Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants最新文献

{"title":"Topography-mediated light environment regulates intra-specific seasonal and diurnal patterns of photosynthetic plasticity and plant ecophysiological adaptation strategies","authors":"Ambuj Mishra, Rajman Gupta, Rajendra Kr. Joshi, Satish Chandra Garkoti","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01439-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01439-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to substantial topographic variations in the Himalaya, incident solar radiation in the forest canopy is highly unequal. This results in significant environmental differences at finer scales and may lead to considerable differences in photosynthetic productivity in montane forests. Therefore, local-scale ecophysiological investigations, may be more effective and instructive than landscape-level inventories and models. We investigated leaf ecophysiological differences and related adaptations between two <i>Quercus semecarpifolia</i> forests in aspect-mediated, significantly varying light regimes in the same mountain catchment. Seasonal and diurnal rates of photosynthesis (A) were significantly higher in south aspect (S) than the north (N). Although temperature was a key contributor to seasonal fluctuations in photosynthetic physiology, photoperiod significantly determined intraspecific variations in seasonal and diurnal plasticity of leaf ecophysiological traits between the two topography-mediated light environments. The regression model for A as a function of stomatal conductivity (gsw) explained the critical role of gsw in triggering photosynthetic plasticity as an adaptive function against varying environmental stresses due to seasonal solar differences. We also examined, modifications in chlorophyll content between the two light regimes across seasons to determine the chlorophyll adaptation strategy. The N aspect had higher leaf chl a, b, and chl a + b and a lower chl-allocation ratio (a/b) than S, which helped to optimize the required light reception in the photoreaction centers for improved photosynthetic performance. The leaf light response curves for A and gsw were observed against varying incident photosynthetic photon flux densities (0–2000 mol.m² s⁻¹ PPFD) for both aspects. We found that the same species developed significantly distinct light response strategies and photosynthetic capacities in S than in N for the given magnitudes of PPFD. Such acquired ecophysiological adaptations owing to varying light environments may provide significant clues for understanding the impact of future climate change on Himalayan tree species.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140324302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of TIFY genes under MeJA, cold and PEG-induced drought stress treatment in Dendrobium huoshanense","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01442-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01442-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The <em>TIFY</em> family consists of plant-specific genes that regulates multiple plant functions, including developmental and defense responses. Here, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis of <em>TIFY</em> genes in <em>Dendrobium huoshanense</em>. Our analysis encompassed their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal distributions, promoter regions, and patterns of collinearity. A total of 16 <em>DhTIFY</em> genes were identified, and classified into distinct clusters named JAZ, PPD, ZIM, and TIFY based on their phylogenetic relationship. These <em>DhTIFY</em>s exhibited an uneven distribution across 7 chromosomes. The expansion of the <em>DhTIFY</em> gene family appears to have been significantly influenced by whole-genome and segmental duplication events. The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (Ka/Ks) implies that the purifying selection has been predominant, maintaining a constrained functional diversification after duplication events. Gene structure analysis indicated that <em>DhTIFY</em>s exhibited significant structural variation, particularly in terms of gene organization and intron numbers. Moreover, numerous <em>cis</em>-acting elements related to hormone signaling, developmental processes, and stress responses were identified within the promoter regions. Subsequently, qRT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the expression of <em>DhTIFYs</em> is modulated in response to MeJA (Methyl jasmonate), cold, and drought treatment. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of the functional dynamics of <em>TIFY</em> genes in <em>D. huoshanense</em> and may pinpoint potential candidates for detailed examination of the biological roles of <em>TIFY</em> genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140300354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering the regulators of heat stress tolerance in Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) wight and walk.