Plant Physiology and Biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Decoding redox pathways in plants: Structural and functional comparison of peroxiredoxins and glutathione peroxidases","authors":"Thomaz Stumpf Trenz,&nbsp;Marcia Margis-Pinheiro","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants face constant environmental challenges that lead to fluctuations in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Among these, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) stands out as a stable and diffusible signaling molecule that modulates the redox state of key proteins. To prevent oxidative damage while maintaining signaling functions, plants rely on thiol peroxidases (TPXs), particularly glutathione peroxidase-like proteins (GPXLs) and peroxiredoxins (PRXs). Both enzyme families catalyze peroxide reduction and share thiol-based redox mechanisms, seemingly converging on similar functions. This review highlights both the convergence and, more importantly, the divergence between GPXLs and PRXs in plants, including their evolutionary histories, domain architectures, and substrate and reductant specificities. While 2-Cys PRXs are well-established redox sensors capable of relaying oxidative signals to target proteins or via thioredoxin networks, relatively few examples have confirmed that GPXLs can also oxidize specific target proteins, positioning them as potential redox signal transducers. We explore documented cases of GPXL- and PRX-mediated redox signaling in stress responses and emphasize the need for further investigation into TPX interactomes and posttranslational modifications. Unraveling the distinct and overlapping functions of PRXs and GPXLs will provide deeper insight into how plants fine-tune redox signals to cope with environmental stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110580"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated transcriptomic analyses reveals LpmiR397 and caffeic acid play positive roles in drought and heat stresses tolerance in perennial ryegrass","authors":"Mingzhi Xu ,&nbsp;Yanan Gao ,&nbsp;Qinying Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuzhou Hou ,&nbsp;Feng Yuan ,&nbsp;Xu Guan ,&nbsp;Yanrong Liu ,&nbsp;Wanjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perennial ryegrass, is an important turf and pasture grass, often faces stagnant growth and even death in summer due to heat and/or drought stress. Highly heterogeneous genomes and the difficulty of performing stable genetic transformation create challenges for the study of drought- and heat-tolerant gene function. In this study, we sequenced full-length transcripts of perennial ryegrass and identified a total of 24,782 transcripts, including 15,330 new transcripts of known genes and 1504 transcripts of novel genes. In RNA-seq, 16,919 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) appeared in heat treatment and 1063 DE-mRNAs appeared in drought treatment, which significantly enriched in phenylalanine metabolic pathway and triggers to produce caffeic acid, an intermediate product produced during lignin synthesis. Further study showed that exogenous application of caffeic acid significantly enhanced drought and heat tolerance in ryegrass. By miRNA-seq, 118 known miRNAs and 568 newly predicted miRNAs were detected, and 120 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) appeared in heat treatment and 15 DE-miRNAs appeared in the drought treatment. 22 miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks response to drought and/or heat treatment. Among them, LpmiR397 showed a negative response to heat treatment and was predicted to cleavage, <em>LONELY GUY</em> (<em>LpLOG</em>), a new target gene that regulating cytokinin content and metabolism. Further, we confirmed that miR397 could cleavage the <em>LpLOG</em> mRNA, and blocking LpmiR397 by using AS-ODN to reduce perennial ryegrass heat tolerance and increased its cytokinin content. This study provides a basis for genomic studies of perennial ryegrass and key molecular pathways for coping with heat and drought and demonstrates the positive effects of caffeic acid and LpmiR397 in improving heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass and the function of low concentrations of caffeic acid in improving drought tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110572"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-interaction pattern and targeted potential protein interaction networks of Arabidopsis CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase 1","authors":"Qiong Xiao,&nbsp;Juli Wang,&nbsp;Guanqun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a fundamental component of eukaryotic membranes, and its biosynthesis is tightly regulated to maintain membrane integrity and function. Despite the key role of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) in the rate-limiting step of PC synthesis, little is known about how CCT is modulated through protein-protein interactions (PPIs). In this study, we selected <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> CCT1 (AtCCT1) to investigate the potential regulatory network governing PC biosynthesis. Using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we discovered that AtCCT1 forms self-association and interacts with its isoform AtCCT2. Importantly, AtCCT1 was also found to interact with importin α and β proteins, implying a potentially regulated transport mechanism. In addition, AtCCT1 and an Arabidopsis Sec14 family protein may also have interactions, which weakly activated reporter genes in the Y2H system but exhibited relatively stronger fluorescence in transformed tobacco leaf cells. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence of specific PPIs involving AtCCT1, offering new insight into the post-translational regulation of PC synthesis. These findings lay a foundation for future studies exploring how dynamic protein assemblies fine-tune membrane lipid metabolism, possibly in response to developmental or environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110574"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective permeability of Chara nodal complex for cell-to-cell passage of photometabolites exerting opposite action on chlorophyll fluorescence","authors":"Alexander A. Bulychev,&nbsp;Natalia A. Krupenina,&nbsp;Anna V. Alova","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>—Plasmodesmata (PD) are crucial for intercellular communication and long-distance transport of signaling substances and photoassimilates. These nanosized cytoplasmic strands piercing cell walls between adjoining cells allow the passage of many low-molecular-weight substances. However, it is not yet known if small molecules such as NAD(P)H and H₂O₂ released from chloroplasts under local light stress permeate equally well across the PD. In this work, the actual and maximal chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence yields, <em>F′</em> and <em>F</em>_m<em>′</em> were measured with PAM microfluorometry on internodal <em>Chara</em> cells bathed with the media in physiologically relevant pH ranges (pH 7.0 and 9.5). In the cells exposed to continuous dim light and subjected to a local pulse of high light, the streaming cytoplasm carried the metabolites of two types. At pH 7.0, the released metabolites transiently elevated <em>F′</em> by promoting plastoquinone reduction. Under CO₂-depleted environment at pH 9.5 adjusted with CHES buffer, the cytoplasm was additionally enriched with a metabolite, presumably H₂O₂ that quenched both <em>F′</em> and <em>F</em>_m<em>′</em>. Strong rapid H₂O₂-mediated quenching of Chl fluorescence in vivo was verified by means of pointed pericellular application of this chemical. The intercellular permeation of the metabolites having opposite influence on Chl fluorescence was assessed by applying the local light pulse to one internodal cell in the paired internode sample and by recording Chl emission in the adjacent internode. The results demonstrate that the metabolite enhancing <em>F′</em> fluorescence readily permeates through the nodal complex, whereas the transnodal permeation of the metabolite responsible for quenching of <em>F</em>_m<em>′</em> and <em>F′</em> is prevented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110573"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan nanoparticles and germanium synergistically enhance photosynthetic efficiency, sugar metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis via metabolic pathway modulation in guar","authors":"Seham M. Hamed ,&nbsp;Uğur Tan ,&nbsp;Marwa Yousry A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Ashraf Khalifa ,&nbsp;Hamada AbdElgawad","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boosting crop yield and quality is critical for feeding the world's population. The synergistic interaction of germanium (Ge) and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) offers a novel approach to enhance guar (<em>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</em>) yield and metabolism. This synergy led to substantial increases in guar biomass and yield, ranging from 33 % to 41 %, which correlated with improved photosynthesis. Improved photosynthesis induced sugar metabolism in leaves and seeds that directed to biosynthesis of primary metabolites including essential amino acids, organic acids (17.5–35.5 %), and lipids shifted toward unsaturated fatty acids. At the seed level, Ge and CSNPs significantly elevated crude protein, lipid, fiber, and sugar contents (r &gt; 0.65–0.99). Anthocyanin levels in leaves increased significantly, reflecting efficient metabolic channeling and avoidance of bottlenecks in precursor accumulation (like phenylalanine) and enzymatic activity (e.g., UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase saw a &gt;4-fold increase). Furthermore, Ge + CSNPs boosted seed phosphorus by 27.9 % and antioxidant capacity by 57.4 %, which improved overall nutritional quality. Principal component analysis (71.65 % variance) confirmed that Ge + CSNPs coordinate metabolic changes, linking sugar availability and anthocyanin metabolism to increased guar yield. This study shows that Ge + CSNPs optimize metabolic transitions, offering a sustainable way to improve guar productivity, and nutritive values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110566"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNA responses to alkaline stress and the key role of the miR156–MsSPL2/6B module in alfalfa","authors":"Tongtong Yao ,&nbsp;Siyue Qi ,&nbsp;Hongjiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiang Su ,&nbsp;Zhongyong Cen ,&nbsp;Zheyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Qin ,&nbsp;Huihui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global expansion of saline-alkali soils has made alkaline stress a major abiotic factor limiting plant growth and crop yield. Alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L.), as an important high-quality forage grass, also has its growth and development significantly been constrained by alkaline stress. