Plant Physiology and Biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Structural basis for the dual roles of DPW in lipid and UDP-sugar metabolism during rice anther development","authors":"Shanshan Qu ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Gang Li ,&nbsp;Chen Miao ,&nbsp;Liming Yan ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatty acids and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugars are essential metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and lipids, both of which are critical for anther development in plants. Our previous study identified Defective Pollen Wall (DPW), a rice fatty acyl carrier protein reductase (FAR), as a key factor in pollen wall formation. In this study, we demonstrate that the structure of DPW in complex with its cofactor NADP⁺ exhibits structural similarities to that of UDP-glucose epimerase (UGE). In <em>vitro</em> enzymatic assays utilizing recombinant DPW confirmed its ability to interconvert UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) in an NADP(H)-dependent manner. Mutations in conserved NADP(H)-binding residues abolished both DPW's FAR and UGE activities. <em>In vivo</em> assays showed that the <em>dpw</em> mutation causes UDP-Glc accumulation, disrupting the balance between UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal in rice anthers. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the dual roles of DPW in lipid and UDP-sugar metabolism during rice anther development, shedding light on how plants integrate metabolic pathways through multifunctional enzymes to regulate male reproductive development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109762"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developed BL-EF to acquire plant growth-promoting functions under salt stress by introducing the ACC deaminase gene","authors":"Xinyu Jia ,&nbsp;Linlin Sun ,&nbsp;Junsong Yue ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Zhou ,&nbsp;Zihe Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Liu ,&nbsp;Zhansheng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a novel and effective strategy to ameliorate soil salinity and increase agricultural productivity. ACC deaminase (ACCD) in PGPR plays a key role in alleviating salt stress and promoting plant growth. This study aimed to investigate the potential of ACCD-producing strain BL-EF to mitigate salt stress in tomato plants. The ACCD gene was introduced into the non-PGPR <em>Escherichia coli</em> to successfully construct to construct BL-EF and produce catalytically active ACCD. The results showed that strain BL-EF significantly increased the height of tomato plants by 30.94% and 44.63%, under both normal and salt stress conditions, respectively. Strain BL-EF also modulated the photosynthetic pigmentation process in plants, promoting plant growth and increasing tomato tolerance to salt stress. The osmoregulatory system improved and the antioxidant enzyme activities increased to counteract reactive oxygen species-induced activities inoculated with BL-EF compared with those not inoculated with BL-EF. In addition, the inoculation with BL-EF strains increased soil enzyme activities and enhanced nutrients availability in the soil for plants uptake. In conclusion, the inoculation of ACC deaminase-producing strain BL-EF holds immense potential to alleviate salt stress in tomato plants, offering significant benefits to the agricultural sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109764"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source ability is regulated by THOUSAND-GRAIN WEIGHT 6 in rice","authors":"Tatsuki Akabane ,&nbsp;Shinichiro Kawawa ,&nbsp;Masahiro Noguchi ,&nbsp;Genki Horiguchi ,&nbsp;Etsuko Katoh ,&nbsp;Ken Ishimaru ,&nbsp;Naoki Hirotsu","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-glucose hydrolase, THOUSAND-GRAIN WEIGHT 6 (TGW6), negatively regulates rice grain weight and starch accumulation before heading. A 1-bp deletion in <em>tgw6</em> results in loss of function and enhances grain size and yield. Thus, <em>TGW6</em> has been a target for breeding strains with increased rice yield. Although the effect of loss of <em>TGW6</em> function on sink size has been well understood, its impact on source ability (the ability to produce carbohydrates from leaves and supply to sink organs, referred to as shoot carbohydrate accumulation here) has been unclear. Here, we investigated the starch content of leaves, gene expression and carbohydrate translocation using cv. Koshihikari and a near-isogenic line carrying <em>tgw6</em> (NIL(<em>TGW6</em>)). We found that NIL(<em>TGW6</em>) accumulated more starch in lower leaf sheaths than cv. Koshihikari. Gene analysis of lower leaf sheaths from both lines indicated that the expression of starch synthesis-related genes was up-regulated, and those involved with starch degradation were down-regulated in the NIL(<em>TGW6</em>) line. Measurements of changes in carbohydrate accumulation indicated that the loss of <em>TGW6</em> function activated carbohydrate translocation and that starch accumulation in the leaf sheath contributed directly to the increase in starch uploaded to the panicles. These results provide new insights into <em>TGW6</em> function and how it affects the source ability of rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109760"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional diversity of two apple paralogs MADS5 and MADS35 in regulating flowering and parthenocarpy","authors":"Yanfang Yan ,&nbsp;Peiyi Dang ,&nbsp;Bingning Tian ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoning Li ,&nbsp;Fengwang Ma ,&nbsp;Jia-Long Yao ,&nbsp;Pengmin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MADS-box genes play important roles in plant development, especially flowering and fruiting. In this study, we identified 54 type I and 69 type II MADS-box genes from the apple reference genome ‘GDDH13’. The type II MADS-box genes were further divided into 12 closely related subgroups, each exhibiting similar gene structures and conserved domains. Among these, two genes, <em>MADS35</em> and <em>MADS5,</em> belonging to APETALA1 (AP1) subfamily, were found to be predominantly expressed in apple fruit. To explore their functions, transgenic apple plants with altered expression of these genes were produced. Overexpression of <em>MADS35</em> induced early flowering, while overexpression of <em>MADS5</em> induced both early flowering and parthenocarpy. Transcriptome analysis suggested that the parthenocarpy observed in the transgenic apple plants might be associated with changes of gene expression within the auxin, GA, ABA, and ethylene signaling pathways. MADS5 and MADS35, although paralogs, differ by one amino acid in the MADS-domain and six amino acids in the K-domain, which could account for their function diversity in regulating apple fruiting. In summary, the present study provides a comprehensive analysis of MADS-box genes in apple and lays the foundation for future efforts to shorten the juvenile stage and enhance parthenocarpy-related traits in apple plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109763"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole plant transpiration responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to drying soil: Water channels and transcription factors","authors":"H. Cordoba-Novoa ,&nbsp;B. Zhang ,&nbsp;Y. Guo ,&nbsp;M.M. Aslam ,&nbsp;F.B. Fritschi ,&nbsp;V. Hoyos-Villegas","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Common bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.) is the main legume crop for direct human consumption worldwide. Among abiotic factors affecting common bean, drought is the most limiting. This study aimed at characterizing genetic variability and architecture of transpiration, stomatal regulation and whole plant water use within the Mesoamerican germplasm. A critical fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSWc) was estimated as the inflection point at which NTR starts decreasing linearly. Genome-wide association (GWA) analyses for mean NTR and FTSWc were performed. High variation on mean NTR and FTSWc was found among genotypes. Unreported genomic signals controlling the variation of these traits were identified on <em>Pv</em>01 and <em>Pv</em>07 some located in intergenic, intronic and exonic regions. A set of novel candidate genes and putative regulatory elements located in these QTL were identified. Some of the genes have been previously reported to be involved in abiotic tolerance in model species, including some of the five transcription factors (TF) identified. Four candidate genes, one with potential water transportation activity and three TFs were validated. The gene <em>Phvul.001G108800,</em> an aquaporin SIP2-1 related gene, showed water channel activity through oocyte water assays. Mutant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (<em>Ath</em>) lines for the homologous genes of common bean were evaluated in transpiration experiments. Two of the three evaluated TFs, UPBEAT1 and C2H2-type ZN finger protein, were involved in the control of transpiration responses to drying soil. Our results provide evidence of novel genes to accelerate the drought tolerance improvement in the crop and study the physiological basis of drought response in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109759"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastidial metabolites and retrograde signaling: A case study of MEP pathway intermediate MEcPP that orchestrates plant growth and stress responses","authors":"Shagun Bali ,&nbsp;Sumanta Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Rahul Michael ,&nbsp;Rashmi Arora ,&nbsp;Vivek Dogra","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants are frequently exposed to environmental stresses. In a plant cell, chloroplast acts as machinery that rapidly senses changing environmental conditions and coordinates with the nucleus and other subcellular organelles by exchanging plastidial metabolites, proteins/peptides, or lipid derivatives, some of which may act as retrograde signals. These specific plastidial metabolites include carotenoid derivatives, isoprenes, phosphoadenosines, tetrapyrroles, phytohormone (like salicylic acid), and reactive electrophile species (RES), which mediate retrograde communications to sustain stress conditions. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is an essential and evolutionarily conserved isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway operating in bacteria and plastids, synthesizing metabolites such as terpenoids, gibberellins, abscisic acid, phytol chain of chlorophyll, carotenoids, tocopherols, and glycosides. The MEP pathway is susceptible to oxidative stress, which results in the overaccumulation of its intermediates, such as methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP). Recent studies revealed that under stress conditions, leading to its accumulation, MEcPP mediates retrograde signaling that alters the nuclear gene expression, leading to growth inhibition and acclimation. This review covers aspects of its generation, signaling, mechanism of action, and interplay with other factors to acquire adaptive responses during stress conditions. The review highlights the importance of plastids as sensors of stress and plastidial metabolites as retrograde signals communicating with nucleus and other sub-cellular organelles to regulate plants’ response to different stress conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109747"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed priming with NaCl boosted the glutathione-ascorbate pool to facilitate photosystem-II function and maintain starch in NaCl-primed chickpea under salt stress","authors":"Alivia Paul ,&nbsp;Subhankar Mondal ,&nbsp;Debasis Mitra ,&nbsp;Koushik Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Asok K. Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seed priming with NaCl improved the tissue tolerance nature in moderately salt-tolerant cultivar Anuradha under salt stress. Is an improved tissue tolerance in primed chickpea seedlings supplemented with a boosted antioxidant response? To investigate, a seed priming experiment with sub-lethal salt concentration (50 mM NaCl) was performed with chickpea cv. Anuradha. The morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses associated with reactive oxygen species, antioxidant activities, photosystem-II (PS-II) efficiency, and starch-sugar metabolism were studied at 150 mM NaCl in hydroponically grown nonprimed and primed seedlings. Primed chickpea seedlings maintained high biomass compared to nonprimed seedlings under stress. High level of reduced ascorbate, glutathione contents and higher activity of glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase suggested that primed seedling improved the antioxidant response, thus able to maintain low hydrogen peroxide under stress. High photosystem-II (PS-II) efficiency and high electron transport rate of PS-II in primed chickpea seedlings under stress suggested that primed seedlings are able to maintain PS-II function under stress, thus able to retain the flow of electrons for PS-II. A high starch content and low <em>alpha amylase</em> gene expression in primed seedlings suggested that NaCl priming could utilize the reserve food compounds slowly. Overall, this study uncovers that seed priming with NaCl boosted the antioxidant responses in primed chickpea seedlings to stabilize the PS-II function and facilitates the flow of electrons for PS-II, indispensable for energy generation, thus reducing the need of starch degradation and maintaining better starch-sugar equilibrium in primed seedlings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109746"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the molecular basis of quality differences in Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. From geo-authentic and non-authentic areas","authors":"Kun Pan ,&nbsp;Yunping Qu ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Yu ,&nbsp;Yuping Jia ,&nbsp;Bingmiao Gao ,&nbsp;Shoubai Liu ,&nbsp;Xilong Zheng ,&nbsp;Tao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Alpinia oxyphylla</em> Miq., a well-accepted medicinal and edible plant in south China. The primary ingredients of this medicine vary significantly depending on their origin, which profoundly impacts its quality. In this study, a principal component analysis was performed on 17 different planting areas of <em>A. oxyphylla</em>, with nootkatone and kaempferol identified as representative sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids, respectively. To investigate the genes involved in nootkatone and kaempferol biosynthesis, a combined transcriptome and metabolome profiling was carried out on materials sourced from geo-authentic and non-authentic areas. The transcriptome analysis of these two types of accessions identified 96,691 unigenes, with 13,589 genes showing differential expression in both regions. Metabolome analysis revealed 2859 differentially accumulated metabolites across the four pairwise comparisons. Correlation analysis uncovered a number of genes, that associated with the differential biosynthesis of nootkatone and kaempferol in <em>A. oxyphylla</em> fruits from geo-authentic and non-authentic areas. Further investigation highlighted the candidate gene <em>Ao</em>FMO1's ability to heterologously biosynthesize nootkatone in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> leaves. This research lays the groundwork for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the authentication of <em>A. oxyphylla</em>'s quality