Plant Direct最新文献

{"title":"Arabinokinase Limits the Flux of Arabinose Into Nucleotide Sugars to Prevent Toxicity.","authors":"Eva Ivanov Kavkova, Marion Christine Hoepflinger, Mathias Hopfinger, Wiebke Halpape, Christof Regl, Klaus Herburger, Raimund Tenhaken","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arabinokinase (ARA1) is a key player in the recycling pathway of the major cell wall component L-arabinose (L-Ara). The enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of L-Ara to L-arabinose-1-phosphate, which is then converted into UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-L-Ara<i>p</i>) by UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP) followed by conversion into UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-L-Ara<i>f</i>) by UDP-arabinopyranose mutases (UAM) before it is incorporated into cell wall polymers. While this pathway is typically nonessential for plant development, a threefold accumulation of UDP-L-Ara<i>p</i> can lead to toxicity. To investigate this, we generated <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> lines overexpressing the kinase domain of ARA1 (ARAK1-OE) and examined their response to L-Ara feeding. ARAK1-OE seedlings revealed dose-dependent root growth retardation and cell death. The presence of 3 mM L-Ara resulted in an eightfold increase in UDP-L-Ara<i>p</i> levels compared with nonfeeding conditions. Interestingly, wildtype seedlings showed no visible phenotype regardless of available L-Ara and despite the increase in UDP-L-Ara<i>p</i>, suggesting a critical threshold for the observed phenotype. Cell walls of ARAK1-OE revealed a stronger attachment of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Gene expression analysis from seedlings grown on 3 mM L-Ara implied that accumulation of UDP-L-Ara in ARAK1-OE triggers cell death resembling pathogen-induced hypersensitive responses. Overall, our findings demonstrate that modest increases in UDP-L-Ara<i>p</i> levels can lead to significant phenotypic effects, including programmed cell death. This study highlights the role of arabinokinase in regulating L-Ara flux into nucleotide sugars, preventing arabinose-induced toxicity, and offers novel insights into the regulatory function of arabinokinase in cell wall biosynthesis and plant stress responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144691278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Proliferated Seed Cones in <i>Larix kaempferi</i> Reveals a Growth Arrest Plasticity.","authors":"Zha-Long Ye, Tang-Quan Liao, Yue Wang, Sheng-Ying Sun, Shu-Nong Bai, Xiao-Mei Sun, Wanfeng Li","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In angiosperms, such as <i>Arabidopsis</i>, silique removal can reverse developmental arrest and reactivate inflorescence meristems, illustrating that post-fertilization growth cessation is a plastic process rather than terminal differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether a similar growth arrest plasticity occurs in conifers, where mature seed cones typically undergo terminal differentiation as determinate structures. In this study, we analyzed the proliferated seed cones of <i>Larix kaempferi</i>, which exhibited vegetative shoots sprouting from their central axes. We collected and examined both the proliferated and normal seed cones from a second-generation seed orchard. The proliferated seed cones were longer, produced more seeds, had a smaller seed scale spacing, and displayed enhanced secondary growth compared to normal seed cones. Our analysis suggested that the proliferated seed cones underwent a transition from reproductive to vegetative growth after seed production, indicating that proliferative arrest in these cones can be disrupted. Based on structural and developmental comparisons with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, the proliferated seed cones exhibit unexpected plasticity: their growth arrest is reversible rather than terminal, similar to silique-removal-induced meristem reactivation in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. This suggests that conifer cones retain the ability for delayed differentiation, not only offering new insights into conifer development but also a potential conifer model for studying reproductive-to-vegetative phase transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70089"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12279387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Cytokinin Response Regulator ARR21 in <i>Arabidopsis</i> Seed Development.","authors":"Sujeong Jeong, Inyoung Kim, Hyun Uk Kim","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of cytokinin among plant hormones in seed development remains largely unknown. The <i>Arabidopsis</i> response regulator 21 (ARR21) is one of the cytokinin response regulators and a Type-B ARR with a nuclear localization signal and a GARP motif similar to the MYB-like DNA-binding domain. ARR21-sGreen fluorescent protein (GFP) signals were localized within the nucleus, and <i>ARR21</i> showed the highest expression levels in developing seeds. In addition, histochemical analysis revealed <i>ARR21</i> expression in the silique coats, chalazal seed coat, chalazal