Physiology & Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Start, stop, reduce, or maintain? How training and detraining during pregnancy shape maternal memory, behavior, and mother-pup interaction after maternal separation","authors":"Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni,&nbsp;Pâmela B Mello-Carpes","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maternal separation (MS) leads to changes in maternal behavior. Maternal exercise could be a potent modifier of maternal behavior (MB). Regular physical exercise is widely recommended but is frequently modified during pregnancy, so we tested whether stopping, starting, reducing, or maintaining the running intensity during pregnancy can protect dams from MS-induced behavior and memory alterations, as well as influence mother-pup bonding. Female rats were divided into six groups: non-exercised mothers that were not submitted to MS (Control); non-exercised mothers submitted to MS (MS); mothers that ran (physical exercise) only before pregnancy and were submitted to MS (PRE+MS); mothers that started to run at the beginning of pregnancy submitted to MS (GEST+MS); mothers that ran before pregnancy and reduced the running intensity during pregnancy and were submitted to MS (RED+MS); and, mothers that ran at the same intensity before and during pregnancy and were submitted to MS (EQUAL+MS). We performed MS from PND 1 to 10, three hours per day. We assessed MB for 30 min after MS from PND 1 to 5. We assessed object recognition (OR) memory before and during pregnancy and after weaning. We assessed maternal preference (MP) one week after weaning. We measured hippocampal lipid peroxidation and catalase levels 24 h after the ending of all tests. PRE+MS leads to detraining and memory deficits at the end of pregnancy and after weaning. MS, PRE+MS, and RED+MS increased the time spent in the nest. GEST+MS mothers preferred contact with their male and female offspring after weaning. GEST+MS prevents OR deficit after weaning. PRE+MS showed increased lipid peroxidation after weaning. MS increased catalase levels; all exercised groups prevented this effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144086486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian responses to non-photic treatments in BTBR mice","authors":"Jhenkruthi Vijaya Shankara ,&nbsp;Katelyn G. Horsley ,&nbsp;Naila F. Jamani ,&nbsp;Zhi A. Robinson ,&nbsp;Joanne R.Y. Kwong ,&nbsp;Michael C. Antle","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse (BTBR) differs from C57BL/6 mice in various circadian parameters, including freerunning period (FRP), circadian responses to light, and prominent circadian responses to scheduled feeding. The circadian system is also sensitive to a host of non-photic cues, which can modify and reset freerunning rhythms as well as modulate responses to other zeitgebers such as light. Here we examine how the BTBR mouse responds to various non-photic treatments. Because activity levels can modulate the FRP, we first examined if the shorter FRP of BTBR mice resulted from their higher activity levels. While overall activity was lower when housed without a running wheel, this did not significantly alter their FRP. When housed in constant light, exposure to a 6 h dark pulse improved the quality of the locomotor rhythms for both BTBR and C57 mice. BTBR mice had significantly smaller phase shifts to midday treatments with either a 3 h sleep deprivation procedure or an injection of the serotonin 1A/7 receptor agonist (±) 8-OH-DPAT than did the comparison C57BL/6J strain. However, BTBR mice did exhibit larger responses to midday refeeding pulses following 18 h food deprivation. Their unique circadian phenotype, particularly their short FRP, makes them a useful model for examining circadian responses in mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114947"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water intake, hydration, and weight management: the glass is half-full!","authors":"Brenda M. Davy ,&nbsp;Kevin P. Davy ,&nbsp;J. Tina Savla ,&nbsp;Benjamin Katz ,&nbsp;Kristen Howard ,&nbsp;Erica Howes ,&nbsp;Elaina Marinik ,&nbsp;Eleni Laskaridou ,&nbsp;Molly Parker ,&nbsp;Aubrey Knight","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lack of practical and effective strategies to manage hunger and adhere to a weight management intervention represents a critical barrier to the weight management field. In proof-of-concept studies, we demonstrated that premeal water consumption (500 ml) acutely reduced perceived hunger and meal energy intake among middle-aged and older adults, and that premeal water consumption (500 ml, 3 times per day) increased the amount of weight lost after 12 weeks among middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity. However, water consumption may be important for weight management regardless of when it is consumed. This presentation summary addresses what is currently known about water intake, hydration status, and weight control. Findings from three recent systematic reviews focused on water intake and weight control are described. Potential mechanisms by which water consumption could impact appetite and hypocaloric diet adherence are discussed, and ongoing research on this topic is described.