Plant Direct最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Pepper Resistance to <i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i> Through Root Development and Enzyme Modulation by Hexaconazole and Azoxystrobin.","authors":"Yanlong Jia, Rong Wen, Chuanjing Liang, Xiaolong Lan, Tingting Mao, Dan Xing, Wenjie Lin","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Southern blight, caused by the soil-borne fungus <i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i> (<i>S. rolfsii</i>), poses a significant threat to pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) production, necessitating the development of effective chemical control strategies. This study investigated the physiological responses of pepper plants to <i>S. rolfsii</i> infection and evaluated the efficacy of the fungicides hexaconazole and azoxystrobin. The results demonstrated that hexaconazole, applied at 50 μg·mL^-1, provided outstanding protective activity (97.56%). In contrast, azoxystrobin, at a higher concentration of 100 μg·mL^-1, exhibited optimal overall control, with 88.62% protective and 49.06% curative activity. Beyond direct pathogen suppression, both fungicides mitigated disease impact by safeguarding host plant growth, promoting root system development, and enhancing defense responses through the induction of key antioxidant enzymes, namely, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Consequently, the application of hexaconazole and azoxystrobin significantly reduced disease progression and protected normal plant growth. These findings provide a scientific basis for effective management of southern blight in pepper and elucidate how fungicides with distinct modes of action can enhance plant resistance by modulating the antioxidant system.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"10 1","pages":"e70136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12790934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membranous Interacting Partners of Phage-Type Plastid RNA Polymerase Have Limited Impact on Plastid Gene Expression During Chloroplast Development.","authors":"Yushi Kurotaki, Yuki Hagiwara, Kosei Noto, Atsuo S Nishino, Sho Fujii","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In vascular plants, genes in the plastid genome are transcribed by two types of RNA polymerases, namely, phage-type nuclear-encoded and bacterial-type plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerases (NEP and PEP, respectively). Eudicots, including Arabidopsis, carry two isoforms of NEP, RPOTp and RPOTmp. NEPs transcribe multiple plastid-encoded genes including subunits of PEP and translocon and are thus indispensable for the maintenance of plastids. However, regulatory mechanisms of NEPs are largely unknown. RPOTmp transcribes the 16S rRNA gene from a specific promoter in the seeds during vernalization, and its mutation in Arabidopsis retards chloroplast development. As interacting partners of RPOTmp, two NEP-INTERACTING PROTEINs (NIP1 and NIP2) have been identified and suggested to suppress RPOTmp activity by tethering RPOTmp to the thylakoid membrane during chloroplast development in the presence of light, but their precise roles in transcriptional regulation remain to be addressed. From these previous reports, we hypothesize that the functions of RPOTmp would depend on the light conditions and expression of NIPs. To gain insight into how RPOTmp is controlled, we performed a functional analysis of RPOTmp and NIPs using Arabidopsis mutants during germination in the dark and de-etiolation processes under light. We found that RPOTmp-dependent transcription of 16S rRNA is active in imbibed seeds and remains at a basal level throughout the postgermination processes, regardless of light conditions. We also demonstrated a limited impact of NIPs on RPOTmp function during these processes. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that NIPs have distinct evolutionary profiles compared with RPOTmp, and Arabidopsis is unlikely to have additional NIP-like proteins in plastids. Based on these findings, we propose a modified model of RPOTmp regulation during chloroplast development: RPOTmp activity remains stable throughout the process of chloroplast differentiation and is unaffected by light and NIPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"10 1","pages":"e70122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12779352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145934662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Genetic Variation of Rice Straw Characteristics and Its Influence on Biomass.","authors":"Mahta Mohamadiaza, Naser Farrokhi, Asadollah Ahmadikhah, Pär K Ingvarsson, Mehdi Jahanfar","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70134","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice straw is a key source of lignocellulosic biomass. GWAS can be used to identify genetic loci controlling stem morphological traits that influence biomass. This study aimed to investigate the genotypic diversity of rice straw internodes through GWAS, using 34,232 single-nucleotide polymorphic sites with a minor allelic frequency (MAF) greater than 0.05. Morphological traits (32) were evaluated in 149 rice accessions at the heading stage. Among the 32 measured traits, 26 were found to be significant. GWAS identified 173 significant SNPs located within 64 QTLs with a putative function in biomass production. Among all the putative genes identified, 21 were selected as candidate genes, including <i>WAK 