Plant Direct最新文献

{"title":"Shade signals activate distinct molecular mechanisms that induce dormancy and inhibit flowering in vegetative axillary buds of sorghum.","authors":"Tesfamichael H Kebrom","doi":"10.1002/pld3.626","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shoot branches grow from axillary buds and play a crucial role in shaping shoot architecture and determining crop yield. Shade signals inactivate phytochrome B (phyB) and induce bud dormancy, thereby inhibiting shoot branching. Prior transcriptome profiling of axillary bud dormancy in a phyB-deficient mutant (58M, <i>phyB-1</i>) and bud outgrowth in wild-type (100M, <i>PHYB</i>) sorghum genotypes identified differential expression of genes associated with flowering, plant hormones, and sugars, including <i>SbCN2</i>, <i>SbNCED3</i>, <i>SbCKX1</i>, <i>SbACO1</i>, <i>SbGA2ox1</i>, and <i>SbCwINVs</i>. This study examined the expression of these genes during bud dormancy induced by shade and defoliation in 100M sorghum. The aim was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms activated by shade in axillary buds by comparing them with those activated by defoliation. The expression of marker genes for sugar levels suggests shade and defoliation reduce the sugar supply to the buds and induce bud dormancy. Intriguingly, both shade signals and defoliation downregulated <i>SbNCED3</i>, suggesting that ABA might not play a role in promoting axillary bud dormancy in sorghum. Whereas the cytokinin (CK) degrading gene <i>SbCKX1</i> was upregulated solely by shade signals in the buds, the CK inducible genes <i>SbCGA1</i> and <i>SbCwINVs</i> were downregulated during both shade- and defoliation-induced bud dormancy. This indicates a decrease in CK levels in the dormant buds. Shade signals dramatically upregulated <i>SbCN2</i>, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis <i>TFL1</i> known for inhibiting flowering, whereas defoliation did not increase <i>SbCN2</i> expression in the buds. Removing shade temporarily downregulated <i>SbCN2</i> in dormant buds, further indicating its expression is not always correlated with bud dormancy. Because shade signals also trigger a systemic early flowering signal, <i>SbCN2</i> might be activated to protect the buds from transitioning to flowering before growing into branches. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that shade signals activate two distinct molecular mechanisms in sorghum buds: one induces dormancy by reducing CK and sugars, whereas the other inhibits flowering by activating <i>SbCN2</i>. Given the agricultural significance of <i>TFL1</i>-like genes, the rapid regulation of <i>SbCN2</i> by light signals in axillary buds revealed in this study warrants further investigation to explore its potential in crop improvement strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 8","pages":"e626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of predictive selection of LbCas12a CRISPR RNAs upon on- and off-target editing rates in soybean.","authors":"Linda Rymarquis, Chenxi Wu, Diane Hohorst, Miguel Vega-Sanchez, Thomas E Mullen, Vijetha Vemulapalli, Douglas R Smith","doi":"10.1002/pld3.627","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has revolutionized creating targeted genetic variation in crops. Although CRISPR enzymes have been reported to have high sequence-specificity, careful design of the editing reagents can also reduce unintended edits at highly homologous sites. This work details the first large-scale study of the heritability of on-target edits and the rate of edits at off-target sites in soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>), assaying ~700 T1 plants each resulting from transformation with LbCas12a constructs containing CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) predicted to be either \"unique\" with no off-target sites or \"promiscuous\" with >10 potential off-targets in the soybean genome. Around 80% of the on-target edits observed in T0 plants were inherited in the T1 generation, and ~49% of the total observed on-target edits in T1 were not observed at T0, indicating continued activity of LbCas12a throughout the life cycle of the plant. In planta editing at off-target sites was observed for the Promiscuous but not the Unique crRNA. Examination of the edited off-target sites revealed that LbCas12a was highly tolerant to mismatches between the crRNA and target site in bases 21-23 relative to the start of the protospacer, but even a single mismatch in the first 20 nt drastically reduced the editing rate. In addition, edits at off-target sites have lower inheritance rates than on-target edits, suggesting that they occur later in the plant's lifecycle. Plants with a desired on-target edit and no off-target edits could be identified in the T1 generation for 100% of the T0 plants edited with the Unique crRNA compared with the 65% of T0 plants edited with the Promiscuous crRNA. This confirms that proper crRNA selection can reduce or eliminate off-target editing. Even when potential off-target sites are predicted, plants containing only the intended edits can still be identified and propagated.