Physiology & Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Sex-specific responses of central artery stiffness to cold pressor test-mediated sympathetic activation","authors":"Alessandro Gentilin ,&nbsp;Mark Rakobowchuk ,&nbsp;Laurent Mourot","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considerable attention has been devoted to investigating whether acute activation of the sympathetic nervous system, triggered by daily life stressors, increases central artery stiffness (CAS). Overt sex differences in sympathetic neurovascular transduction lead to distinct cardiovascular responses to sympathoexcitation in men versus women. Our study aimed to determine if the cold pressor test (CPT), chosen to simulate highly painful stressors individuals encounter daily, would induce CAS augmentation in a sex-balanced cohort of young individuals and whether any observed CAS increase would differ between sexes. Twenty-eight participants (14 men, 14 women) provided baseline and CPT measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and heart rate (HR). CPT involved immersing participants' feet in 5 °C ice-water slurry. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and post hoc testing, where applicable. CPT significantly increased (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) cf-PWV values in our population, with women showing lower collective CAS values compared to men across baseline and CPT conditions. CPT augmented (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) MAP, HR, and CO without altering stroke volume (SV), but increased (<em>p</em> = 0.002) TPR only in men. Men collectively exhibited higher (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) CO and SV values across baseline and CPT conditions, as well as lower (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) TPR values compared to women. These results support the notion that CPT increases CAS in a healthy young population. Despite observed sex differences in peripheral vascular responses to CPT, these variances did not differently impact the central pressor response or central artery stiffening between sexes. Given the well-documented sex differences in cardiovascular risk and incidence, these findings deepen understanding of how cardiocirculatory responses differ between sexes under stress. These findings support sex-specific approaches in cardiovascular medicine and prevention, including tailored coping strategies for managing stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 114755"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABAergic circuit interaction between central amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in lipopolysaccharide-induced despair-like behavior","authors":"Yuka Tamura ,&nbsp;Sakura Maeda ,&nbsp;Haruna Takahashi ,&nbsp;Yuta Aoto ,&nbsp;Tohru Matsuki ,&nbsp;Kenjiro Seki","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperexcitability of central amygdala (CeA) induces depressive symptoms. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) receives GABAergic input from the CeA. However, it remains unclear whether the GABAergic neurons in the CeA projecting to BNST contribute to major depression. Here, we investigated the roles of GABAergic neurons in CeA and BNST in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced despair-like behavior. We generated adeno-associated virus vectors (AAV) carrying shRNA against <em>Gad67</em> to knock down GAD67 expression in CeA (<em>Gad67</em>-KD-CeA) or BNST (<em>Gad67</em>-KD-BNST) in C57BL/6J male mice. Despair-like behavior was assessed by tail suspension test (TST) 24 h after LPS administration. Saline-treated <em>Gad67</em>-KD-CeA mice exhibited longer immobility during TST than saline-treated AAV-injected control (AAV-Cont) mice. Although LPS increased immobility time in AAV-Cont mice, it did not affect immobility time in <em>Gad67</em>-KD-CeA mice. While LPS did not affect the immobility time in <em>Gad67</em>-KD-BNST mice, it increased immobility time in AAV-Cont mice. We injected GFP-expressing AAV with a Dlx promoter, specifically expressed in GABAergic neurons, into CeA, and FluoroGold, a retrograde neuronal tracer, into the BNST. GFP signals associated with CeA GABAergic neurons were detected in the BNST, contacting c-fos and GAD67-expressed cells following LPS. We detected the FluoroGold signals in GAD67- and c-fos-expressed neurons in the CeA after LPS administration. Bilateral intra-BNST injection of muscimol (2 pmol), a GABA_A receptor agonist, increased immobility time during TST. These findings suggest that LPS-decreased GABAergic activity in the CeA may lead to disinhibition of GABAergic interneurons in the BNST, resulting in GABA_A receptor activation and subsequently induces despair-like behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 114753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of distraction, masticatory performance and sex on food intake of