53a</i> and <i>DUF</i> (<i>248</i>, <i>295, 309, 1740</i>, <i>3444, 3464</i>, <i>3475</i>). In general, the identified candidate genes were grouped into five categories: cytoskeletal and transport of cell wall components, growth and development, cell wall biosynthesis, wall-modifying genes, and regulatory genes. The three major TF groups were WRKY, ERF, and MYB. Haplotype analysis identified seven haplogroups, with five being significant. Path analysis revealed that panicle dry weight (0.64) and internode 3 dry weight (0.57) had the highest positive correlation with biomass. Our findings can be implemented in genome editing methodologies for functional characterization of the candidate genes. This study represents the first comprehensive GWAS of various stem-related morphological traits in <i>Oryza sativa</i>, aiming to identify candidate genes involved in lignocellulosic biomass production and to inform targeted breeding approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"10 1","pages":"e70134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12771682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>SNRK3.15</i> Is a Crucial Component of the Sulfur Deprivation Response in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Anastasia Apodiakou, Elmien Heyneke, Saleh Alseekh, Pinnapat Pinsorn, Sabine Metzger, Stanislav Kopriva, Waltraud Schulze, Rainer Hoefgen, Sarah J Whitcomb","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfate deprivation (-S) results in numerous metabolic and phenotypic alterations in plants. Kinases are often key players in transducing nutrient status signals to molecular components involved in metabolic and developmental program regulation, but despite the physiological importance of sulfur, to date, no signaling kinases have been identified in sulfur-deficiency signaling response programs. Here, we show that the serine/threonine protein kinase CIPK14/SNRK3.15 plays a regulatory role in the -S response in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> seedlings. Multiple molecular and physiological responses to -S are attenuated in <i>snrk3.15</i> mutants, including both early adaptive responses and later emergency salvage processes including nutrient deficiency induced senescence. When grown in soil with sufficient sulfur supply, <i>snrk3.15</i> mutants showed no clear phenotypes, including no difference in seed sulfur content. Lastly, the proteome dataset generated from Col-0 and <i>snrk3.15.1 Arabidopsis</i> seedlings under -S conditions for this project is the first of its kind and will be a valuable research resource.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"10 1","pages":"e70132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12744938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145857318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speed Breeding Transgenic American Chestnut Trees Toward Restoration.","authors":"Thomas Klak, Hannah Pilkey, Virginia G May, Dakota Matthews, Allison D Oakes, Ek Han Tan, Andrew E Newhouse","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The American chestnut (<i>Castanea dentata</i>) was a dominant, foundational forest canopy tree in eastern North America until an imported chestnut blight (caused by <i>Cryphonectria parasitica</i>) rendered it functionally extinct across its native range. Biotechnological approaches have the potential to help restore the species, but field-based breeding advances are hampered by long generation times, ≤ 50% transgene inheritance, and regulatory restrictions on outdoor breeding of transgenic trees. Self-incompatibility and flowering phenology further limit generational advances and field testing of chestnuts. Our work here demonstrates that long generational times and field constraints can be circumvented by producing both male and receptive female flowers in controlled indoor environments. Additionally, we developed an embryo rescue protocol for both indoor and field conditions, in which developing embryos can be extracted and micropropagated from immature seeds collected between 6 and 8 weeks post-pollination. These advances have enabled production of the first homozygous transgenic American chestnuts, which have produced pollen that was used for outdoor controlled pollinations and yielded nearly 100% transgene inheritance by offspring. This work also provides event-specific DNA markers to differentiate transgenic chestnut lines and identify homozygous individuals. We demonstrate that an obligate outcrossing forest tree can reach sexual maturity rapidly in controlled, indoor environments. When coupled with genomic analyses and other biotechnological advances, this procedure could facilitate the reintroduction of this iconic species.