-arn","authors":"Kishor Prabhakar Panzade, Kishor U. Tribhuvan, Deepak V. Pawar, Rahul Singh Jasrotia, Kishor Gaikwad, Monika Dalal, Ranjeet Ranjan Kumar, Madan Pal Singh, Om Prakash Awasthi, Jasdeep Chatrath Padaria","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01431-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01431-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Ziziphus nummularia</i> an elite heat-stress tolerant shrub, grows in arid regions of desert. However, its molecular mechanism responsible for heat stress tolerance is unexplored. Therefore, we analysed whole transcriptome of Jaisalmer (heat tolerant) and Godhra (heat sensitive) genotypes of <i>Z. nummularia</i> to understand its molecular mechanism responsible for heat stress tolerance. De novo assembly of 16,22,25,052 clean reads yielded 276,029 transcripts. A total of 208,506 unigenes were identified which contains 4290 and 1043 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in TGO (treated Godhra at 42 °C) vs. CGO (control Godhra) and TJR (treated Jaisalmer at 42 °C) vs. CJR (control Jaisalmer), respectively. A total of 987 (67 highly enriched) and 754 (34 highly enriched) pathways were obsorved in CGO vs. TGO and CJR vs. TJR, respectively. Antioxidant pathways and TFs like Homeobox, HBP, ARR, PHD, GRAS, CPP, and E2FA were uniquely observed in Godhra genotype and SET domains were uniquely observed in Jaisalmer genotype. Further transposable elements were highly up-regulated in Godhra genotype but no activation in Jaisalmer genotype. A total of 43,093 and 39,278 simple sequence repeats were identified in the Godhra and Jaisalmer genotypes, respectively. A total of 10 DEGs linked to heat stress were validated in both genotypes for their expression under different heat stresses using quantitative real-time PCR. Comparing expression patterns of the selected DEGs identified <i>ClpB1</i> as a potential candidate gene for heat tolerance in <i>Z. nummularia</i>. Here we present first characterized transcriptome of <i>Z. nummularia</i> in response to heat stress for the identification and characterization of heat stress-responsive genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-length transcriptome profiling of Acanthopanax gracilistylus provides new insight into the kaurenoic acid biosynthesis pathway","authors":"Bing He, Tingyu Shan, Jingyao Xu, Xinxin Zhong, Jingjing Zhang, Rongchun Han, Qingshan Yang, Jiawen Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01436-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01436-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Acanthopanax gracilistylus</i> is a deciduous plant in the family Araliaceae, which is commonly used in Chinese herbal medicine, as the root bark has functions of nourishing the liver and kidneys, removing dampness and expelling wind, and strengthening the bones and tendons. Kaurenoic acid (KA) is the main effective substance in the root bark of <i>A. gracilistylus</i> with strong anti-inflammatory effects. To elucidate the KA biosynthesis pathway, second-generation (DNA nanoball) and third-generation (Pacific Biosciences) sequencing were performed to analyze the transcriptomes of the <i>A. gracilistylus</i> leaves, roots, and stems<i>.</i> Among the total 505,880 isoforms, 408,954 were annotated by seven major databases. Sixty isoforms with complete open reading frames encoding 11 key enzymes involved in the KA biosynthesis pathway were identified. Correlation analysis between isoform expression and KA content identified a total of eight key genes. Six key enzyme genes involved in KA biosynthesis were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Based on the sequence analysis, the spatial structure of ent-kaurene oxidase was modeled, which plays roles in the three continuous oxidations steps of KA biosynthesis. This study greatly enriches the transcriptome data of <i>A. gracilistylus</i> and facilitates further analysis of the function and regulation mechanism of key enzymes in the KA biosynthesis pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of exogenous chlorogenic acid as a potential plant stimulant: enhancing physiochemical properties in Lonicera japonica","authors":"Mian Zhang, Qiaoqiao Xiao, Yulong Li, Yuan Tian, Jincheng Zheng, Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01435-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01435-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we applied exogenous chlorogenic acid (CGA) to <i>Lonicera japonica</i> (<i>L. japonica</i>) leaves via foliar sprays every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for a period of 12 months. Our continuous monitoring over this period revealed a consistent increase in flavonoid levels from the second to the tenth month following the commencement of CGA treatment. This was accompanied by a notable upregulation in the expression of four secondary metabolite-related enzyme genes: <i>LjPAL1</i>, <i>LjPAL2</i>, <i>LjPAL3</i>, and <i>LjISY1</i>. Concurrently, there was a significant enhancement in the total activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The total antioxidant capacity of the plants also showed a marked increase from the third to the seventh month post-treatment initiation, subsequently stabilizing. This increase was also reflected in the elevated activities of key antioxidant enzymes: peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, the treatment notably enhanced various indicators of nutrient growth, such as total protein content, total sugar content, and leaf area. Notably, the relative expression of <i>LjTF1</i>, a kind of BZIP transcription factor gene known for its extensive regulatory effects, showed a significant and sustained increase after the start of exogenous CGA treatment. Subsequent metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in <i>L. japonica</i> metabolites. Specifically, 172 