Prehospital Emergency Care最新文献

{"title":"Consensus Statement of the National Association of EMS Physicians International Association of Fire Chiefs and the International Association of Chiefs of Police: Best Practices for Collaboration Between Law Enforcement and Emergency Medical Services During Acute Behavioral Emergencies","authors":"Michael K Levy, David K Tan, David Q McArdle, Mike McEvoy, Douglas F Kupas, Gerald Beltran, Diane L Miller","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2402530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2024.2402530","url":null,"abstract":"Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and law enforcement (LE) frequently work as a team in encounters with individuals experiencing acute behavioral emergencies manifesting with severe agitation and ag...","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Defibrillator Deployment with Bus-Mounted Automated External Defibrillator.","authors":"Hongmei Li, Ying Wu, Taibo Luo","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2393319","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2393319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Early defibrillation with an automated external defibrillator (AED) can effectively improve the survival rate of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Placing AEDs in public locations can reduce the defibrillation response interval from collapse to defibrillation. Most public AEDs are currently placed in a stationary way (S-AED) with limited coverage area. Bus mounted AED (B-AED) can be delivered directly to the demand point. Although B-AEDs are only available during bus operating hours, they provide greater coverage area. When the number of available AEDs is insufficient, better coverage may be achieved by placing a portion of AEDs as B-AEDs. Our purpose is developing a model to determine the optimal locations of B-AEDs and S-AEDs with a predetermined number of available AEDs. The goal is to maximize the total coverage level of all demand points.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We proposed a joint location model to place B-AEDs and S-AEDs based on the p-median problem (JPMP). Using data from Chang'an District, Xi'an City, China, we determined the optimal AED deployment. The performance of JPMP was compared with several other models. The coverage results of JPMP are analyzed in details, including the quantity assignment, coverage level, and geographical location of B-AEDs and S-AEDs. The impact of the bus departure intervals on coverage was also discussed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The use of B-AEDs results in an average 98.43% increase in the number of covered demand points, and an average 74.05% increase in total coverage level. In optimal AED deployment, B-AEDs coverage follows an inverted U-shaped curve with increasing number of available AEDs. It begins to decrease when all demand points during the operating hours are covered. With a constant number of available AEDs, the total coverage level increases and then decreases as the bus departure interval increases. The larger the number of available AEDs, the smaller the optimal departure interval.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With a given number of available AEDs, combinational deployment of B-AEDs and S-AEDs significantly improves the coverage level. B-AEDs are recommended when AEDs are insufficient. If more AEDs are available, better coverage can be obtained with reasonable location of S-AEDs and B-AEDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141976432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Driven Prehospital ECG Interpretation for the Reduction of False Positive Emergent Cardiac Catheterization Lab Activations: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Peter O Baker, Shifa R Karim, Stephen W Smith, H Pendell Meyers, Aaron E Robinson, Ishmam Ibtida, Rehan M Karim, Gabriel A Keller, Kristie A Royce, Michael A Puskarich","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2399218","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2399218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Data suggest patients suffering acute coronary occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) benefit from prompt primary percutaneous intervention (PPCI). Many emergency medical services (EMS) activate catheterization labs to reduce time to PPCI, but suffer a high burden of inappropriate activations. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms show promise to improve electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation. The primary objective was to evaluate the potential of AI to reduce false positive activations without missing OMI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electrocardiograms were categorized by (1) STEMI criteria, (2) ECG integrated device software and (3) a proprietary AI algorithm (Queen of Hearts (QOH), Powerful Medical). If multiple ECGs were obtained and any one tracing was positive for a given method, that diagnostic method was considered positive. The primary outcome was OMI defined as an angiographic culprit lesion with either TIMI 0-2 flow; or TIMI 3 flow with either peak high sensitivity troponin-<i>I</i> > 5000 ng/L or new wall motion abnormality. The primary analysis was per-patient proportion of false positives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 140 patients were screened and 117 met criteria. Of these, 48 met the primary outcome criteria of OMI. There were 80 positives by STEMI criteria, 88 by device algorithm, and 77 by AI software. All approaches reduced false positives, 27% for STEMI, 22% for device software, and 34% for AI (<i>p</i> < 0.01 for all). The reduction in false positives did not significantly differ between STEMI criteria and AI software (<i>p</i> = 0.19) but STEMI criteria missed 6 (5%) OMIs, while AI missed none (<i>p</i> = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this single-center retrospective study, an AI-driven algorithm reduced false positive diagnoses of OMI compared to EMS clinician gestalt. Compared to AI (which missed no OMI), STEMI criteria also reduced false positives but missed 6 true OMI. External validation of these findings in prospective cohorts is indicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the “Scanty Science” of Prehospital Emergency Care 25 Years Later","authors":"Advika Ventrapragada, Jorge A. Gumucio, David D. Salcido, James J. Menegazzi","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2396954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2024.2396954","url":null,"abstract":"We aimed to quantify the number of prehospital randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the 25 years since the Callaham editorial and review his perception of prehospital emergency care as ...","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":"2012 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of RapidShockTM Implementation on Perishock Pause