Physiology & Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Impairments and Recovery of Neurocognitive Control and Cardiac Vagal Regulation in Males with Substance Use Disorders.","authors":"Xin Li, Zhenhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have indicated that neurocognitive control in people with substance use disorders (SUDs) tends to be impaired. Impaired cardiac vagal regulation may underlie the disrupted self-regulatory and emotional processes in people with SUDs. However, it is unclear whether both neurocognitive control (indexed by intraindividual reaction time variability, IIRTV) and cardiac vagal regulation (indexed by resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) are impaired and whether they can recover after abstinence. This study examined whether both neurocognitive control and cardiac vagal regulation were impaired in males with SUDs, and particularly whether they could recover after abstinence. The present study compared participants' IIRTV and resting RSA between healthy control group (N = 28), short-term abstinence group (N = 27), and long-term abstinence group (N = 31). The two-choice oddball task was used to measure IIRTV, and electrocardiogram (ECG) data was collected to obtain resting RSA. IIRTV of both healthy control and long-term abstinence groups were significantly lower than short-term abstinence group while there was no significant difference between the healthy control and long-term abstinence groups in IIRTV; resting RSA of healthy control group was significantly higher than both short-term and long-term abstinence groups while there was no significant difference between short-term and long-term abstinence groups in resting RSA. The findings indicated that neurocognitive control and cardiac vagal regulation were impaired in males with SUDs. Impaired IIRTV in males with SUDs might recover after long-term abstinence, however, the impaired resting RSA was unchanged despite almost 2 years of treatment in males with SUDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"115012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the effect of chronic REM sleep deprivation and extinction learning on freezing behavior and BDNF and GSK-3β expression levels in a rat model of fear conditioning","authors":"Amir-Ehsan Sajadi ,&nbsp;Mehrnaz Azad Yekta ,&nbsp;Salar Vaseghi","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fear conditioning is among the most useful methods to induce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like model in rodents, while extinction learning is a useful method to ameliorate PTSD-like behaviors. On the other hand, rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (SD) has deleterious effects on behavioral functions, and fear learning and memory. The present study aimed to assess PTSD-like behavior and other behavioral functions along with changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) in the prefrontal cortex of both sexes of rats exposed to extinction learning, REM SD, or both. REM SD was performed for 14 days (6h/d). Fear conditioning was done using three footshocks (0.8 mA, 3 s) paired with sound (75 dB, 3 s), with 30 s intervals. Extinction was done with broadcasting three sounds (75 dB, 3 s, 30 s intervals) without footshocks. The results showed REM SD decreased freezing in both sexes with greater effect in males. REM SD in combination with extinction showed stronger effect in the reduction of freezing in males. Locomotor activity and rearing in all males were decreased. Pain threshold was increased only in males exposed to fear conditioning. BDNF was decreased following fear conditioning in both sexes, while extinction increased it. GSK-3β was not changed in males, while in females, fear conditioning increased GSK-3β and extinction restored it. In conclusion, the present study revealed significant sex differences in all parameters except BDNF. Interestingly, the results showed that REM SD can restore PTSD-like behavior as much as extinction training in males.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orexin-A and BDNF in the hippocampus of middle-aged rats: beneficial effects of integrating voluntary physical activity with intermittent fasting","authors":"Mohammad Saber Ebrahimi ,&nbsp;Mansoureh Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Shaghayegh Modaberi ,&nbsp;Rana Fayazmilani","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aging is associated with cognitive decline, reduced hippocampal function, and decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and orexin A —key regulators of neuroplasticity and energy balance. This study examined the chronic effects of intermittent fasting (IF), both alone and in combination with voluntary physical activity, on hippocampal orexin A, orexin receptor 1, and BDNF levels in middle-aged male Wistar rats. Over eight weeks, rats were divided into control (Con), IF, and IF with voluntary wheel running (IF+VA) groups. Behavioral assessments (open field, rotarod), biochemical analyses (Western