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) showed a notable increase (Fold &gt; 1), predominantly in pathways related to nutrient metabolism such as carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Notably, some of the highly expressed DEMs (Fold &gt; 4) are key antioxidants and medicinal components in <i>L. japonica</i>. The experimental findings were in alignment with the metabolomics analysis, indicating that exogenous CGA can act as a stimulant for <i>L. japonica</i>. It promotes the significant accumulation of certain secondary metabolites, enhances nutritive growth, and boosts the plant's total antioxidant capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the lateral organ boundary domain gene family and its preservation by exogenous salicylic acid in Cerasus humilis","authors":"Shan Jiang, Weichao Ren, Lengleng Ma, Jianhao Wu, Xiaozhuang Zhang, Wei Wu, Lingyang Kong, Jiajun He, Wei Ma, Xiubo Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01438-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01438-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gene family known as the Lateral Organ Boundary Domain (<i>LBD</i>) is responsible for producing transcription factors unique to plants, which play a crucial role in controlling diverse biological activities, including their growth and development. This research focused on examining <i>Cerasus humilis</i>'<i>ChLBD</i> gene, owing to its significant ecological, economic, and nutritional benefits. Examining the <i>ChLBD</i> gene family's member count, physicochemical characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, gene configuration, and motif revealed 41 <i>ChLBD</i> gene family members spread across 8 chromosomes, with <i>ChLBD</i> gene's full-length coding sequences (CDSs) ranging from 327 to 1737 base pairs, and the protein sequence's length spanning 109 (<i>ChLBD30</i>)-579 (<i>ChLBD35</i>) amino acids. The molecular weights vary from 12.068 (<i>ChLBD30</i>) to 62.748 (<i>ChLBD35</i>) kDa, and the isoelectric points span from 4.74 (<i>ChLBD20</i>) to 9.19 (<i>ChLBD3</i>). Categorizing them into two evolutionary subfamilies: class I with 5 branches, class II with 2, the majority of genes with a single intron, and most members of the same subclade sharing comparable motif structures. The results of collinearity analysis showed that there were 3 pairs of tandem repeat genes and 12 pairs of fragment repeat genes in the <i>Cerasus humilis</i> genome, and in the interspecific collinearity analysis, the number of collinear gene pairs with apples belonging to the same family of <i>Rosaceae</i> was the highest. Examination of cis-acting elements revealed that methyl jasmonate response elements stood out as the most abundant, extensively dispersed in the promoter areas of class 1 and class 2 <i>ChLBD</i>. Genetic transcript analysis revealed that during <i>Cerasus humilis</i>' growth and maturation, <i>ChLBD</i> developed varied control mechanisms, with <i>ChLBD27</i> and <i>ChLBD40</i> potentially playing a role in managing color alterations in fruit ripening. In addition, the quality of calcium fruit will be affected by the environment during transportation and storage, and it is particularly important to use appropriate means to preserve the fruit. The research used salicylic acid-treated <i>Cerasus humilis</i> as the research object and employed qRT-PCR to examine the expression of six <i>ChLBD</i> genes throughout storage. Variations in the expression of the <i>ChLBD</i> gene were observed when exposed to salicylic acid, indicating that salicylic acid could influence <i>ChLBD</i> gene expression during the storage of fruits. This study's findings lay the groundwork for additional research into the biological role of the <i>LBD</i> gene in <i>Cerasus humilis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid peroxidation and stress-induced signalling molecules in systemic resistance mediated by azelaic acid/AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1: signal initiation and propagation","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01420-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01420-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Systemic acquired resistance protects plants against a broad spectrum of secondary infections by pathogens. A crucial compound involved in the systemic spread of the threat information after primary pathogen infection is the C9 oxylipin azelaic acid (AZA), a breakdown product of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. AZA is generated during lipid peroxidation in the plastids and accumulates in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. AZA stimulates the expression of <em>AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1</em> (<em>AZI1</em>), and a pool of AZI1 accumulates in the plastid envelope in association with AZA. AZA and AZI1 utilize the symplastic pathway to travel through the plasmodesmata to neighbouring cells to induce systemic stress resistance responses in distal tissues. Here, we describe the synthesis, travel and function of AZA and AZI1 and discuss open questions of signal initiation and propagation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140151748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic survey and expression analysis of cellulose synthase superfamily and COBRA-like gene family in Zanthoxylum bungeanum stipule