic amino acids (proline, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine) and peptide fractions with molecular weights of 0.69, 1.14, and 1.87 kDa. Consequently, the peptide extracts protected immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) from ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)-induced damage by preventing the decrease and/or restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)]. Furthermore, KAF-UF<sub>3</sub> and KAF-UF<sub>1</sub> inhibited (20-29%) elastase and collagenase overactivity in UVB-exposed murine fibroblasts (3T3 cells). Thus, KAF-UF<sub>3</sub> and KAF-UF<sub>1</sub> exhibited behavior similar to that observed with glutathione (GSH), suggesting their potential as functional peptide ingredients in skincare products.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surbhi Sharma, Anshika Dedha, Manju M Gupta, Nahar Singh, Arvind Gautam, Abha Kumari
{"title":"Green and sustainable technologies for extraction of carotenoids from natural sources: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Surbhi Sharma, Anshika Dedha, Manju M Gupta, Nahar Singh, Arvind Gautam, Abha Kumari","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2402905","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2402905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, driven by increasing consumer demand for natural and healthy convenient foods, the food industry has been shifting from synthetic to natural products. This shift is also reflected in the growing popularity of non-conventional extraction methods for pigments, which are favored for sustainability and environment-friendliness compared to conventional processes. This review aims to investigate the extraction of carotenoids from a variety of natural sources, including marine sources like fungus, microalgae, and crustaceans, as well as widely studied plants like tomatoes and carrots. Additionally, it delves into the recovery of valuable carotenoids from waste products like pomace and peels, highlighting the nutritional and environmental benefits. The review also emphasizes the role of green solvents such limonene, vegetable oils, ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, and natural deep eutectic solvents in effective and ecologically friendly carotenoid extraction. These technologies support the ideas of a circular and sustainable economy in addition to having a smaller negative impact on the environment. Overall, the present study highlights the crucial importance of green extraction technologies in achieving the dual goals of sustainability and public safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"245-277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative evaluation of batch and fed-batch cultures for enhanced lipid, carotenoid, and β-carotene production by <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i>.","authors":"Gedela Ravi, Veeranki Venkata Dasu, Kannan Pakshirajan","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2444977","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2444977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored the impact of sodium acetate (Na-acetate) impact on lipid, carotenoid, and β-carotene production by the newly isolated strain <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i>. Batch and fed-batch bioreactor cultures were employed to optimize growth conditions and product yields. <i>R. mucilaginosa</i> fed with Na-acetate in the yeast medium was evaluated in the batch bioreactor culture. The following merits were accomplished for the cell dry weight (5.02 gL<sup>-1</sup>), lipid content (65.73%), carotenoid (40.33 µgg<sup>-1</sup>) and β-carotene (17.63 µgg<sup>-1</sup>) consistently. The fed-batch reactor cultivation using yeast extract supplemented with Na-acetate yielded superior lipid content (68.58%), cell dry weight (5.92 gL<sup>-1</sup>), carotenoid (48.36 µgg<sup>-1</sup>), and β-carotene production (21.38 µgg<sup>-1</sup>) compared to batch cultivation. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are produced from the lipids suitable for biodiesel production. These findings highlight the potential of <i>R. mucilaginosa</i> as a promising organism for sustainable biofuel and high-value compound production. Further optimization of culture conditions and downstream processing could enhance the commercial viability of this approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"606-619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryna Schuenck Knupp, Camila Rodrigues Adão Malafaia, Patrícia Homobono Brito de Moura, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire, Luzineide Wanderley Tinoco, Shaft Corrêa Pinto, Michelle Frazão Muzitano, Ivana Correa Ramos Leal
{"title":"Preparation of esculin acetates through transesterification reaction catalyzed by Novozyme 435<sup>®</sup> and their Purification followed by NMR characterization.","authors":"Maryna Schuenck Knupp, Camila Rodrigues Adão Malafaia, Patrícia Homobono Brito de Moura, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire, Luzineide Wanderley Tinoco, Shaft Corrêa Pinto, Michelle Frazão Muzitano, Ivana Correa Ramos Leal","doi":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2415961","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10826068.2024.2415961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, biocatalytic transesterification reaction using Novozyme 435<sup>®</sup> (N435) lipase was employed to enhance the hydrophobicity of esculin, aiming to improve its solubility for commercial applications and enhance its bioactivity and oral viability. The acylation reaction of esculin with vinyl acetate was conducted at 60 °C and 200 rpm for 24 h. After chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis, two products were identified: the first one was monoacylated at the 6'-OH position of the glucosyl moiety of esculin (T<sub>R</sub>: 10.3 min and <i>m/z</i> 382.93 [M + H]<sup>+</sup>), and the second one was diacylated at the 6'-OH and 3'-OH positions (T<sub>R</sub>: 13.0 min and <i>m/z</i> 424.93 [M + H]<sup>+</sup>). The latter was the major product, with a conversion rate of 53.550 ± 0.368%, while the monoacetylated one showed 8.715 ± 0.064%. Both products were isolated by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using a two-phase system HEMWat 1:9:1:9 and characterized by NMR. In this way, these results improve the practical application of esculin, through the obtention of esculin mono and diacetates by fast and efficient biocatalysis reaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":20401,"journal":{"name":"Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"370-380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142558589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}