Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses of shading effects on photosynthesis and cuticular development in <i>Taxus yunnanensis</i> × <i>T. media</i>.","authors":"Jiangtao Fan, Mengke Dou, Jiangtao Fu, Yu Sui, Yujia Liu, Yingxue Ma, Yingying He, Pengpeng Gong, Wenjing Miu, Hongwei Chen, Yong Wang, Gang Wang, Xiong Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01755-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01755-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Variations in light conditions have a profound effect on plant development, photosynthetic activity and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to examine the effects of shading on leaf morphology, photosynthesis and wax biosynthesis in <i>Taxus yunnanensis</i> × <i>T. media</i> and to explore the potential regulatory role of light intensity in plant adaptability. The study combines transcriptome sequencing and metabolomics analysis to analyze the physiological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, wax synthesis gene expression and metabolic changes of plants under five different light intensities. The relationship between wax synthesis genes and <i>MYB</i> was further explored. The results indicate that moderate shading significantly promotes plant height, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency. It also increases the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids and enhances the efficiency of light capture and utilization. Differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with pathways related to photosynthesis wax biosynthesis and secondary metabolism. The shading treatment also significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to wax synthesis, indicating that wax synthesis is effectively regulated under transcriptional regulation, thereby enhancing the plant's adaptability to environmental changes. Gene co-expression analysis further revealed a significant co-expression relationship between <i>MYB23</i> transcription factors and these wax synthesis genes, further validating the key role of <i>MYB23</i> in regulating wax synthesis. This study provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of plants under different light conditions and provides a theoretical basis for optimizing plant growth and secondary metabolite production in the future.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01755-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1209-1223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148331853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual and combined impacts of potentially toxic elements, and tropospheric ozone on crop physiology, transcriptomic responses, and yield performance: a review.","authors":"Jyoti Singh, Ashish Kumar Mishra, Parvati Madheshiya, Supriya Tiwari, Aditya Abha Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01723-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01723-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropospheric ozone (O₃) pollution and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination are two of the most inescapable abiotic stressors threatening plant productivity and ecosystem stability. Independently, these stressors induce profound physiological and biochemical disruptions in plants, including oxidative stress, impaired stomatal function, and nutrient imbalances. Ozone primarily affects the apoplast, triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signalling, stomatal closure, and reprogramming of defense-related gene expression. While PTEs infiltrate cellular compartments, compromising photosynthesis, enzyme activities, and redox balance. Emerging studies reveal that their co-occurrence can produce antagonistic, synergistic, or additive possessions, depending on plant species, developmental stage, exposure intensity and experimental system. Both the stressors unite on oxidative stress (ROS) and antioxidant responses, stomatal behaviour, photosynthetic apparatus damage and altered nutrient and metal uptake/partitioning. However, insights into their combined impacts remain scarce. Literature is fragmented by methodological heterogeneity, limited crop coverage, and a lack of comprehensive omics, tracer and transport studies. This review scrutinizes the mechanistic responses of plants to individual and concurrent exposures to O₃ and PTEs, focusing on antioxidant defense systems, signaling networks, and key physiological traits. Additionally, we explore transcriptomic shifts that command acclimation or vulnerability, highlighting the molecular pathways that administrate plant responses under these stress conditions. Understanding these interactions is crucial for breeding resilient crop varieties and optimizing phytoremediation stratagems in polluted agroecosystems. Finally, this synthesis emphasizes the urgent need for multifactorial studies, standardized protocols, and validation under diverse soil and climatic conditions, crop genotypes and O₃ regimes to more accurately predict plant behaviour under real-world environmental stress scenarios.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01723-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1351-1377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148332077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of CPP genes in quinoa and functional characterization of CqCPP09 under drought stress.","authors":"Xiaolin Zhu, Baoqiang Wang, Ying Zhao, Xuefen Du, Xiaohong Wei","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01748-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01748-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Cysteine-rich polycomb-like gene encodes key transcription factors involved in abiotic stress responses. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the quinoa genome to determine the function of CPP protein in quinoa. In this study, 11 CPP genes were identified in quinoa, and duplication events showed that they produced 7 pairs of fragment duplications. Phylogenetic analysis divided CPP genes into two subfamilies based on their gene structures and conserved motifs, which were consistent with their classification on the phylogenetic tree. Additionally, a total of 33 elements related to light, hormone regulation, tissue-specific expression patterns, and abiotic stress response were found in the promoter region, including stress elements such as drought defense and stress response elements. Finally, the expression pattern of <i>CqCPP</i> genes under abiotic stress was studied by combining transcriptome data with qRT-PCR. The results demonstrated that all 11 <i>CqCPP</i> genes responded differently to drought and salt stress. In particular, CqCPP09 gene. In addition, the <i>CqCPP09</i> gene was overexpressed in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. The value of Pn, Tr, and Gs, the content of SPAD and Proline, the activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Peroxidase and Catalase in the overexpressed lines under drought stress was significantly higher than those in the wild type. This study provides new insights into the evolution and function of the CPP TF family during quinoa growth and development, and these findings offer important clues for further analyzing drought stress response functions.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01748-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1183-1200"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148332158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring wild rices for photosynthetic efficiency improvement in rice.","authors":"Kanchan Jumrani, Dipti Ranjan Pani, Mridul Chakraborti, Mirza Jaynul Baig, Viswanathan Chinnusamy, Palanisamy Veeraya, Ritu Tiwari, Dhammaprakash P Wankhede, Rajkumar Subramani, Kanakasabapathi Pradheep, Parimalan Rangan","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01761-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01761-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photosynthesis is a key determinant for plant productivity, understanding its genetic basis will aid its improvement. The photosynthesis trait is primarily measured in terms of carbon and light utilization, using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence methods. We report in this study, the extent of variability for photosynthetic trait in wild rice relatives, comprising a total of 26 taxa (22 wild species), using an infrared gas analyzer. The scale of measures used were, PN (net photosynthetic rate), E (transpiration), gs (stomatal conductance), Ci (intercellular CO₂), Ci/Ca (ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂), WUE (water use efficiency), CE (carboxylation efficiency), Fv'/Fm' (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, photosynthesis efficiency), qP (photochemical quenching), qN (non-photochemical quenching), ΦPSII (quantum yield of photosystemII), and ETR (electron transport rate). These were subjected to variability (ANOVA and PCA) and association (correlation matrices and path analysis) studies. The maximum PN was observed in <i>Oryza</i> <i>australiensis</i>, followed by <i>Oryza</i> <i>officinalis</i> and <i>Oryza</i> <i>barthii</i>. Maximum qP was observed in <i>Oryza latifolia</i> which was at par with <i>O</i>. <i>australiensis</i>, and <i>Oryza</i> <i>alta</i>. Highest CE was observed in <i>O</i>. <i>australiensis</i>. The CE values for <i>O</i>. <i>barthii</i>, <i>Oryza grandiglumis</i> and <i>O. latifolia</i> were at par with <i>O</i>. <i>australiensis</i>. Transcriptomic analysis for flag leaf between APO, the high efficient photosynthetic genotype with indica rice cultivar BAM4234 revealed key candidate genes underlying photosynthesis traits. These findings underscore the value of wild species and their alleles in expanding the photosynthetic capacity of rice potentially using classical breeding approaches.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01761-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1261-1276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148332084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>MdRZFP34a</i> promotes plant growth and enhances biotic stress resistance in apple.","authors":"Yi Zhao, Wenjun Chen, Chao Zhang, Yipeng Liu, Ziwen Wei, Zhihong Zhang, Hongyan Dai","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01763-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01763-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biotic stress poses a significant threat to apple growth and development, often leading to substantial economic losses in fruit production. RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological processes, including hormone signaling, photomorphogenesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and responses to biotic stress. Notably, heterologous overexpression of <i>CpLRR-RLK1</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> has been shown to enhance resistance to bacterial diseases. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that the RING Zinc-Finger Protein 34 s (<i>MdRZFP34a</i> and <i>MdRZFP34b</i>) expression was significantly upregulated in the <i>CpLRR-RLK1</i> transgenic apple lines. In this study, MdRZFP34a and MdRZFP34b were identified to contain conserved CHY zinc-finger and RING-related domains. Overexpression of <i>MdRZFP34a</i> significantly promoted lateral root development and vegetative growth in apple. Functional analysis demonstrated that <i>MdRZFP34a</i> positively regulates resistance to <i>Colletotrichum fructicola</i> infection and aphid colonization by enhancing the accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These findings provide valuable insights into the biological mechanisms underlying <i>MdRZFP34a</i>-mediated biotic stress resistance in apple.