blot, ELISA), and hippocampal weight measurements were conducted. IF significantly elevated hippocampal orexin A and BDNF levels compared to Con, with the IF+VA showing the most pronounced increases. Interestingly, orexin receptor 1 expression decreased in the IF+VA group, potentially indicating a negative feedback response or an alternative pathway. Moreover, a strong positive correlation between orexin A and BDNF levels suggests a possible causal relationship. The IF+VA group also showed improved motor learning and coordination as well as increased hippocampal/brain weight ratio. These findings indicate that combined fasting and voluntary physical activity may mitigate age-related cognitive and functional decline beyond IF alone by modulating orexinergic and BDNF signaling pathways, offering a potential role of the orexinergic system in the hippocampus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis aggravated Parkinson-like pathology induced by MPTP/probenecid","authors":"Qiu-Zhu Chen ,&nbsp;Jun-Mei Shang ,&nbsp;Yue-Qi Jiang,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Cai-Xia Zang,&nbsp;Jing-Wei Ma,&nbsp;Yi-Rong Dong,&nbsp;Jin-Rong Wang,&nbsp;Ning Zhou,&nbsp;Xing Yang,&nbsp;Fang-Fang Li,&nbsp;Xiu-Qi Bao,&nbsp;Dan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. Recent studies have proved that gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis exists in PD patients. However, the causal relationship between gut microbial dysbiosis and pathogenesis of PD remains unexplored. Here, using MPTP/probenecid-induced PD mouse model and an antibiotic cocktail (ABX)-induced pseudo-germ-free status, we observed that GM diversity and abundance significantly decreased in feces of ABX-treated PD mice by 16S rRNA sequencing. Remarkably, gut microbial dysbiosis induced by ABX aggravated GI dysfunction and motor deficits in PD mice. Moreover, ABX treatment caused more severe inflammation, and dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal loss in both the gut and brain. Further study showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) corrected gut microbial dysbiosis, along with increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, GI and motor dysfunctions were improved, peripheral and central inflammation were also attenuated when PD mice were treated with FMT. These findings revealed that gut microbial dysbiosis could aggravate PD pathological damages, and highlighted that gut microbial dysbiosis might be an important factor that impacts PD pathogenesis through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction in prepulse inhibition following acute stress in male and female wistar rats","authors":"Daniel Santos-Carrasco,&nbsp;María A. Cintado,&nbsp;Luis G.De la Casa","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is widely recognized as an operational index of sensorimotor gating. While its use in psychopharmacological studies has increased, it is essential to examine how different modulatory factors, such as emotional variables highlighted in human studies, influence PPI. To this end, this study aimed to assess the impact of acute stress on PPI and the startle response. We hypothesized that acute stress would reduce PPI and increase the startle response, potentially in a sex-dependent manner. To test this, male and female Wistar rats (<em>n</em> = 48) were exposed to acute stress via either forced swim test or inescapable footshocks treatment, with an untreated group serving as control. Immediately after stress exposure, PPI and the acoustic startle response were measured. Results revealed a significant reduction in PPI following both stressors, with no sex differences, suggesting that acute stress impairs sensorimotor gating regardless of sex. The startle response was reduced, again regardless of sex, in those animals subjected to the forced swim test as compared to those that received inescapable shock and those in the control group. These results may contribute to a deeper understanding of stress-induced alterations in sensorimotor gating and suggest a potential value for PPI as a translational measure in stress-related neuropsychiatric research. However, given the limitations of our current findings, further research is necessary to fully elucidate the specific mechanisms and the extent of PPI's translational utility in this context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144497877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lentiviral-mediated modulation of miR-124 regulates methamphetamine reward through BDNF suppression in the nucleus accumbens of male and female rats","authors":"Amine Bahi ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Dreyer","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and addiction. Among these, miR-124 is known to modulate synaptic plasticity and neuronal function, yet its specific role in methamphetamine (METH) reward remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-124 and its downstream target, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in