thorns","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01432-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01432-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The Cellulose Synthase gene (<em>CS</em>) superfamily and COBRA-like (<em>COBL</em>) gene family are essential for synthesizing cellulose and hemicellulose, which play a crucial role in cell wall biosynthesis and the hardening of plant tissues. Our study identified 126 <em>ZbCS</em> and 31 <em>ZbCOBL</em> genes from the <em>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</em> (<em>Zb</em>) genome. Phylogenetic analysis and conservative domain analysis unfolded that <em>ZbCS</em> and <em>ZbCOBL</em> genes were divided into seven and two subfamilies, respectively. Gene duplication data suggested that more than 75% of these genes had tandem and fragment duplications. Codon usage patterns analysis indicated that the <em>ZbCS</em> and <em>ZbCOBL</em> genes prefer ending with A/T base, with weak codon preference. Furthermore, seven key <em>ZbCS</em> and five key <em>ZbCOBL</em> genes were identified based on the content of cellulose and hemicellulose and the expression characteristics of <em>ZbCS</em> and <em>ZbCOBL</em> genes in various stages of stipule thorns. Altogether, these results improve the understanding of <em>CS</em> and <em>COBL</em> genes and provide valuable reference data for cultivating <em>Zb</em> with soft thorns.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotechnological interventions for the production of forskolin, an active compound from the medicinal plant, Coleus forskohlii","authors":"Pulukkunadu Thekkeveedu Roshni, Punchappady Devasya Rekha","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01426-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01426-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Coleus forskohlii</i>, an Indian-origin medicinal plant is the sole natural source of the labdane terpenoid forskolin (C₂₂H₃₄O₇), with growing demand<i>.</i> Forskolin emerged as an industrially important bioactive compound, with many therapeutic applications in human health. It has established potential effects in the treatment of various diseases and conditions such as glaucoma, asthma, obesity, allergies, skin conditions and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, clinical trials against different types of cancers are progressing. The mechanism of action of forskolin mainly involves activating adenylyl cyclase and elevating cAMP, thereby regulating different cellular processes. For the extraction of forskolin, tuberous roots of <i>C. forskohlii</i> are used as they contain the highest concentration of this metabolite. Approximately 2500 tonnes of the plant are cultivated annually to produce a yield of 2000–2200 kg ha⁻¹ of dry tubers. The forskolin content of the root is distributed in the range of 0.01–1%, which cannot meet the increasing commercial demands from industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food and beverages. Hence, various aspects of micropropagation with different culture methods that employ precursors or elicitors to improve the forskolin content have been explored. Different extraction and analytical methods are also introduced to examine the yield and purity of forskolin. This review discusses the significance, clinical importance, mechanism of action and different approaches used for mass production including tissue culture for the lead compound forskolin to meet market needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140127305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of chloroplast biogenesis, development, and signaling by endogenous and exogenous cues","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s12298-024-01427-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01427-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Chloroplasts are one of the defining features in most plants, primarily known for their unique property to carry out photosynthesis. Besides this, chloroplasts are also associated with hormone and metabolite productions. For this, biogenesis and development of chloroplast are required to be synchronized with the seedling growth to corroborate the maximum rate of photosynthesis following the emergence of seedlings. Chloroplast biogenesis and development are dependent on the signaling to and from the chloroplast, which are in turn regulated by several endogenous and exogenous cues. Light and hormones play a crucial role in chloroplast maturation and development. Chloroplast signaling involves a coordinated two-way connection between the chloroplast and nucleus, termed retrograde and anterograde signaling, respectively. Anterograde and retrograde signaling are involved in regulation at the transcriptional level and downstream modifications and are modulated by several metabolic and external cues. The communication between chloroplast and nucleus is essential for plants to develop strategies to cope with various stresses including high light or high heat. In this review, we have summarized several aspects of chloroplast development and its regulation through the interplay of various external and internal factors. We have also discussed the involvement of chloroplasts as sensors of various external environment stress factors including high light and temperature, and communicate via a series of retrograde signals to the nucleus, thus playing an essential role in plants’ abiotic stress response.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}