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying alfalfa's response to alkaline stress, this study focused on two previously identified alfalfa cultivars with distinct tolerance levels: the tolerant “ZD (Zhaodong)” and the sensitive “ZM (Zhongmu No.1).” Using miRNA-Seq and RNA-Seq, we systematically analyzed the expression changes of miRNAs and mRNAs in both cultivars under alkaline stress, aiming to identify key regulatory miRNAs and their target gene modules. The analysis identified 112 miRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) following NaHCO₃ treatment. Integrative miRNA-mRNA analysis revealed 258 high-confidence miRNA-target gene interaction pairs. Functional enrichment of DEMs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) highlighted several biological processes and signaling pathways closely associated with stress response, including transcription factor regulation, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid metabolism, plant hormone signaling, and calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling. Notably, many genes related to hormone and Ca²⁺ signaling were reportedly regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs, exhibiting significant expression differences between the two cultivars. This underscores their critical role in balancing growth and stress response. Additionally, numerous differentially expressed miRNAs indirectly regulate alfalfa's alkaline tolerance by targeting transcription factors, with the miR156-SPL module identified as a potentially key contributor to alkaline stress adaptation. Transient co-expression assays demonstrated that <em>Ms-miR156</em> target to <em>MsSPL2</em> and <em>MsSPL6B</em>. Overexpression of <em>MsSPL2</em> and <em>MsSPL6B</em> in Arabidopsis enhanced tolerance to alkaline stress, alleviating its adverse effects on root growth, photoinhibition, and oxidative damage. In summary, this study systematically elucidates the miRNA-mediated regulatory network underlying alfalfa's response to alkaline stress, providing a theoretical foundation and potential molecular targets for understanding and improving salt-alkali tolerance in alfalfa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110567"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transcription factor bZIP44 enhances lead tolerance by activating the expression of PDR12 in Arabidopsis","authors":"Xi Wu ,&nbsp;Qian Ma ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengfan Wu ,&nbsp;Xinyun Liao ,&nbsp;Guangna Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Song ,&nbsp;Shuqing Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead (Pb) contamination poses a severe threat to plant growth and ecosystem health. Although plants have evolved various detoxification mechanisms, the transcriptional regulation underlying Pb tolerance remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor bZIP44 plays a critical role in mediating Pb stress responses in Arabidopsis. Expression of <em>bZIP44</em> was induced by Pb stress. The <em>bzip44</em> mutants showed increased sensitivity to Pb stress and enhanced accumulation of Pb, whereas the <em>bZIP44</em> overexpression lines were tolerant to Pb stress and reduced Pb accumulation. Further studies revealed that bZIP44 directly binds to the promoter of <em>PDR12</em>, an ABC transporter gene essential for Pb efflux, and activates its expression under Pb stress. Genetic analysis showed that bZIP44 is located upstream of PDR12 and positively regulates the Pb stress response in Arabidopsis. Our findings identify bZIP44 as a key upstream regulator of PDR12 and establish the bZIP44–PDR12 module as a central pathway in Pb detoxification, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification of TCP gene family and functional analysis of PcTCP8 gene related to trichome development in Pogostemon cablin","authors":"Yingying Liang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Peng ,&nbsp;Yuwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Siyu Xie ,&nbsp;Qixuan Huang ,&nbsp;Lu Yang ,&nbsp;Chang Su ,&nbsp;Huili Lai ,&nbsp;Wenru Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trichomes are key sites for synthesis and storage of plant secondary metabolites. The TCP transcription factor family is essential for trichomes cell fate determination. In <em>Pogostemon cablin</em>, trichome density significantly affects the accumulation