endosperm, and throughout the developing seed at 6 days after pollination. Two independent mutants were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system: <i>arr21-3</i> (51 bp in-frame deletion) and <i>arr21-4</i> (2 bp insertion). The seed size and weight of the <i>arr21</i> mutants decreased by an average of 10.7% and 37%, respectively, compared to the wild-type (WT). In <i>arr21</i> mutants, the cotyledon length of embryos and the size of seed coat cells were reduced. Seed-specific overexpression of <i>ARR21</i> in <i>arr21-4</i> restored the seed length to WT levels. This study suggests that ARR21 regulates seed size by functioning in the chalazal endosperm and embryo, thereby providing insights into the role of cytokinin in seed development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12277649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between Two Extremes: <i>Tripsacum dactyloides</i> Root Anatomical Responses to Drought and Waterlogging.","authors":"Joel F Swift, Desi Thimesch, Lucas Bengfort, Shahzaib Asif, Maggie R Wagner","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70097","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant roots are the critical interface between plants, soil, and microorganisms, and respond dynamically to changes in water availability. Although anatomical adaptations of roots to water stress (e.g., the formation of root cortical aerenchyma) are well documented, it remains unclear whether these responses manifest along the length of individual roots under both water deficiency and water overabundance. We investigated the anatomical responses of <i>Tripsacum dactyloides</i> L. to both drought and waterlogging stress at high spatial resolution. Nodal roots were segmented into one-centimeter sections from the tip to the base, allowing us to pinpoint regions of maximal anatomical change. Both stressors overall increased the proportion of root cortical aerenchyma, but metaxylem responses differed: waterlogging increased the proportion of the stele that was occupied by metaxylem with fewer but larger vessels. Drought significantly increased root hair formation within two centimeters of the root tip. The most pronounced anatomical changes occurred 3-7 cm from the root tip, where cortical cell density declined as aerenchyma expanded. These findings highlight spatial variation in root anatomical responses to water stress and provide a framework that can inform sampling protocols for various other data types where sampling effort is limiting (e.g., microbiome, transcriptome, proteome).</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12274787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing Spectral Features to Accelerate Sorghum Phenotyping Against Sap-Feeding Aphids.","authors":"Kumar Shrestha, Kantilata Thapa, Esha Kaler, Misaki Taniguchi, Scott E Sattler, James C Schnable, Joe Louis","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70092","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current efforts to detect and evaluate crop resistance to insect pests are limited by traditional phenotyping methods, which are time-consuming and highly variable. Sugarcane aphid (SCA; <i>Melanaphis sacchari</i>) is a major pest of sorghum in North America that has emerged over the last decade and negatively impacts plant growth and development. The spectral reflectance data in visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared range (VIS-NIR-SWIR; 400-2500 nm) have been used to measure plant traits related to stress responses, nutrient dynamics, and physiological status. We examined the potential of spectral features (VIS-NIR-SWIR) to improve the current phenotyping methods in monitoring sorghum resistance mechanisms to SCA. We used eight sorghum lines that displayed varied levels of resistance to SCA and collected data from control and aphid-infested plants. Spectral feature data were collected using a leaf spectrometer, while plant physiological and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured with LICOR and MultispeQ devices. The random forest classifier model differentiated the control and aphid-infested plants with a high accuracy of 87.4% with important spectral features in the VIS-NIR spectral range, particularly from 508 to 573 nm and 715 to 728 nm. The spectral indices exhibit significant difference in Greenness Index and Plant Senescence Reflectance Index in aphid-infested susceptible lines (BTx623, SC1345) compared with control plants. In addition, plant physiological parameters, such as stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence, showed significantly higher value for aphid-infested resistant line (Tx2783) compared with susceptible line (BTx623) in both treatments. Further, a partial least square regression model demonstrated medium predictive capability for plant physiological parameters related to fluorescence. In summary, spectral features at VIS-NIR range demonstrated promising results in differentiating aphid-infested sorghum plants. This is a proof-of-concept study on potential of spectral sensing to develop an effective monitoring and phenotyping plant resistance to aphids.