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114953"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of passive hypoxia on body fat mass in older and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Rafael Timon ,&nbsp;Daniel Rojas-Valverde ,&nbsp;Marta Camacho-Cardenosa","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Research in recent years has shown some beneficial effects of exposure to hypoxia on human health. However, the beneficial effects of passive hypoxic exposure on weight management and body composition are less explored. This meta-analysis aimed to determine if passive hypoxic exposure, compared to normal oxygen levels, reduces body weight and body fat in both older and younger adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases following PRISMA guidelines (up to June 2024) was performed. This analysis included studies focusing on the effects of passive hypoxia on body weight, body fat mass and lean body mass. Studies with interventions lasting less than one-week, dietary restriction, supplementation, or physical exercise were excluded. Subgroup analysis was conducted to see if the effects of passive hypoxia varied between younger (18–49 years) and older adults (≥ 50 years). Nine studies with a total of 218 participants were included.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Passive hypoxic exposure induced greater reductions in body fat mass (SMD = -0.45 [-0.76, -0.14], I² = 0 %, <em>p</em> = 0.004) and body weight (MD = -0.81 [-1.53, -0.08], I² = 0 %, <em>p</em> = 0.03) compared with normoxia. Subgroup analysis showed that older adults had larger effects on body fat mass than young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Moderate passive hypoxic conditioning could be a useful therapy of managing body weight and body fat mass without health potential risks, with a greater effect in the older than in the young adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114948"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body temperature and time perception in morning and evening types","authors":"Şengül Erdoğan ,&nbsp;Banu Cangöz Tavat","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have suggested that time perception fluctuates throughout the day in relation to daily fluctuations of body temperature, and that there is a negative relationship between body temperature and time perception. The aim of this study was to examine, using behavioral and physiological methods, whether evening and morning types differ in their time perception at different times of day using different stimulus durations and whether there is a negative relationship between time perception, body temperature and social jet lag.</div><div>This study was conducted with 33 participants (17 morning types and 16 evening types) who performed a time production task in four experimental sessions, set on two consecutive days at two times of the day (08.30–10.00 h, 15.30–17.00 h) with four stimulus durations (1, 5, 10 and 15 s). The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire-Turkish version (MCTQ-TR) were used to determine chronotype and social jet lag respectively.</div><div>The results showed that the produced time was shorter in the evening session than in the morning session. Four stimulus durations were underestimated, and the underestimation increased with stimulus duration. There was also a significant increase in body temperature from morning to evening, but there was no relationship between time perception and body temperature. These results did not support the hypothesis that there is a relationship between time perception and body temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114943"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of CO2 reactivity and orexin activity with extinction memory to fear and reward cues: results from a large sample of male rats across multiple studies","authors":"Marissa Raskin ,&nbsp;Nicole E. Keller ,&nbsp;Laura A. Agee ,&nbsp;Cassidy A. Malone ,&nbsp;Silvia Quevedo ,&nbsp;Emily N. Hilz ,&nbsp;Rheall F. Roquet ,&nbsp;Jason Shumake ,&nbsp;Jasper A.J. Smits ,&nbsp;Michael J. Telch ,&nbsp;Michael W. Otto ,&nbsp;Hongjoo J. Lee ,&nbsp;M.H. Monfils","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pavlovian conditioning can be used to model maladaptive associations seen in anxiety/trauma and substance use disorders. One approach to attenuate conditioned responses is extinction learning (which underlies exposure therapy), wherein cues are repeatedly presented without the expected fearful or rewarding outcome. Extinction is not effective for all; therefore, identifying biomarkers that can phenotype non-responders is necessary to optimize treatment. The orexin system is involved in fear and reward extinction and responses to CO₂ exposure. We previously found that CO₂ reactivity predicts fear extinction memory