school children from public and private schools: a randomized trial","authors":"Adelucas de Souza ,&nbsp;Álvaro Eduardo Alves ,&nbsp;Fabiana Freitas Faria Oliveira ,&nbsp;Karen Rodrigues Lima ,&nbsp;Tathiana Tavares Menezes ,&nbsp;Eric Francelino Andrade ,&nbsp;Paula Midori Castelo ,&nbsp;Andries van der Bilt ,&nbsp;Luciano José Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research highlights the influence of distraction on caloric intake in adults. This study investigated the impact of smartphone use and reading comic book on food intake of schoolchildren aged 10 to 12 years. One hundred and twenty students from public and private schools participated in experimental meal sessions. Individual parameters such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and eating preferences were assessed during the first session. In subsequent appointments, participants consumed standardized meals without distraction, while using a smartphone, or reading comic books in a random order. Child Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr-21) was administered to assess eating behavior, and total caloric intake (kcal), total amount (g) and medium/high-energy-dense amount (g) were measured in each session. No significant difference was observed in food intake among the three experimental meals (without distractor, using smartphone and reading comic book). Masticatory performance, number of chewing cycles, and time until swallow were similar between sexes and school types (p&gt;0.05). Regression models showed that meal duration was dependent on school type, number of teeth, time until swallow and absence of distractor, while total caloric intake was dependent on school type (public), sex (male), time until swallow, and number of cycles. Besides, total amount ingested, and medium/high-energy-dense amount were dependent on school type (public), sex (male), age, size of the particles and time until swallowing, uncontrolled eating and body mass index (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the primary factors affecting food/caloric ingestion were sex, school type, and masticatory parameters, while the absence of distractor had an influence on meal duration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 114754"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of two enzyme immunoassays for non-invasive glucocorticoid measurement in a lacertid lizard (Podarcis muralis): Effects of pharmacological and biological stimuli on faecal corticosterone metabolites and behaviour.","authors":"Alicia Bartolomé, Rupert Palme, Sabine Macho-Maschler, Pau Carazo, Enrique Font","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The assessment of stress-related hormone levels using non-invasive methods has gained popularity in mammal and bird welfare, yet its application in reptiles remains limited. Particularly, the exploration of physiological measures such as faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) for reptilian welfare has scarcely been explored. This study aims to validate two enzyme immunoassays (5α-pregnane-3ß,11ß,21-triol-20-one and 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIA) for monitoring FCM levels in the European common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). We collected daily faecal samples before (baseline) and after (post-treatment phase) inducing elevated corticosterone levels using transdermal administration of corticosterone (pharmacological treatment) and handling/confinement (biological treatment). We also conducted daily behavioural observations to explore the relationship between stress-related corticosterone changes and behaviour. Although treatments induced significant increases in FCM levels, the effect was much larger in the pharmacological one. Transdermal corticosterone induced a cumulative increase in FCMs over the treatment period, with a higher response observed in females. In contrast, the biological treatment yielded smaller FCM peaks, with no significant sex differences. Overall, 5α-pregnane-3ß,11ß,21-triol-20-one EIA appeared to be more sensitive in detecting these effects. Regarding lizard behaviour, both treatments led to increased hiding and decreased basking compared to baseline. The effects were more pronounced in animals subjected to handling/confinement, despite smaller FCM increases. Our results confirm the suitability of an EIA for monitoring FCMs in both male and female common wall lizards and provide insights into the complexities of using integrated approaches to assess stress, highlighting the need for further research on direct measures to evaluate reptile welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"114751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of a moderate-to-vigorous physical activity intervention for academic achievement in children and adolescents","authors":"Jingting Ni ,&nbsp;Meichao Cheng ,&nbsp;Rong Zhang ,&nbsp;Ya Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>To