in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest","authors":"Jason Prpic, Amie Maurice, Corey Petrie, Robert Ohle, Nawal Farhat, James A.G. Crispo, Sylvie Michaud","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2401904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2024.2401904","url":null,"abstract":"Shorter pauses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are associated with increased better health outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Our primary objective was to examine the effe...","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Success Rate of Distal Femur Intraosseous Access Attempts in Pediatric Patients in the Prehospital Setting: A Retrospective Analysis.","authors":"Tony Zitek, Peter Antevy, Sebastian Garay, Megan Thorn, Emily Buckley, Charles Coyle, Kenneth A Scheppke, David A Farcy","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2398185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2024.2398185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Although the proximal tibia is a common site for intraosseous (IO) line placement in pediatric patients, previously published data indicate high malposition rates in infants and children at this location. Although distal femur IO lines generally demonstrate higher flow rates than those at the proximal tibia, to date, there have been no published studies assessing distal femur IO access in pediatric patients. Thus, we aimed to compare the success rates of pediatric IO line insertion attempts between the proximal tibia and the distal femur in a prehospital setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective chart review of prehospital pediatric patients who underwent at least one IO line placement attempt by Palm Beach County Fire Rescue from May 2015 to January 2024. We excluded records lacking specific documentation of IO attempt location. We compared the unadjusted success rates of distal femur to proximal tibia, and we also compared success rates after propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression. Secondarily, we assessed the prehospital complication rate of the IO lines at each anatomical site.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 163 pediatric patients who had an IO attempt and were eligible for analysis. Median age was 1.9 years (IQR: 0.46 to 4.2 years). Among those 163 patients, there were 234 vascular access attempts, including 82 IO attempts at the distal femur and 72 at the proximal tibia. The unadjusted success rate of distal femur attempts was 89.0%, compared to 84.7% for proximal tibia attempts, a difference of 4.3% (95% CI -6.4 to 15.0%). After propensity score matching, we found an adjusted odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI 0.66 to 6.8), favoring the distal femur for successful placement. Prehospital complication rates were similar for distal femur (5.5%) and proximal tibia (4.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This retrospective analysis of pediatric patients in a prehospital setting suggests that IO line placement at the distal femur might offer a marginally higher success rate compared to the proximal tibia. Despite not reaching statistical significance, these findings support the consideration of distal femur as a viable option for IO placement in the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prehospital Transcutaneous Cardiac Pacing in the United States: Treatment Epidemiology, Predictors of Treatment Failure, and Associated Outcomes.","authors":"Tanner Smida, Laura Voges, Remle Crowe, James Scheidler, James Bardes","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2393768","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2393768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) is a potentially lifesaving therapy for patients who present in the prehospital setting with bradycardia that is causing hemodynamic compromise. Our objective was to examine the outcomes of patients who received prehospital TCP and identify predictors of TCP failure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized the 2018-2021 ESO Data Collaborative public use research datasets for this study. All patients without a documented TCP attempt were excluded. Mortality was derived from hospital disposition data. TCP failure was defined as the initiation of CPR following the first TCP attempt among patients who did not receive CPR prior to the first TCP attempt. Multivariable logistic regression models using age and sex as covariables were used to explore the association between prehospital vital signs and TCP failure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, 13,270 patients received transcutaneous pacing and 2560 of these patients had outcome data available. Overall, the mortality rate following TCP was 63.4%. Among patients who did not receive CPR prior to the first TCP attempt (<i>n</i> = 7930), TCP failure (progression to cardiac arrest) occurred 20.4% of the time. Factors associated with TCP failure included increased body weight (>100 vs. 60-100 kg, aOR: 1.33 (1.15, 1.55)), a pre-pacing non-bradycardic heart rate (>50 vs. <40 bpm, aOR: 2.87 (2.39, 3.44)), and pre-TCP hypoxia (<80% vs. >90% SpO₂, aOR: 6.01 (4.96, 7.29)).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients who undergo prehospital TCP are at high risk of mortality. Progression to cardiac arrest is common and associated with factors including increased weight, a non-bradycardic initial heart rate and pre-TCP hypoxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141992442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Cases: Association Between Specific Dispatcher-Assigned Dispatch Determinant Codes and Hospital-Confirmed STEMI Cases in Qatar.","authors":"Ross Rutschman, Guillaume Alinier, Greg Scott, Thomas Reimann, Sonia Sliman Bounouh, Nicholas R Castle, Christopher Olola","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2387721","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2387721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) with the greatest risk of death and disability. Getting diagnosed patients rapid definitive treatment at the correct facility is crucial in improving their outcome. Using a Question-and-Answer algorithm (Mobile Priority Dispatch System (MPDS^®)), trained Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) can help identifying STEMI at the time of dispatch. This can assist Emergency Medical Services (EMS) pre-planning transport to potential STEMI-receiving hospitals. The study aimed to determine whether hospital-confirmed STEMI cases transported by ambulance are associated with certain dispatch determinant codes and identify the treatments performed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The retrospective study analyzed deidentified dispatch and hospital data of STEMI patients who were transported by Qatar's Ambulance Service between January 2018 and May 2021. Data analysis compared patient demographics with dispatch measures, considering chief complaint and determinant codes, and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) treatment received.