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01763-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1201-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148332072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated physiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveal the tolerance thresholds and mechanisms of <i>Cynanchum auriculatum</i> to saline and alkaline stress.","authors":"Junjie Tang, Lixia Wang, Xiaomeng Fei, Yong Zheng, Haifeng Kuai, Daoguo Zhang, Rongli Qiu, Wei Gu","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01756-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01756-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Expanding the cultivation range of <i>Daodi</i> medicinal materials is crucial for mitigating the shortage of high-quality medicinal resources. <i>Cynanchum auriculatum</i>, a salt- and alkali-tolerant medicinal plant, faces significant cultivation challenges due to soil salinity and alkalinity. This study systematically investigates the physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic responses of <i>C</i>. <i>auriculatum</i> under varying saline and alkaline conditions. We established the species-specific tolerance thresholds at soil salt content < 3.38‰ and pH < 8.16, based on a 50% reduction in fresh weight. Beyond these thresholds, leaf structure and photosynthetic capacity were significantly impaired, with salt exhibiting more severe effects than alkaline conditions. Notably, high salinity essentially enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, whereas alkaline conditions exacerbated damage. Under supra-threshold conditions, the number of differential metabolites increased, primarily enriched pathways related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that saline and alkaline stress upregulate key genes, including 4CL, COMT, and F5H, leading to elevated levels of critical metabolites such as phenylalanine, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid, thereby enhancing stress tolerance. Importantly, within the identified threshold range, <i>C</i>. <i>auriculatum</i> maintained stable yields, with an increase in differential metabolites. However, exceeding the threshold resulted in a decline in both the number of differential metabolites and overall production. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing the cultivation of <i>C</i>. <i>auriculatum</i> and enhancing its stress tolerance.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01756-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1225-1242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148332106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alfalfa and <i>M. truncatula</i> TILLING lines divergent for nutritive value-related traits enable the identification of novel candidate genes by genotyping by Sequencing approach.","authors":"Maria Carelli, Nelson Nazzicari, Massimo Confalonieri, Carla Scotti","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01750-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12298-026-01750-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) is the main protein producer among forage crops. Stem morphology and flowering time represent key traits controlling alfalfa leaf-to-stem ratio, and consequently its, forage nutritive value. Breeding programs for varying flowering timing and stem internode length, including selfing, produced six alfalfa narrow-based 'lines' showing traits like early (EF) and late (LF) flowering, and alfalfa synthetics with divergent stem morphology (long/short internode length, LI vs. SI). Two <i>M. truncatula</i> (<i>Mt</i>) TILLING mutant lines segregating for flowering time were also included. These materials were used to identify the genetic variation (SNPs) underlying these traits using Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS). Fifty-seven SNPs were found differentiating alfalfa EF and LF lines, 13 of which were common to at least two couples and five laying on exons and producing amino acid (a.a.) changes. Forty-nine and sixteen SNPs were detected, differentiating EF and LF individuals in the <i>Mt</i> lines, twenty and seven of which laying on exons and causing amino acid changes. The analysis of LI and SI synthetics identified 14 SNPs one of which bringing to amino acid change. Transcription factors and genes involved in DNA, RNA and protein modification, regulation and remodelling, sugar and lipid biosynthetic pathways were the most represented classes. The functional relationship between nucleus and organelles, in particular chloroplasts, emerged as a key point in defining the different alfalfa earliness profile. Some of the identified genes show a possible correlation with the traits studied; the pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins, MtrunA17Chr1g0199691 (flowering time) and MtrunA17Chr3g0128551 (stem morphology) emerge as promising candidates for the <i>Medicago</i> spp. genetic improvement.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01750-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 6","pages":"1243-1260"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148332101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of combined selenium and sulfur application on glucosinolate biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage sprouts.","authors":"Huixia Bai, Linlin Zhao, Yafang Luo, Qi Hu, Lingling Liu, Yang Chen, Huan Wang, Yushu Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01740-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01740-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucosinolates are a crucial class of secondary metabolites in cruciferous plants, widely recognized for their significant biological activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined selenium and sulfur applications on glucosinolate biosynthesis and the expression of key regulatory genes in Chinese cabbage sprouts (<i>Brassica rapa</i> L. subsp. <i>pekinensis</i>). The experiment was conducted using the cultivar 'Degao 536' as the experimental material. Treatments included ZnSO₄, Na₂SeO₃, and their combined application, with the aim of evaluating their respective effects on glucosinolate accumulation and gene expression. Results demonstrated that ZnSO₄ treatment significantly upregulated the expression of genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis, including structural genes <i>BrCYP79F1, BrMAM1, BrCAT4, BrCYP79B2, BrCYP79B3</i>, and <i>BrCYP83B1,</i> as well as the regulatory genes <i>BrMYB28,</i> and <i>BrMYB51</i>. In contrast, Na₂SeO₃ treatment markedly suppressed the expression of these genes. However, the combined application of ZnSO₄ and Na₂SeO₃ effectively alleviated this suppression. Furthermore, ZnSO₄ treatment significantly increased the accumulation of aliphatic, indolic, aromatic glucosinolate groups, and the total glucosinolate content. Conversely, Na₂SeO₃ treatment led to a significant reduction in the levels of aliphatic, indolic glucosinolates, along with total glucosinolate. Notably, the combined application of selenium and sulfur treatment mitigated the inhibitory effects of selenium alone on glucosinolate synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 