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 12","pages":"e70129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12723076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RGB-Based Deep Learning for Freeze Damage Detection in Strawberry: Comparing Scratch and Transfer Learning Approaches on Custom Data.","authors":"Nijhum Paul, G C Sunil, Amin Khan, Samriddha Das, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, James V Anderson, Jinita Stapit Kandel, David Horvath, Xin Sun","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70124","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Freeze damage presents a critical threat to agricultural productivity, resulting in substantial economic losses, especially in sensitive crops such as strawberries. Traditional methods for assessing freeze damage, including manual inspection, are time-consuming, subjective, and labor-intensive. In this study, a deep learning (DL) and computer vision-based approach was proposed to automate freeze damage classification in strawberry plants using RGB images. The performance of four convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures was evaluated: DenseNet-121, Inception V3, ResNet-50, and Xception. Two training methods are compared: transfer learning (TL) using pretrained ImageNet weights and training models from scratch. The models are assessed based on classification accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and inference time. The results indicate that models trained from scratch outperform TL models, achieving up to 97% accuracy with ResNet-50, whereas TL models attained a maximum accuracy of 84%. The ResNet-50 model also achieved the fastest inference time (3.0 s) while DenseNet-121 was the smallest (26. 86 MB). Furthermore, the models were most effective at identifying severely damaged plants but struggled to differentiate mild damage from minimal or no damage. The findings suggest that scratch-trained models deliver more accurate solutions for freeze damage classification in strawberry plants. Additionally, DenseNet-121 was the best choice for memory-limited applications, while ResNet-50 excelled in speed-sensitive tasks. This study underscores the potential of deep learning and computer vision to automate freeze damage assessment in strawberry plants, providing a more accurate, rapid, and nondestructive alternative to traditional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 12","pages":"e70124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12696421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145757307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleoredoxin 1 in Wheat: Genomic Analysis and Demonstration of Its Role in Redox Homeostasis and Stress Resilience.","authors":"Muhammad Sajawal Ghafoor, Rabia Naz, Adil Hussain, Asia Nosheen, Humaira Yasmin, Muhammad Sajjad, Wayne Thomas Shier, Rumana Keyani","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70130","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nucleoredoxin 1 (NRX1), a member of the redoxin superfamily, plays a critical role in maintaining redox homeostasis and enhancing stress tolerance in plants. We employed integrated in silico analyses and CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing to functionally characterize NRX1 in <i>Triticum aestivum</i> (wheat) responding to salinity and infection by <i>Puccinia striiformis</i>. We identified five NRX1 proteins coded by three homeologs, with each containing conserved thioredoxin-like domains and a Cys-rich C-terminal region. Sequence analysis predicted cytosolic and chloroplast localization, and promoter analysis predicted interaction with numerous <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements responsive to stress and hormones, including ABRE, MeJARE, and LTRE motifs. Expression profiling revealed significant upregulation of <i>NRX1</i> in response to both salinity and <i>P. striiformis</i> infection. Protein-protein interaction analysis via STRING predicted strong co-expression of NRX1 with 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) and thioredoxins, implicating NRX1 in regulating the methylerythritol phosphate pathway-crucial for isoprenoid biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species detoxification. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout lines <i>nrx1-b</i> and <i>nrx1-bd</i> showed increased susceptibility of mutant plants to salinity and stripe rust infection. The total chlorophyll content was significantly reduced, and higher accumulation of malondialdehyde and decreased activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase were recorded compared to wild type (BW208) wheat. These results indicate NRX1 is an important regulator of redox signaling and stress adaptation in wheat, likely functioning through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and isoprenoid pathway intermediates. This study provides mechanistic insights into wheat stress biology and highlights NRX1 as a valuable molecular target for developing stress-resilient wheat cultivars under climate change scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 12","pages":"e70130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12688404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145725426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Novel Genomes Broaden the Wild Side of the <i>Capsicum</i> Pangenome.","authors":"Christina Papastolopoulou, Ronald Nieuwenhuis, Sven Warris, Linda V Bakker, Jan van Haarst, Jan Cordewener, Thamara Hesselink, Hetty van den Broeck, Willem van Dooijeweert, Hans de Jong, Julapark Chunwongse, Sara Diaz Trivino, Elio Schijlen, Dick de Ridder, Sandra Smit, Sander A Peters","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents three genome assemblies within the <i>Capsicum</i> genus, enabling comprehensive comparative analyses for the <i>Annuum</i> and <i>Baccatum</i> complexes within the genus. We produced highly continuous assemblies of the nuclear genomes and complete chloroplast assemblies. Subsequent genome annotation identified 34,580 genes in nonpungent <i>C. annuum</i> cv. ECW, and 32,704 and 33,994 genes in pungent <i>C. chacoense</i> and <i>C. galapagoense</i>, respectively. These assemblies, including the first complete genomes for <i>C. chacoense</i> and <i>C. galapagoense</i>, provide additional genomic resolution within the <i>Capsicum</i> genus. The novel genomes were analyzed within a pangenomic framework, integrating 16 <i>Capsicum</i> genomes across the <i>Annuum</i>, <i>Baccatum</i>, and <i>Pubescens</i> complexes. Homology grouping was used to identify core, accessory and unique genes and showed a wide spectrum of genetic diversity, particularly in homology groups exclusive to <i>C. chacoense</i> and <i>C. galapagoense</i>. Out of 79,267 homology groups identified, 13% were core groups, present in all accessions, corresponding to approximately 30% of core genes per genome. Comparative analyses revealed distinct species and genus-specific genomic characteristics. Additionally, we used the graph pangenome to illustrate locus-level exploration by examining the <i>Pun1</i> locus associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis, identifying multiple <i>Pun1</i>-like genes including their genomic position and homology information. The integration of these new resources into a dynamic <i>Capsicum</i> pangenome framework provides a versatile platform for extracting genetic information relevant to both fundamental research and breeding applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 12","pages":"e70121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12682708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145715415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root and Leaf Traits for Dehydration Avoidance and Enhanced Grain Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> L., Fabaceae) Under Drought.","authors":"Tonny I Selinga, Sipho T Maseko, A Muthama Muasya, John B O Ogola, Carl-Otto Ottosen, Eva Rosenqvist, Samson B M Chimphango","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought stress, which is exacerbated by climate change, is a major contributor to crop production losses in rainfed agriculture. Two genotypes of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>, (L.) Walp.) with determinate (IT-16) and indeterminate (IT-96D-610) growth patterns were grown either well-watered or subjected to drought stress at vegetative and flowering stages in a pot experiment in a glasshouse. Stomatal conductance (g_s) and soil moisture were measured daily during the drought stress periods, while chlorophyll fluorescence data were collected every third day. Both genotypes maintained relatively high-water content (RWC > 80%), indicating dehydration avoidance; however, IT-96D-610 consistently maintained a higher RWC than IT-16. Under drought stress, IT-96D-610 exhibited lower g_s and less sensitive stomata, greater total root length, root surface area and a higher root-to-shoot ratio compared to IT-16. These traits were associated with higher seed yield and water productivity in IT-96D-610 than in IT-16. In contrast to IT-96D-610, genotype IT-16 showed higher photosynthetic efficiency, indicated by higher F_q'/F_m' and qP, and produced more biomass, but with reduced grain yield. This study underscores the importance of selecting traits for dehydration avoidance, such as RWC, deep-fine roots and moderated stomatal conductance, in cowpea breeding programs aimed at improving productivity under drought conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 12","pages":"e70126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12678007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Self-Compatible <i>Turnera</i> Mutants Suggests <i>Glutathione S-Transferase 8</i> Is Involved in Overcoming S-Morph Female Self-Incompatibility Response.","authors":"Paige M Henning, Paul D J Chafe, Hasan J Hamam, Joel S Shore","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Distyly is a reproductive system, characterized by the presence of two floral morphs, which promotes outcrossing via physical and biochemical means. In distylous <i>Turnera</i>, the mating type of the S-morph is determined by two genes: <i>YUC6</i> (male) and <i>BAHD</i> (female). Despite the importance of these <i>S</i>-genes, it is likely that additional genes are involved in the distylous syndrome. Here, we use comparative mass spectrometry analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in a series of self-compatible mutants and wildtype distylous members of <i>Turnera</i>. Our analysis identified a member of the <i>Glutathione S-transferase</i> family that overwhelmingly correlated with L-morph male mating type. Exploration of the large datasets and previously published work led to the proposal that differential ROS levels in the pistil may contribute towards the self-incompatibility response. To support this hypothesis, we generated a co-expression network for whole flower buds from self-compatible and WT <i>Turnera joelii</i>. This network led to the identification of a series of ROS and auxin-related genes that correlated with self-compatibility. We update previously proposed SI response models to reflect how ROS, jasmonic acid, and brassinosteroid signaling likely establish the S-morph female self-incompatibility response. Overall, this work has identified genes potentially related to self-compatibility and has provided a foundation for future empirical work investigating the basis of the SI response in <i>Turnera</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 12","pages":"e70125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12661371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145649174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}