synthesis, and presents a comprehensive list of candidate genes for future functional studies to enhance the development of high-quality <em>A. oxyphylla</em> varieties rich in medicinal ingredients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109755"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative analysis of the R2R3-MYB gene family revealed that BsMYB36 and BsMYB51 significantly regulate the accumulation of flavonoids in Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae)","authors":"Ruohan Huang ,&nbsp;Yuanqing Chang ,&nbsp;Siting Zheng,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li,&nbsp;Shuai Liu,&nbsp;Junfeng Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The R2R3-MYB transcription factors constitute a critical family involved in a variety of biological processes. They have been found to be essential participants in flavonoid biosynthesis in various plants. <em>Bletilla striata</em> (Thunb.) Reichb. f. is an orchid species rich in flavonoid compounds, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we identified 94 R2R3-MYB genes, 89 of them were classified into 22 subgroups, and 92 were mapped to 16 chromosomes. The S5 and S7 subfamilies contained three and four members, respectively which might play roles in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid. Additionally, BsR2R3-MYBs exhibited tissue-specific expression. There were 36 genes, and 35 genes exhibited high expression in roots and pseudobulbs, respectively. The 25 R2R3-MYB genes from different subfamilies showed varying responses to drought, low temperature, and MeJA treatments. Furthermore, the S5 subfamily member <em>BsMYB51</em> and the S7 subfamily member <em>BsMYB36</em> were heterologous expressed in <em>A.thaliana</em>. Phenotypic observations of <em>A</em>.<em>thaliana</em> showed that <em>BsMYB36</em> and <em>BsMYB51</em> could compensate for the growth differences caused by the <em>atmyb12</em> and <em>atmyb123</em> mutations, respectively. Moreover, the overexpression of <em>BsMYB36</em> increased flavonoid content, while decreasing the accumulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in <em>A</em>.<em>thaliana</em>. The overexpression of <em>BsMYB51</em> promoted the accumulation of flavonoid, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin. Overexpression of <em>BsMYB36</em> and <em>BsMYB51</em> significantly upregulated relative genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, such as <em>PAL, CHS, F3′H,</em> and <em>DFR</em>. This study provids the foundation for exploring the regulation of flavonoid content by BsMYBs in <em>B.striata</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOUSLED KINASE INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (TKI1) interacts with SIN3-LIKES (SNLs) to promote flowering in Arabidopsis","authors":"Chengcheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Chuanyou Chen ,&nbsp;Xia Gong,&nbsp;Haitao Li,&nbsp;Yan Li,&nbsp;Biaoming Zhang,&nbsp;Haitao Zhang,&nbsp;Wenya Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TOUSLED KINASE INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (TKI1) is a SANT/Myb domain-containing protein, which binds DNA and may function as a transcription factor, and is characterized as an interacting protein with TOUSLED (TSL) in <em>Arabidopsis</em>. However, it remains largely unknown what biological functions of <em>TKI1</em> for few reports about <em>TKI1</em> in the literature. Here we first identified that TKI1 interacts with SIN3-LIKEs (SNLs) and the responsible interaction domains are the C-terminal domain of TKI1 and the PAH (Paired Amphipathic Helix) domains of SNLs respectively in yeast. Then, we further confirmed the interactions between TKI1 and SNLs (SNL1–SNL6) <em>in vitro</em> or <em>in vivo</em> using multiple different protein-protein interaction methods. In addition, <em>TKI1</em> and <em>SNL3</em> are co-expressed in all the examined tissues here, and TKI1 and SNL3 are co-localized in the nucleus, indicating they may function together in plant. Furthermore, Genetic analysis with knockout mutants showed that both <em>TKI1</em> and <em>SNLs</em> promote flowering with an additive effect in long days (LDs), however <em>TKI1</em> induces flowering but <em>SNLs</em> inhibit flowering in short days (SDs). Finally, the flowering repressor <em>FLOWERING LOCUS C</em> (<em>FLC</em>) and its homolog <em>MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 4</em> (<em>MAF4</em>) were up-regulated, and the flowering activator <em>FLOWERING LOCUS T</em> (<em>FT</em>) and <em>CONSTANS</em> (<em>CO</em>) were down-regulated in <em>tki1</em>, <em>snl1/2/3/4/5</em> and <em>snl1/2/3/4/5 tki1</em> mutants, compared with Col-0. Therefore, our results increase our understanding of the biological functions of <em>TKI1</em>, and reveal that TKI1 physically interacts with SNLs and they both induce flowering in LDs, and indicate that <em>TKI1</em> and <em>SNLs</em> may function together to regulate flowering gene expression to promote flowering in <em>Arabidopsis.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":20234,"journal":{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 109761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}