analyze the intervention effect of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on the academic performance of children and adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Experimental studies on the effects of MVPA on the academic performance of children and adolescents were comprehensively searched in Web of Science, China Knowledge Network and other databases, and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool was used to assess the quality of the literature, and the Meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>1) A total of 11 high-quality literature were included, including 4552 subjects; 2) MVPA had a positive effect on the academic performance of children and adolescents (<em>SMD</em>=0.24; 95 %CI:0.13, 0.35, <em>P</em>&lt;0.0001), with differences in the effect of different subjects, and the mathematics has the best effect (<em>SMD</em>=0.23; 95 %CI:0.11, 0.34, <em>P</em>≤0.0001), followed by reading (<em>SMD</em>=0.24; 95 % CI:0.02, 0.46, <em>P</em>&lt;0.05), and the comprehensive achievement intervention effect was not significant (<em>SMD</em>=0.33; 95 % CI:-0.15, 0.80, <em>P</em>=0.18); 3) MVPA has the greatest impact on children aged 9-11 years (<em>SMD</em>=0.30; 95 %CI:0.06, 0.54, <em>P&lt;</em>0.05); 4) The optimal dose of intervention for MVPA is a long cycle of 30-60 minutes per session(<em>SMD</em>=0.34; 95 %CI:0.12, 0.56, <em>P&lt;</em>0.01), 2 times per week(<em>SMD</em>=0.28; 95 %CI:0.2, 0.35, <em>P&lt;</em>0.001); 5) The effect of literature publication bias detection was positive.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>1) MVPA has a moderate effect on promoting academic achievement in children and adolescents, with younger age groups often benefiting more than older adolescents due to age-related cognitive plasticity; 2) MVPA has limited intervention effect on the performance of other subjects, which leads to the unsatisfactory effect of the intervention on the comprehensive performance; 3) Attention should be paid to the fine control of the intensity of the physical activity to guarantee individual MVPA participation to promote the academic achievement of children and adolescents; 4) Long-term participation, 30-60 minutes per session, 2-3 times per week of MVPA has been shown to be an effective intervention dose to enhance academic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 114750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different exposures to normobaric hypoxia on cognitive performance in healthy young adults.","authors":"María Ramírez-delaCruz ,&nbsp;David Ortiz-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Javier Portillo ,&nbsp;Paula Esteban-García ,&nbsp;Javier Abián-Vicén","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Normobaric hypoxia has become an innovative non-pharmacological therapy to treat cognitive dysfunction. Nevertheless, the acute effects of exposure to hypoxia on cognitive performance remain unclear. We aimed to determine the effects of different normobaric hypoxic exposures on cognitive function in healthy young adults. Nineteen participants (13 men and 6 women; 23.7 ± 3.9 years; 172.0 ± 8.4 cm; 69.1 ± 12.2 kg) completed a cross-over randomized control trial with the following doses of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂): a) 21 %, b) 15 %, c) 13 % or d) 11 %. During experimental trials, the physiological response (blood oxygen saturation and heart rate) and the following cognitive abilities were evaluated: memory, sustained attention, anticipation, and reaction time. Sustained attention improved under hypoxia at 15 % FiO₂ (mean difference (MD) 0.024, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 0.005 to 0.044 s; <em>p =</em> 0.018) compared to 11 % and 21 % FiO₂. During 11 % and 15 % FiO₂, participants showed improved anticipation ability compared to normoxia (MD -0.023, 95 % CI -0.042 to -0.003 s, <em>p =</em> 0.020, and MD -0.009, 95 % CI -0.016 to -0.001 s, <em>p =</em> 0.022, respectively). However, reaction time was impaired under 11 % compared to 21 % FiO₂ (MD 0.033, 95 % CI 0.008 to 0.059 s, <em>p =</em> 0.013). Finally, we did not find significant effects of hypoxia on memory (<em>p &gt;</em> 0.05). Severe normobaric hypoxic exposure (11 % FiO₂) produces detrimental effects on reaction time, although anticipation seems to be improved, compared to normoxia. In addition, cognitive processes of attention and anticipation appear to improve with moderate hypoxic exposure (15 % FiO₂).