and CO₂-induced orexin activity, and orexin activity is associated with extinction memory. In a separate study, we replicated the finding that CO₂ reactivity predicts fear extinction memory and extended this finding to appetitive extinction memory. Here, we combined behavioral and orexin activity data from these three studies in male rats to examine whether we might identify new or common associations of fear and reward extinction with CO₂ reactivity and orexin in a larger combined sample. We found that neither CO₂ reactivity nor CO₂-induced orexin activity associate with extinction memory in the combined fear and appetitive sample. We found common CO₂ reactivity predictors in the combined fear sample, including a new predictor associated with orexin activity. In an expanded analysis, we found that prior CO₂ exposure may affect subsequent CO₂ reactivity and decrease orexin activity. Our findings support the potential of CO₂ reactivity to serve as a screening tool for identifying likely responders to exposure-based therapy, though specific predictors may differ by reinforcer valence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 114949"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced behavioral assays in adult Zebrafish using an LED-based experimental tool","authors":"Yuji Cho ,&nbsp;Jaeyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Suhyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animals, which serve as models in human behavior and neuroscience research, offer invaluable insights into the intricate systems that underpin our actions and cognitive processes. Among the diverse array of organisms utilized in such studies, zebrafish are particularly promising subjects for behavioral experimentation. Although various behavioral assays have been developed to analyze neurological abnormalities in adult zebrafish, including anxiety, fear responses, cognitive impairment, and social interaction deficits, these assays are limited by numerous factors, including the spatial constraints of traditional cage setups, variability in experimental techniques, and the impact of animal handling on behavioral outcomes. To address these limitations, we developed a screen-based behavioral tool featuring LED displays positioned on either side of the experimental enclosure. Subsequently, we conducted a series of behavioral analyses, including assessments of learning, social interaction, fear, and preference in adult zebrafish, using this cutting-edge behavioral apparatus. This new approach effectively alleviates spatial constraints by projecting stimuli onto a screen and standardizing the experimental conditions across multiple researchers. Moreover, the screen-based setup minimized experimenter interference within the testing environment, ensuring improved consistency and objectivity in data collection. By overcoming traditional constraints and simplifying experimental procedures, this innovative approach marks a new era in behavioral research, enabling deeper insight into the complex mechanisms of behavior and cognition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114950"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics changes after exercise intervention reveal potential peripheral biomarkers in repeated methamphetamine exposure","authors":"Tianzhen Zheng ,&nbsp;Jisheng Xu ,&nbsp;Xue Li ,&nbsp;Changling Wei ,&nbsp;Xin Liang ,&nbsp;Qiuyue Huang ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Cunfeng Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methamphetamine (MA) use disorder has become a global public health problem, and the peripheral mechanisms underlying exercise as a potential treatment for MA addiction are still not fully understood. This study aims to identify a plasma metabolic biomarker in MA-administered mice under exercise interventions. The peripheral plasma metabolic profiles of C57BL/6 J mice were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics methods. The mice were randomized into saline control (C), MA model control (NE-MA) and MA model exercise intervention (E-MA) groups, and a conditioned place preference paradigm was used to assess drug reward. Anxiety-like behavior and cognitive behavior was evaluated using the open field and Y-maze tests. A total of 35 differential metabolites effectively distinguished between NE-MA and C groups. These metabolites are mainly involved in membrane lipid, energy, and amino acid metabolism. Compared with the NE-MA group, the expression of five reward-related metabolites in the E-MA group was reversed: <span>l</span>-tryptophan, niacinamide, uridine, 2′-deoxyuridine, and uric acid, which are involved in amino acid, energy, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism. Upregulation in uric acid and <span>l</span>-tryptophan levels was associated with improved anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function after exercise intervention. These metabolites may serve as markers of exercise intervention in MA addiction and deserve further