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 3,724 STEMI cases with MPDS^® dispatch codes were retrieved. After excluding patient transfer and pandemic-related cases, a final sample of 2,607 cases was analyzed. Most STEMI patients (86.0%) were classified as high priority levels at dispatch, had chest pain as chief complaint (62.9%), and were male (90.8%). Approximately, 99.0% of the STEMI patients received PCI treatment. Distributions of STEMI cases and PCI treatment did not significantly differ by patient demographics and dispatch measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Qatar's STEMI patients are more likely to be male and to receive adequate acute care irrespective of any demographic factor and despite potential language issues. This study highlights that the chief complaint may be described or interpreted differently when the questioning language is not their mother tongue, or when there is a language barrier between the caller, call taker, or when using the MPDS^® protocols language or when self-translating questions instantly in another language. Therefore, EMDs should be made aware of the language differences and be encouraged to further clarify the chief complaint when appropriate. There may be a need for potential refinements of the MPDS^® questioning algorithm and EMD training with AMI symptoms reinforcement. This could help improve their early identification of STEMI cases with non-classic chest pain symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142018325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Dead or Alive?\" Assessment of the Binary End-of-Event Outcome Indicator for the NEMSIS Public Research Dataset.","authors":"Mary E Helander","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2389551","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2389551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) provides a robust set of data to evaluate prehospital care. However, a major limitation is that the vast majority of the records lack a definitive outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a recently proposed method (\"MLB\" method) to impute missing end-of-EMS-event outcomes (\"dead\" or \"alive\") for patient care reports in the NEMSIS public research dataset.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study reproduced the recently published method for patient outcome imputation in the NEMSIS database and replicated the results for years 2017 through 2022 (<i>n</i> = 686,075). We performed statistical analyses leveraging an array of established performance metrics for binary classification from the machine learning literature. Evaluation metrics included overall accuracy, true positive rate, true negative rate, balanced accuracy, precision, F1 score, Cohen's Kappa coefficient, Matthews' coefficient, Hamming loss, the Jaccard similarity score, and the receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Extended metrics show consistently good imputation performance from year-to-year but reveal weakness in accurately indicating the minority class: e.g., after adjustments for conflicting labels, \"dead\" prediction accuracy is 77.7% for 2018 and 61.8% over the six-year NEMSIS sub-sample, even though overall accuracy is 98.8%. Slight over-fitting is also present.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found that the recently published MLB method produced reasonably good \"dead\" or \"alive\" indicators. We recommend reporting of True Positive Rate (\"dead\" prediction accuracy) and True Negative Rate (\"alive\" prediction accuracy) when applying the imputation method for analyses of NEMSIS data. More attention by EMS clinicians to complete documentation of target NEMSIS elements can further improve the method's performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141898096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMS Bypass to Endovascular Stroke Centers is Associated with Shorter Time to Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy for LVO Stroke.","authors":"Alexander Kuc, Ryan Overberger, Derek L Isenberg, Kevin A Henry, Huquing Zhao, Adam Sigal, Susan Wojcik, Joseph Herres, Ethan Brandler, Jason T Nomura, Chadd K Kraus, Daniel Ackerman, Arianna Peluso, Nina Gentile","doi":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2388882","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10903127.2024.2388882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes may be eligible for treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular therapy (EVT). Patients selected for treatment have better neurologic outcomes with EVT, and delays in this therapy lead to worse outcomes. However, EVT is offered at a limited number of hospitals, referred to as endovascular stroke centers (ESC). This poses a difficult decision for EMS: to take potential stroke patients to the closest primary stroke center (PSC) or longer transport time to a more distant ESC. We hypothesized that patients with LVO stroke undergoing EVT transported directly to an ESC would have more favorable outcomes as measured by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days, compared to transport to a PSC followed by transfer to an ESC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The OPUS-REACH consortium examined transportation patterns and outcomes in patients with LVO stroke who received endovascular treatment. This cohort includes 2400 patients with LVO stroke throughout eight endovascular centers in the Northeast U.S. from 2015 to 2020. All patients enrolled in the OPUS-REACH database were eligible for inclusion. Patients were excluded if they were missing the pickup address, had an in-hospital stroke, or arrived <i>via</i> mobile stroke unit. The remaining patients were separated into two groups: the bypass group, with transportation by EMS to an ESC by bypassing PSC, and the non-bypass group, with initial transport to PSC and interfacility transport to an ESC. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days, where 0-2 was defined as \"good\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary outcome did not reach significance with 40% of the bypass group as compared with the 33.1% of the non-bypass group having a \"good\" outcome. However, the bypass group underwent shorter times from last-known-well to both thrombolysis (120.9 vs 153.3 min, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and thrombectomy (356.1 vs 454.8 min, <i>p</i> = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with LVO stroke who undergo thrombectomy, EMS transport directly to an ESC results in shorter time thrombectomy, although we did not observe a difference in 90-day functional outcomes. Additionally, bypass to reach a more capable endovascular stroke center does not delay administration of IVT from time of LKW.</p>","PeriodicalId":20336,"journal":{"name":"Prehospital Emergency Care","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}