mediating METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Using a combination of behavioral assays, RT-PCR, and lentiviral-mediated gene manipulation, we examined the effects of miR-124 gain- and loss-of-function, as well as BDNF overexpression, on METH<img>CPP in male and female rats. METH treatment elicited robust CPP in both sexes, with no significant sex differences. RT-PCR analysis revealed that METH exposure increased miR-124 expression while decreasing BDNF mRNA levels in the NAcc, with a strong negative correlation between the two. miR-124 knockdown reduced METH<img>CPP, increased BDNF expression, and reversed the negative correlation, whereas miR-124 overexpression enhanced CPP, decreased BDNF, and reinforced the correlation. Importantly, BDNF overexpression in the NAcc reduced METH<img>CPP, mimicking the effects of miR-124 knockdown. These findings demonstrate that miR-124 enhances METH reward by suppressing BDNF expression in the NAcc, highlighting a critical miR-124/BDNF regulatory axis in addiction. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying METH reward and highlights the miR-124/BDNF axis as a pathway that may warrant further investigation in the context of substance use disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein vs. S100B to identify astrocytes impacted by sex and high fat diet","authors":"Beenhwa G. Lee,&nbsp;Charlotte Schultz,&nbsp;Arnalda Zhao,&nbsp;Pooja Menon,&nbsp;Raluca Bugescu,&nbsp;Gina M. Leinninger","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brain modulates energy balance by coordinating energy intake and energy expenditure to prevent metabolic diseases. Most research has focused on the role of neurons in this process, but recent work also implicates roles for astrocytes in energy balance. For example, astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus become reactive after mice are fed high fat diet (HFD) and their altered function is thought to contribute to obesity. However, limitations in labeling astrocytes in other brain areas has hindered determination of their roles in normal and altered energy balance. Reactive astrocytes increase expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), hence, GFAP has been commonly used as an astrocyte marker. Yet, there is scant immunolabeling of GFAP in brains of chow-fed mice, despite the presence of abundant astrocytes. These findings underscore the need for a marker to visualize astrocytes throughout the brain during normal physiology and exposure to diet-induced obesity, to permit study of how and where they contribute to energy balance. Here we compared immunofluorescence labeling of GFAP and another protein expressed in astrocytes, the S100 calcium binding protein beta (S100B), in brain sections from chow- and HFD-fed female and male mice. We compared the number of labeled cells in areas pertinent to control of ingestive behavior including the arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, lateral preoptic area, and the periaqueductal gray. There was low GFAP expression throughout these brain regions that increased in some brain areas from HFD-fed mice, but intriguingly this only occurred in males. In contrast, S100B labeled more cells than GFAP in each of these areas but its expression was not altered by HFD or sex in most cases. Overall, these data suggest that S100B is superior to GFAP for visualizing astrocytes throughout the brain in both sexes regardless of diet exposure. This study will be a useful resource for researchers who want to identify and study astrocytes in response to diet and in other physiological contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-dependent effects of adolescent chronic social defeat and social accompanying on emotional and social behaviors and the numbers of OT/Fos and AVP/Fos dual-labelled cells in brain regions of the mandarin vole (Microtus mandarinus)","authors":"Y.X. Cui ,&nbsp;M.L. Guo ,&nbsp;J.Q. Ren ,&nbsp;J. Yang ,&nbsp;Y.X. Miao ,&nbsp;J.W. Wei ,&nbsp;Z.Y. Zhang ,&nbsp;F.Q. He ,&nbsp;B. Wang ,&nbsp;Z.J. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) on depression-like behaviors in adolescent male and female Mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus). Additionally, we examined the role of social accompanying during CSDS in mitigating CSDS-induced changes in depression-like behaviors, as well as activities of oxytocin (OT) and 17 arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons. CSDS exposure reduced sucrose preference and social interaction in both sexes. However, CSDS increased immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) only in females. Social accompanying increased sucrose preference and social interaction in both sexes, while reducing immobility time in the TST and FST exclusively in females. These results suggest that social accompanying may enhance stress resilience in adolescent voles of both sexes, particularly in females. At the neural level, CSDS led to a decrease in OT/c-Fos-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and