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 8","pages":"e627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11328349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The male germ unit association is independently regulated of GUM in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Abdur Rauf, Anbang Wang, Yujia Li, Zhihao Lian, Shouxing Wei, Kashmala Jabbar, Muhammad Wisal, Ikramullah Khan, Muhammad Khalid, Jingyang Li","doi":"10.1002/pld3.624","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoplasmic projections (CPs) formed by the generative and sperm cells link the male gametes with the vegetative cell (VC) nucleus, which are required to build the male germ unit (MGU) assemblage in the angiosperm pollen grain. As molecular and genetic controls underlying CP development and formation of the MGU are unknown, it was hypothesized that physical association between germ cells and the VC nucleus might be lost in <i>germ unit malformed</i> (<i>gum</i>) mutants or in those which either block generative cell (GC) division or that additionally prevent gamete differentiation. In vivo, analysis of marked cellular components demonstrated a linkage of sperm cells (SCs) and the VC nucleus in <i>gum</i> mutant alleles despite their increased physical separation. Similarly, for several independent classes of bicellular pollen mutants, undivided GCs were associated with the VC nucleus like GCs in wild-type pollen. We conclude that the early formation of GC CPs to establish the MGU is regulated independently of DUO1-DAZ1 and DUO3 transcription factors as well as cyclin-dependent kinase function (CDKA;1). As the absence of cytoplasmic protrusion was expected in the <i>gum</i> mutants in Arabidopsis, early histological studies reported temporal disappearance of cytoplasmic protrusion in several organisms. Our findings demonstrated the striking importance of live imaging to verify the broad conservation of the persistent MGU contact in all the angiosperms and its important role in successful double fertilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11286290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating a role for PUB17 and PUB16 in the self-incompatibility signaling pathway in transgenic <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Paula K S Beronilla, Daphne R Goring","doi":"10.1002/pld3.622","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Brassicaceae self-incompatibility (SI), self-pollen rejection is initiated by the <i>S-</i>haplotype specific interactions between the pollen S cysteine-rich/S-locus protein 11 (SCR/SP11) ligands and the stigma S receptor kinases (SRK). In <i>Brassica</i> SI, a member of the Plant U-Box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases, ARM-repeat containing 1 (ARC1), is then activated by SRK in this stigma and cellular events downstream of this cause SI pollen rejection by inhibiting pollen hydration and pollen tube growth. During the transition to selfing, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> lost the SI components, <i>SCR</i>, <i>SRK</i>, and <i>ARC1</i>. However, this trait can be reintroduced into <i>A. thaliana</i> by adding back functional copies of these genes from closely related SI species. Both SCR and SRK are required for this, though the degree of SI pollen rejection varies between <i>A. thaliana</i> accessions, and ARC1 is not always needed to produce a strong SI response. For the <i>A. thaliana</i> C24 accession, only transforming with <i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i> <i>SCR</i> and <i>SRK</i> confers a strong SI trait (SI-C24), and so here, we investigated if ARC1-related PUBs were involved in the SI pathway in the transgenic <i>A. thaliana</i> SI-C24 line. Two close ARC1 homologs, PUB17 and PUB16, were selected, and (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology was used to generate <i>pub17</i> and <i>pub16</i> mutations in the C24 accession. These mutants were then crossed into the transgenic <i>A. thaliana</i> SI-C24 line and their potential impact on SI pollen rejection was investigated. Overall, we did not observe any significant differences in SI responses to implicate PUB17 and PUB16 functioning in the transgenic <i>A. thaliana</i> SI-C24 stigma to reject SI pollen.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11263811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141752476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying aluminum toxicity effects on corn phenotype using advanced imaging technologies.","authors":"Lóránt Szőke, Brigitta Tóth, Tomislav Javornik, Boris Lazarević","doi":"10.1002/pld3.623","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil acidity (pH <5.5) limits agricultural production due to aluminum (Al) toxicity. The primary target of Al toxicity is the plant root. However, symptoms can be observed on the shoots. This study aims to determine the potential use of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, multispectral imaging, and 3D multispectral scanning technology to quantify the effects of Al toxicity on corn. Corn seedlings