5","pages":"1119-1133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13216451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indole-3-acetic acid production by endophytic consortia from red ginger lily (<i>Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum</i>) and its application in plant growth promotion.","authors":"Majida Rahim, Bosco Lawrence, G Ganga","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01745-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01745-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a widely studied plant hormone, produced by plants and microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, which regulates plant growth and development. The current study was conducted to investigate the IAA production by endophytes isolated from <i>Alpinia purpurata</i> (Vieill.) K. Schum <b>(</b>red ginger lily), a medicinally and ornamentally important rhizomatous plant whose endophytic microbiome remains largely unexplored, particularly with respect to phytohormone production. This study assembled an effective IAA producing consortium, confirming IAA production by LC MS and evaluated its plant growth promotion potential by seed-germination assays, hydroponics, tissue culture, and field trials. A total of fifty morphologically distinct bacteria were obtained, whose IAA production ranged from 17.75 ± 0.02 to 257.35 ± 0.77 µg/mL. Three strains, <i>Agrobacterium radiobacter</i>, <i>Pseudomonas psychrophila</i>, and <i>Lysinibacillus macroides</i>, were used to form a microbial consortium that produced more IAA (320.77 ± 02 µg/mL) than the individual isolates. IAA was confirmed to be present in the sample at 0.442 µg/mL with a typical retention period by LC MS analysis. When compared to untreated controls, plant growth assessments showed improved rhizome yield (70.8%), shoot development (41.7%), leaf characteristics (45.6%), and seed germination (50%). This is the first study to report on IAA production by endophytic bacteria derived from <i>Alpinia purpurata</i>, resulting in the formation of a functionally compatible microbial consortium that produces biologically active IAA, validated by LC-MS/MS, and shown to promote germination and plant growth in tissue culture, hydroponic, and field environments.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01745-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 5","pages":"1041-1053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13216430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering glyoxalase gene families and their coordinated regulation with the ascorbate-glutathione cycle during salinity stress in <i>Artemisia annua</i>.","authors":"Pajeb Saha, Sneha Singh, Sabitri Kumari, Jyotiraj Upadhyay, Shashi Pandey-Rai","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01751-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01751-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Salinity stress disrupts plant metabolism by causing excessive buildup of methylglyoxal and reactive oxygen species, both of which demand efficient detoxification and redox balance. In this study, we combined genome-wide in silico analyses with molecular, biochemical, metabolic, and physiological approaches to explore how the glyoxalase system contributes to salinity stress adaptation in &lt;i&gt;Artemisia annua.&lt;/i&gt; We identified 20 &lt;i&gt;AaGLYI&lt;/i&gt;, 13 &lt;i&gt;AaGLYII&lt;/i&gt;, and 7 &lt;i&gt;AaGLYIII&lt;/i&gt; genes, all characterised by conserved domain structures, distinct motif patterns, and stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted both evolutionary conservation and functional diversification of these gene families across plant species. Expression profiling of Arabidopsis orthologues, together with qRT-PCR validation of selected &lt;i&gt;AaGLYs&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;AaGLYI18, AaGLYI20, AaGLYII05, AaGLYII11, AaGLYIII01, AaGLYIII02&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; revealed strong, time-dependent induction under salinity stress. This was coupled with enhanced glyoxalase enzyme activities and a transient spike in MG levels followed by efficient detoxification. Concurrent activation of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle maintained redox equilibrium during early stress phases, though prolonged exposure imposed redox constraints. Physiological assessments indicated early reductions in stomatal conductance and photochemical efficiency, partially compensated by increased non-photochemical quenching and preserved PSII integrity. Interestingly, glyoxalase activation under stress paralleled elevated expression of key artemisinin biosynthetic genes and higher in vivo artemisinin accumulation, suggesting a functional link between MG detoxification, redox regulation, and secondary metabolism during salinity stress in &lt;i&gt;A. annua&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Graphical abstract: &lt;/strong&gt;Schematic representation demonstrating cellular and physiological reactions of &lt;i&gt;Artemisia annua&lt;/i&gt; to salt stress. Salinity-induced ionic and osmotic instability results in increased generation of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal, leading to oxidative and carbonyl stress. MG is detoxified by the glyoxalase route by the sequential actions of GLYI and GLYII in a glutathione (GSH)-dependent manner, while GLYIII facilitates glutathione-independent detoxification under prolonged stress conditions. The activation of the glyoxalase system is precisely synchronised with the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, which includes APX, GR, MDHAR, and DHAR, to maintain redox homeostasis and mitigate oxidative damage. Metabolites generated from MG integrate into central carbon metabolism, facilitating metabolic reprogramming during stress. Simultaneously, physiological modifications such as proline buildup, increased non-photochemical quenching, and alterations in gas exchange and photosynthetic parameters facilitate the preservation of photosystem II integrity and adaptability to stress. The graphical abst","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 5","pages":"961-979"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13216452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}