study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114944"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the interconnected behavioral and physiological underpinnings of amphibian responses to fungal infection","authors":"Samantha A. Shablin,&nbsp;Sofia Valencia Osorio,&nbsp;Carl N. Keiser","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pathogens inflict various costs onto their hosts from sublethal changes in physiology and behavior to intense pathology and mortality. The timing of host immune responses and concomitant changes in behavior may be jointly underpinned by an increase in glucocorticoid hormones. The temporal and causal links between these interrelated responses to infection remain equivocal in many host-pathogen systems. Here, using a fungal pathogen implicated in global amphibian declines, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), we examined sublethal consequences of infection in the Cuban tree frog (<em>Osteopilus septentrionalis</em>). Specifically, we tracked changes in the neuroendocrine stress response by measuring urinary corticosterone (CORT) metabolites as well as immunological activation via neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratios over three consecutive rounds of <em>Bd</em> exposure. Additionally, we measured both exploratory behavior and activity level in open field arenas to evaluate whether infection-mediated changes in behavior and stress physiology coincided. Pathogen-exposed individuals began testing positive for <em>Bd</em> after two rounds of exposure. After the third exposure, <em>Bd</em>-positive frogs had higher CORT levels compared to control frogs. While infection load was not associated with N/L ratio, CORT concentrations showed a negative correlation with N/L ratio, suggesting a link between endocrine activity and immune regulation. Furthermore, there were no differences in exploratory behaviors or activity levels between control and <em>Bd</em>-exposed frogs. The lack of a relationship between N/L ratios and infection load may indicate a lag between neuroendocrine and immunological responses in this host-parasite system. This is further supported by the delayed increase in CORT levels only after three rounds of pathogen exposure. Alternatively, the lack of a relationship may be due to the immunosuppressive capability of <em>Bd</em>. The varied impacts of infection on physiological biomarkers indicates a greater need for researchers to consider simultaneous changes to behavior, neuroendocrine, and immunological measures of stress in future host-pathogen studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114951"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The competition between brain and body: Does performing simultaneous cognitive and physical tasks alter the cortical activity of athletes compared to performing these tasks in isolation?","authors":"Lara de Souza ,&nbsp;Luciane Aparecida Moscaleski ,&nbsp;André Fonseca ,&nbsp;Vinicius Godoi Fernandes ,&nbsp;Gilson Mariano Nery ,&nbsp;Edgard Morya ,&nbsp;Luis Eduardo Viveiros de Castro ,&nbsp;Alexandre Hideki Okano ,&nbsp;Ryland Morgans ,&nbsp;Alexandre Moreira","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The underlying mechanism of an acute trade-off between cognitive and physical performances in athletes is still unclear. This study examined the effect of simultaneous cognitive and physical tasks on cortical electrical activity in 13 well-trained individuals who completed the \"isolated\" cognitive task (Stroop task), \"isolated\" physical task (12-minute cycle ergometer task), and the simultaneous (Stroop task + cycle ergometer) conditions. The participants fulfilled the subjective workload scale (NASA-TLX) and the ratings of perceived effort scale. For the cortical activity analysis (EEG), data from seven participants were retained allowing the analysis of 434 observational units for each condition. Spectral power was calculated for delta δ (0.5 to ≤4 Hz), theta θ (&gt;4 to ≤8 Hz), alpha α (&gt;8 to ≤13 Hz), beta β (&gt;13 to ≤30 Hz) and gamma γ (&gt;30 Hz) frequencies, and the biomarker theta-beta ratio (TBR). Significantly lower activity in gamma, beta and alpha bands during the isolated physical task and simultaneous condition (vs. cognitive condition) was observed (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the relative slow frequencies were higher during the isolated physical task and simultaneous conditions, with higher predominance during the simultaneous condition (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The TBR presented a higher value for simultaneous (vs. isolated physical and isolated cognitive), with a higher value for the physical compared to cognitive condition (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). This shift suggests that when the brain is concurrently managing cognitive load and physical effort, there is a redistribution of oscillatory activity, possibly reflecting a more energy-conserving or integrative cortical state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114936"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}