were grown for 13 days in nutrient solutions (pH 4.0) with four Al treatments: 50, 100, 200, and 400 μM and a control (0 μM AlCl₃ L^-1). During the experiment, four measurements were performed: four (MT1), six (MT2), 11 (MT3), and 13 (MT4) days after the application of Al treatments. The most sensitive traits affected by Al toxicity were the reduction of plant growth and increased reflectance in the visible wavelength (affected at MT1). The reflectance of red wavelengths increased more significantly compared to near-infrared and green wavelengths, leading to a decrease in the normalized difference vegetation index and the Green Leaf Index. The most sensitive chlorophyll fluorescence traits, effective quantum yield of PSII, and photochemical quenching coefficient were affected after prolonged Al exposure (MT3). This study demonstrates the usability of selected phenotypic traits in remote sensing studies to map Al-toxic soils and in high-throughput phenotyping studies to screen Al-tolerant genotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11262852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141748933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of constitutive root isoprene emission on root phenotype and physiology under control and salt stress conditions.","authors":"Manuel Bellucci, Mohammad Golam Mostofa, Sarathi M Weraduwage, Yuan Xu, Mostafa Abdelrahman, Laura De Gara, Francesco Loreto, Thomas D Sharkey","doi":"10.1002/pld3.617","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Isoprene, a volatile hydrocarbon, is typically emitted from the leaves of many plant species. Given its well-known function in plant growth and defense aboveground, we examined its effects on root physiology. We used isoprene-emitting (IE) lines and a non-emitting (NE) line of Arabidopsis and investigated their performance by analyzing root phenotype, hormone levels, transcriptome, and metabolite profiles under both normal and salt stress conditions. We show that IE lines emitted tiny amounts of isoprene from roots and showed an increased root/shoot ratio compared with NE line. Isoprene emission exerted a noteworthy influence on hormone profiles related to plant growth and stress response, promoting root development and salt-stress resistance. Methyl erythritol 4-phosphate pathway metabolites, precursors of isoprene and hormones, were higher in the roots of IE lines than in the NE line. Transcriptome data indicated that the presence of isoprene increased the expression of key genes involved in hormone metabolism/signaling. Our findings reveal that constitutive root isoprene emission sustains root growth under saline conditions by regulating and/or priming hormone biosynthesis and signaling mechanisms and expression of key genes relevant to salt stress defense.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of <i>CsBRC</i>, an F-box gene from <i>Camellia sinensis</i>, increased the plant branching in tobacco and rice.","authors":"Bokun Zhou, Qi Sheng, Xinzhuan Yao, Tong Li, Litang Lu","doi":"10.1002/pld3.618","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tea plant (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> [<i>L</i>.]) is one of the most important crops in China, and tea branch is an important agronomic trait that determines the yield of tea plant. In previous work focused on GWAS that detecting GWAS signals related to plant architecture through whole genome re-sequencing of ancient tea plants, a gene locus TEA 029928 significantly related to plant type was found. Sequence alignment results showed that this gene belonged to the F-box family. We named it <i>CsBRC</i>. CsBRC-GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized in the plasma membrane. By comparing the phenotypes of <i>CsBRC</i> transgenic tobacco and WT tobacco, it was found that the number of branches of transgenic tobacco was significantly higher than that of wild-type tobacco. Through RNA-seq analysis, it was found that <i>CsBRC</i> affects the branching development of plants by regulating the expression of genes related to brassinosteroid synthesis pathway in plants. In addition, overexpression of <i>CsBRC</i> in rice could increase tiller number, grain length and width, and 1,000-grain weight.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11220506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the diversity of galls on <i>Artemisia indica</i> induced by <i>Rhopalomyia</i> species through morphological and transcriptome analyses.","authors":"Seiji Takeda, Makiko Yoza, Sawako Ueda, Sakura Takeuchi, Akiteru Maeno, Tomoaki Sakamoto, Seisuke Kimura","doi":"10.1002/pld3.619","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant galls generated by insects have highly organized structures, providing nutrients and shelter to the insects living within them. Most research on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of gall development has focused on single galls. To understand the diversity of gall development, we examined five galls with different morphologies generated by distinct species of <i>Rhopalomyia</i> (gall