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamline Protocol for <i>Arabidopsis</i> Apoplastic Fluid Isolation Enables a Detailed Proteomic View of the Plant Extracellular Space.","authors":"Kuo-En Chen, Marilee Karinshak, Richard D Vierstra","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The apoplastic space surrounding plant cells, encompassing the cell wall matrix, extracellular spaces, and xylem, is one of the least understood compartments within plant tissues due to its lack of limiting membranes and its unavoidable damage upon tissue homogenization. Using a streamlined vacuum-infiltration/centrifugation protocol to enrich for the <i>Arabidopsis</i> apoplastic fluid (APF) combined with in-depth tandem mass spectrometry, we provide an improved view of its proteome that includes over 1500 proteins possibly assigned to this compartment with minimized cytosolic contamination. Included are large and varied collections of polypeptides associated with cell wall metabolism, oxido-reductase reactions, cell-cell signaling, proteolysis, and pathogen protection via basal defense pathways. While numerous apoplast proteins were predicted to house N-terminal signal peptide sequences that direct extracellular secretion, many did not, suggesting widespread use of non-classical export route(s). Among APF constituents are numerous pathogenesis-related proteins, glycosidases, aspartyl and subtilisin-type serine proteases, and the complement of subunits that assemble the core particle of the 26S proteasome. When this APF proteome is compared with those based on two prior isolation methods, a consensus collection of 338 polypeptides emerges that offers a comprehensive view of the core APF proteome that manages the cell wall and interfaces with the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70087"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12222183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144576121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is My Stress Out of Place? Bread Wheat Response to Saline Stress Varies in Pattern and Extent Across Experimental Settings.","authors":"Anne Plessis","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70088","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adopting crops and agricultural practices that help sustain yield under abiotic stress will be a major element of future food security under climate change. However, little of the intensive research into the mechanisms of plant abiotic stress response has translated into improved yield stability. A suspected obstacle to translatability of research findings in this area is artificial experimental conditions, but we lack evidence to support this explanation. Here, we combined a meta-analysis and an experimental approach to compare the effect of salt stress on wheat yield, growth, and physiology across four distinct experimental settings: field/field-like conditions, potted plants in a climate chamber, in a greenhouse, and outdoors. The meta-analysis, comparing responses relative to control conditions over similar ranges of salt stress intensity, confirmed that field conditions led to more limited impact on yield than in the other three experimental settings and uncovered differences in how shoot and root biomass are relatively affected by salt stress between greenhouse and outdoors pot experiments. In our experiment, we identified very distinct responses for each of the four experimental settings, with plants outdoors accumulating more Na⁺ and proline than plants indoors, and shoot growth and yield were least affected by stress in field-like conditions and most affected in the climate chambers. Together, these results suggest that the nature of the acclimation mechanisms used by wheat to face salt stress can depend on the experimental setting. While our findings need confirmation for other crops and abiotic stresses, we recommend renewed attention to the conditions under which experiments are carried out and to favor more realistic growth conditions when possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 7","pages":"e70088"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12222186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144576120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specificity and Selectivity of Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of Dose-Dependent Heavy Metal Toxicities.","authors":"Isaac D Juárez, Nicholas Shepard, Cole Sebok, Sudip Biswas, Endang Septiningsih, Dmitry Kurouski","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contamination of farmland with heavy metals (HMs), particularly arsenic, cadmium, and lead, poses significant risks to human health and food security, especially through HM bioaccumulation in rice (<i>Oryza Sativa</i>). Current methods of detection for HMs, such as ICP-MS, provide accurate measurements but are destructive and labor-intensive, limiting their feasibility for widespread agricultural use. In this study, we investigated the potential of Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a nondestructive, cost-effective alternative for the detection of HM stress and thereby uptake in rice. Using a dose-response experimental design, we examined the sensitivity of RS for detecting varying levels