medial amygdala (MeA) in females, but increased activation in these regions in males. Social accompanying reversed these changes in females, but not in males, indicating a stronger accompanying effect of social interaction on OT neuron activity in females. Conversely, CSDS decreased AVP/c-Fos-positive cells in the PVN, SON, BNST, and MeA in males, suggesting greater AVP involvement in the male stress response. Social accompanying reversed these AVP-related changes in males, but not in females. These findings highlight sex-dependent neural and behavioral responses to CSDS and identify potential mechanisms through which social interaction promotes stress resilience during adolescence. OT and AVP activity in the PVN, SON, BNST, and MeA may serve as molecular substrates for the protective effects of social accompanying, shaping both behavioral and neural outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in central endozepine expression and regulation of appetite","authors":"Caroline E. Geisler ,&nbsp;Sarah V. Applebey ,&nbsp;Kylie S Chichura ,&nbsp;Caitlyn M Pelletier ,&nbsp;Drew L. Belser ,&nbsp;Jiayin Hu ,&nbsp;Erin P. Harris ,&nbsp;Caleb M. Levine ,&nbsp;Marise B. Parent ,&nbsp;Debra A. Bangasser ,&nbsp;Robert P. Doyle ,&nbsp;Matthew R. Hayes","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glia display inherent sexual dimorphism in their anatomy and physiology and as key regulators of systemic energy homeostasis, may contribute to sex differences in appetite and body weight control. Endozepines are glial produced signaling molecules consisting of the parent protein diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) which is cleaved to the anorexigenic peptide octadecaneuropeptide (ODN). DBI expression is particularly high in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the hindbrain and hypothalamus, yet whether females and males exhibit differences in endozepine signaling which may contribute to the sex-specific roles of glia in energy balance regulation has not been directly investigated. We determined that female rats were more sensitive to the anorexic effects of central ODN administration when maintained on either chow or high-fat diet. In both sexes and on either diet, the hypophagic response to ODN was dramatically blunted after an overnight fast. We next examined differences in endogenous DBI expression and found that females had higher levels of DBI immunofluorescent protein staining throughout the DVC and around the 3rd ventricle border of the hypothalamus. While 17β-Estradiol injection in males upregulated DVC DBI expression, female DVC DBI expression was not different across estrous cycle phases nor affected by ovariectomy, suggesting there is sex-specific regulation of central DBI transcripts. These data support that female rats have higher endogenous DBI protein expression and are more sensitive to exogenous ODN and thus may have a higher baseline endozepine tone. Further work will determine the physiological relevance of sex-differences in endozepine signaling in glial-mediated responses to dietary challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 115003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of device color and sex on mice in von Frey test","authors":"Hongyan Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Lu ,&nbsp;Zhi Dou,&nbsp;Liangliang He,&nbsp;Wenxing Zhao,&nbsp;Liqiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pain-related behavioral research in animals is profoundly influenced by a constellation of interacting factors. This study explored the effect of device color and sex on exploratory and anxiety-related behavior of C57BL/6 mice in the von Frey test. Mice in 4 groups based on device color (red vs clear) and sex (male and female), behavioral observations were made during a 15 min adaptation period following the mice’s entry into the test device, and mechanical pain thresholds were assessed using the von Frey test before and after inducing neuropathic pain through spared nerve injury surgery. Results showed mice in the red device exhibited significantly reduced exploratory and anxiety-related behavior, entered a resting state more rapidly and stabilized across the three 5 min periods compared to those in the clear one. On the 7th and 14th day after surgery, the mechanical pain threshold decreased in all groups. However, there were no significant differences between male and female. Device color could affect behavioral responses in the adaptation of von Frey test, and red device potentially improves test efficiency by reducing the necessary adaptation period. These findings emphasize the importance of considering environmental factors in pain research with von Frey test, and the red device can simulate red visible light environments that facilitate faster behavioral stabilization, which enhances the experiment efficiency and respects rodent nocturnal habits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 114995"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}