of terpenoid metabolites, but the role of TCP gene family in this process is unclear. This study characterized TCP proteins in <em>P. cablin</em> and explored the impact of <em>PcTCP8</em> on trichome development and volatile compound biosynthesis. It identified 44 PcTCP proteins and used transcriptome data for expression profiling, providing functional insights. Over-expression of <em>PcTCP8</em> decreased patchoulol content, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of <em>PcTCP8</em> resulted in increased trichome density, elevated patchoulol levels, and upregulated expression of <em>PcFFPS</em>. These findings demonstrate that <em>PcTCP8</em> acts as a negative regulator of both glandular trichome development and essential oil biosynthesis in <em>P. cablin</em>. The study provides novel insights into the genetic regulation of glandular trichomes in medicinal plants, offering valuable information for future research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110570"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The GARP-ARR-B family transcription factor SeAPRR2 positively regulates drought tolerance in chayote (Sechium edule)","authors":"Shaobo Cheng,&nbsp;Zhili Chen,&nbsp;Wei Yan,&nbsp;Lihong Su,&nbsp;Xiaoting Zhou,&nbsp;Zhongqun He","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chayote, an economically vital cucurbit crop, faces severe production and quality constraints due to increasing drought stress. Despite this threat, systematic identification and analysis of the GARP-ARR-B transcription factor family in chayote remain unreported. This study identified 11 ARR-B transcription factors in chayote, with focused investigation on the drought-responsive gene <em>SeAPRR2</em>. <em>SeAPRR2</em> exhibited rapid induction under PEG-simulated drought, and its heterologous expression significantly enhanced osmotic stress tolerance in yeast. Furthermore, <em>SeAPRR2</em> overexpression in tomato substantially improved drought resistance, manifested through reduced wilting, decreased electrolyte leakage, lower malondialdehyde content, elevated proline accumulation, attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and accelerated stomatal closure. The interaction between <em>SeAPRR2</em> and the metallochaperone <em>SeHIPP3</em> was confirmed by Y2H, LCI, BIFC and molecular docking. Additionally, DAP-seq, Y1H, and LUC assays demonstrated <em>SeAPRR2</em>'s direct binding and transcriptional activation of <em>SeP5CS1</em> and <em>SeNCED5</em>. Collectively, <em>SeAPRR2</em> synchronously enhances drought tolerance through proline-mediated osmotic adjustment and ABA-triggered stomatal closure, suggesting its potential as a candidate gene for enhancing drought tolerance in chayote germplasm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110561"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of root anatomy, phytochemicals and gene expression in bolted and unbolted Saposhnikovia divaricata","authors":"Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Xijia Cui ,&nbsp;Xiran Bi ,&nbsp;Yi Cui ,&nbsp;Yunhe Wang ,&nbsp;Hongmei Lin ,&nbsp;Zhuo Sun ,&nbsp;Lin Cheng ,&nbsp;Limin Yang ,&nbsp;Zhongming Han ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Saposhnikovia divaricata</em> (Turcz.) Schischk., known as Fangfeng, is a highly valued traditional Chinese medicinal herb esteemed for its therapeutic properties. Premature bolting in <em>S. divaricata</em> adversely affects root yield and medicinal quality. This study aimed to compare root anatomical structures, active phytochemical contents, and gene expression differences between unbolted (UBF) and bolted (BF) <em>S. divaricata</em> plants, which can provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating potential mechanisms driving premature bolting for future research and practical applications. The result showed that UBF roots exhibited intact secondary xylem and wider secondary phloem, whereas BF roots showed fragmented secondary xylem with lignified parenchyma cells. Chromone concentrations were higher in UBF plants, particularly within the secondary phloem. Transcriptome analysis identified 33 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with bolting and flowering, 22 DEGs involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathways, including ETR, JAR1, EIN3, TCH4, GID2, ABF, BKI1, BSK, BIN, BZR1/2, CYCD3, and 11 DEGs involved in circadian rhythm pathways, including GI, ZTL, FT, PHYA, COP1, SPA, FKF1, were differentially expressed between BF and UBF groups, suggesting their potential role in regulating bolting and flowering in <em>S. divaricata</em>. These findings suggest that plant hormones and circadian rhythms may influence bolting and flowering in <em>S. divaricata</em>. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the mechanisms of bolting and flowering in this species and the Apiaceae family<em>.</em> However, premature bolting adversely affects root quality, necessitating further investigation into its regulatory mechanisms to improve cultivation practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 110568"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}