of arsenic, cadmium, and lead-induced stress. Our analyses revealed several dose-dependent changes in Raman peaks associated with carotenoid and phenylpropanoid abundance. We found these changes were specific to each HM, reflecting the activation of distinct stress-response mechanisms. We also performed ICP-MS of harvested rice tissue, allowing us to build Raman-based calibration curves for predicting the HM concentration within rice. Lastly, we built a machine-learning algorithm that could interpret the Raman spectra to diagnose the specific type of HM toxicity with an average of 84.5% accuracy after only 1 week of HM stress. These findings highlight the promise of RS as a valuable tool for real-time, nondestructive monitoring of HM contamination in rice crops. Notably, the dose-response experimental design demonstrated RS's ability to detect HM stress levels that aligned with typical environmental contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 6","pages":"e70086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12185781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Lepidopteran Oral Secretions on the Transcriptome of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Angel Fernandez Martin, Philippe Reymond","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants respond to attack by chewing insects through the recognition of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) that are present in oral secretions (OS) and released at the wound site, leading to appropriate deployment of plant immune responses. Because insect feeding is accompanied by severe wounding of the leaf tissue, the specific contribution of HAMPs to defense is not well characterized. Also, OS contain effectors that interfere with the activation of defenses, but the underlying downregulated genes are poorly studied. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> leaves in response to wounding alone or to wounding and application of OS from <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> or <i>Pieris brassicae</i>. For both insects, OS amplified wound-induced responses and specifically promoted the activation of stress and hormonal pathways, as well as pathogen-related responses. In contrast, OS inhibited the expression of genes involved in the regulation and biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates (GS), and cell wall strengthening. In addition, OS-mediated suppression of wound-induced <i>ERF114</i> and wound healing-related genes uncovered a novel strategy to impair defenses. In support of these findings, we observed an increased performance of <i>S. littoralis</i> and <i>P. brassicae</i> larvae feeding on OS-treated Arabidopsis plants. Altogether, we highlight a major contribution of OS components to plant response to herbivory and unveil the potential role of conserved OS-derived effector(s) in inhibiting defenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 6","pages":"e70085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144476370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Seed Priming With Melatonin to Improve Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Under Magnesium Deficiency.","authors":"Khouloud Bouzidi, Abdelmajid Krouma","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnesium deficiency is a major nutritional constraint that limits the growth and yield of crops and has not generated the necessary attention. In addition, the solution commonly proposed to solve the nutritional problems of crops was using chemical fertilizers. In contrast, other approaches that are more practical, quick to apply, less expensive, and have no impact on the environment and human health are now proposed. Accordingly, we have placed a primary emphasis on the common bean response to magnesium deficiency (Mg-D), with particular attention to the genotypic differences (using two cultivars: coco blanc [CB] and coco nain [CN]), and the use of melatonin (Mlt) as a seed priming agent to identify some traits of tolerance and assess the value of Mlt as a biostimulant of plant tolerance to Mg deficiency. The experiment was conducted hydroponically in a greenhouse, with a factorial completely randomized design. Obtained results showed specific Mg chlorosis in mature leaves more severe and precocious in CB than CN. Mg-D significantly hindered chlorophyll pigments, SPAD index, shoot and root biomass, Mg content, maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), and the photochemically converted energy fraction in PSII (YII). The photochemical quenching (qP) and electron transfer rate (ETR) decreased also, against an increase in nonphotochemical quenching (qNP). Seed priming with Mlt efficiently alleviated these multiple effects, and CN responded better to Mlt treatment. CN is more tolerant than CB due to its better management of Mg nutrition and the related Mg-dependent functions. Melatonin significantly improves the tolerance of common bean to Mg deficiency through an efficient management of energy in the electron transfer chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 6","pages":"e70082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12177109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}