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 114747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal exercise opportunity before, during, and after pregnancy alters maternal care behavior and offspring development and survival, but has few effects on offspring physical activity or body composition.","authors":"Nicole E Schwartz, Margaret P Schmill, Marcell D Cadney, Alberto A Castro, David A Hillis, Monica P McNamara, Jaanam O Rashid, William Lampman, Dorothea F DeLaCruz, Bao D Tran, Natalie L Trutalli, Theodore Garland","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114752","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Early-life experiences, especially during critical periods of development and growth, can have long-lasting effects on adult phenotypes. Parents are a crucial part of the offspring early-life environment, particularly in mammals (e.g., via pregnancy), and parental behaviors (e.g., maternal exercise) can modify the early-life environment experienced by offspring. Such changes might be beneficial or detrimental, depending on how they affect offspring development and growth or interact with other key parental behaviors (e.g., nursing). We used mice from a long-term artificial selection experiment for high voluntary wheel-running behavior to determine whether maternal exercise opportunity affected (1) maternal physical activity, (2) maternal care behavior, or (3) offspring physical activity and body composition. Eighty prospective dams (40 from 4 selectively bred High Runner [HR] lines and 40 from 4 non-selected Control [CON] lines) were housed with continuous wheel access starting two weeks prior to breeding and ending 10 days postpartum, after which dams were housed without wheels until offspring weaning (21 days postpartum). An additional 100 dams (50 HR, 50 CON) were housed without wheels. Prospective dams from HR lines ran more revolutions/day (mainly by running faster) than those from CON lines when individually housed and in the days leading up to, but not after, birth. During postpartum days 1-5, HR and CON dams with wheels tended to exhibit less maternal behavior than those without (P&lt;sub&gt;Wheel&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0672). During post-partum days 6-10, HR dams with wheels continued to exhibit less maternal behavior than those without, whereas CON dams with wheels exhibited more than those without (P&lt;sub&gt;Linetype*Wheel&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0218). The proportion of dams giving birth did not differ among groups. However, CON dams with wheels were less likely to have litter death between birth and weaning than those without wheels, whereas the opposite was true for HR dams (P&lt;sub&gt;Linetype*Wheel&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0447). Both HR and CON dams with wheels had litters with a higher proportion of females at weaning than those without wheels (P&lt;sub&gt;Wheel&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0129). Maternal wheel access had few statistically significant effects on offspring, but may have resulted in developmental delays (e.g., delayed eye opening and decreased lean mass at weaning and sexual maturity). Additionally, maternal wheel access and sex may have interacted to affect wheel-running distance (P&lt;sub&gt;Sex*Wheel&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0683) and duration (P&lt;sub&gt;Sex*Wheel&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0926); female offspring from dams with wheels ran fewer revolutions per day, by running fewer minutes per day, than from dams without wheels, whereas males ran more. However, maternal exercise had no statistically significant effects on offspring food consumption (mass-adjusted), home-cage activity, open-field behavior, the reproductive characteristics of offspring, their adult body composition, nor relative organ masses; nor did maternal ","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"114752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of glutamatergic signaling in the acquisition and expression of learned sugar preferences in C57BL/6 mice.","authors":"Richard J Bodnar, Alexander Castillo, Ion Carata, Yerachmiel Bochner, Joymin Sarker, Nareesa Rayman, Shania Narine, Rachel Pines, Brian Limbu, Anthony Sclafani","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>C57BL/6 (B6) mice learn to prefer glucose or sucrose to initially isopreferred or even more preferred nonnutritive sweeteners due to the postoral appetite stimulating (appetition) actions of glucose. Recent evidence indicates that specific duodenal neuropod cells transmit the glucose appetition signal to the brain via glutamatergic synaptic connections with vagal afferents. The present study found that intraperitoneal pretreatment with a glutamatergic receptor antagonist cocktail (kynurenic acid (KA)/D-2-amino-3-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP3)) in B6 mice did not block the expression of their learned preference for 8% glucose solution over an initially-preferred 0.1% sucralose + 0.1% saccharin solution. However, acquisition of the glucose preference was blocked by drug treatment during 1-h training sessions with the two sweeteners. Systemic KA/AP3 injections also did not block the expression of the learned preference for a 10.6% sucrose solution over a 