midge; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on a single host plant of <i>Artemisia indica</i> var. <i>maximowiczii</i> (Asteraceae). Vasculature developed de novo within the galls, indicating active transport of nutrients between galls and the host plant. Each gall had a different pattern of vasculature and lignification, probably due to differences in the site of gall generation and the gall midge species. Transcriptome analysis indicated that photosynthetic and cell wall-related genes were down-regulated in leaf and stem galls, respectively, compared with control leaf and stem tissues, whereas genes involved in floral organ development were up-regulated in all types of galls, indicating that transformation from source to sink organs occurs during gall development. Our results help to understand the diversity of galls on a single herbaceous host plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11219473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wheat NAC transcription factor <i>NAC5-1</i> is a positive regulator of senescence.","authors":"Catherine Evans, Sophie Louise Mogg, Charline Soraru, Emma Wallington, Juliet Coates, Philippa Borrill","doi":"10.1002/pld3.620","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is an important source of both calories and protein in global diets, but there is a trade-off between grain yield and protein content. The timing of leaf senescence could mediate this trade-off as it is associated with both declines in photosynthesis and nitrogen remobilization from leaves to grain. NAC transcription factors play key roles in regulating senescence timing. In rice, <i>OsNAC5</i> expression is correlated with increased protein content and upregulated in senescing leaves, but the role of the wheat ortholog in senescence had not been characterized. We verified that <i>NAC5-1</i> is the ortholog of <i>OsNAC5</i> and that it is expressed in senescing flag leaves in wheat. To characterize <i>NAC5-1</i>, we combined missense mutations in <i>NAC5-A1</i> and <i>NAC5-B1</i> from a TILLING mutant population and overexpressed <i>NAC5-A1</i> in wheat. Mutation in <i>NAC5-1</i> was associated with delayed onset of flag leaf senescence, while overexpression of <i>NAC5-A1</i> was associated with slightly earlier onset of leaf senescence. DAP-seq was performed to locate transcription factor binding sites of <i>NAC5-1</i>. Analysis of DAP-seq and comparison with other studies identified putative downstream target genes of <i>NAC5-1</i> which could be associated with senescence. This work showed that <i>NAC5-1</i> is a positive transcriptional regulator of leaf senescence in wheat. Further research is needed to test the effect of <i>NAC5-1</i> on yield and protein content in field trials, to assess the potential to exploit this senescence regulator to develop high-yielding wheat while maintaining grain protein content.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 7","pages":"e620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11217990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Albino lethal 13, a chloroplast-imported protein required for chloroplast development in rice.","authors":"Xiaoqiong Guo, Chunli Wang, Qian Zhu, Wenhua Dongchen, Xiaoling Zhang, Wei Li, Hui Zhang, Cui Zhang, Zar Ni Naing Nant Nyein, Mengting Li, Lijuan Chen, Dongsun Lee","doi":"10.1002/pld3.610","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroplasts play a vital role in plant growth and development, which are the main sites of photosynthesis and the production of hormones and metabolites. Despite their significance, the regulatory mechanisms governing chloroplast development remain unclear. In our investigation, we identified a rice mutant with defective chloroplasts in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.), named albino lethal 13 (<i>osal13</i>), which displayed a distinct albino phenotype in leaves, ultimately resulting in seedling lethality. Molecular cloning revealed that <i>OsAL13</i> encodes a novel rice protein with no homologous gene or known conserved domain. This gene was located in the chloroplast and exhibited constitutive expression in various tissues, particularly in green tissues and regions of active cell growth. Our study's findings reveal that RNAi-mediated knockdown of <i>OsAL13</i> led to a pronounced albino phenotype, reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, a vesicle chloroplast structure, and a decrease in the expression of chloroplast-associated genes. Consequently, the pollen fertility and seed setting rate were lower compared with the wild type. In contrast, the overexpression of <i>OsAL13</i> resulted in an increased photosynthetic rate, a higher total grain number per panicle, and enhanced levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the roots and gibberellin A3 (GA3) in the shoot. These outcomes provide new insights on the role of <i>OsAL13</i> in regulating chloroplast development in rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"8 6","pages":"e610"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11189691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}