0.6% sucralose solution. Drug effects on the acquisition of the sucrose preference were not determined because sucrose, unlike glucose conditioning, required 24-h training trials. The findings that the 1-h training regimen conditioned 8% glucose, but not 10.6% sucrose, preferences suggest that glucose has more potent appetition actions. This was confirmed by the finding that B6 mice learned to prefer 10.6% glucose to 10.6% sucrose after 1-h or 24-h training despite an initial strong sucrose preference. This action can be explained by 10.6% sucrose's digestion in the gut to glucose and fructose with only glucose activating the gut-brain appetition pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"114748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-monotonic psychometric functions for α-ionone in young adults.","authors":"E Leslie Cameron, Richard L Doty","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mathematical relationship between the ability to detect an odorant and its concentration appears for some odorants to be non-monotonic, with reversals (\"notches\") in performance appearing at points along the psychometric function. Like visual adaptation curves that reflect the differential sensitivities of cones and rods, such reversals may provide information about underlying olfactory receptor processes. However, the presence of such reversals is rarely acknowledged, few participants and odorants have been tested, and methodological concerns abound. In this study, we examined in detail the psychometric function for the odorant α-ionone using a sizable number of young participants and 10 log-based concentrations of α-ionone presented in a random fashion. A trial consisted of the counterbalanced presentation of an odorless mineral oil and a concentration of α-ionone in rapid succession using Snap & Sniff® wands. The participants reported which of the two seemed stronger and indicated their confidence on a 9-point scale. In Study 1, 24 participants completed a single 30-minute test session of 60 trials. In Study 2, 600 trials were obtained from each of nine participants over the course of ten 30-minute sessions. In both studies, notches were consistently found in the psychometric function near the 10^-5 and 10^-3.5 vol/vol concentrations. Participants' trial-by-trial confidence judgments corresponded with their detection performance, but their self-rated sense of smell did not. This research definitively demonstrates the presence of reliable reversals in the human α-ionone psychometric function and begs the question as to whether such reversals reflect the recruitment of receptive elements with differing response profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"114749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of psychological stressors on natural killer cell function: A comprehensive analysis based on stressor type, duration, intensity, and species","authors":"Alexis R. Katz ,&nbsp;Margaret P. Huntwork ,&nbsp;Jay K. Kolls ,&nbsp;Jenny L. Hewes ,&nbsp;Calder R. Ellsworth ,&nbsp;Robert D.E. Clark ,&nbsp;John C. Carlson","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patients with natural killer (NK) cell deficiency or dysfunction are more susceptible to infections by Herpesviridae viruses, herpesvirus-related cancers, and macrophage activation syndromes. This review summarizes research on NK cell dysfunction following psychological stress, focusing on stressor type, duration, age of exposure, and species studied. Psychological stressors negatively affect NK cell activity (NKCA) across species. Prolonged stress leads to more significant decreases in NK cell number and function, with rehabilitation efforts proving ineffective in reversing these effects. Early life and prolonged stress exposure particularly increases the risk of infections and cancer due to impaired NKCA. The review also highlights that stress impacts males and females differently, with females exhibiting a more immunosuppressed NK cell phenotype. Notably, mice respond differently compared to humans and other animals, making them unsuitable for NK cell stress-related studies. Most studies measured NKCA using cytolytic assays against K-562 or YAC-1 cells. Although the exact mechanisms of NK cell dysfunction under stress remain unclear, potential causes include reduced release of secretory lysosomes with perforin or granzyme, impaired NK cell synapse formation, decreased expression of synapse-related molecules like CD2 or LFA-1 (CD11a), altered activating receptor expression, and dysregulated signaling pathways, such as decreased Erk1/2 phosphorylation and NFkB signaling.</div><div>These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and future research is needed to clarify these pathways and develop therapeutic interventions for stress-induced immune dysregulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 114734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}