Planta medica最新文献

{"title":"In silico and In vitro Screening of Medicinal Plants from Brazilian Traditional Medicine for Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity.","authors":"Campili Mendes, Jéssica Raquel Borges Monteiro, Rodrigo de Almeida Romagna, Aliny Rodrigues de Jesus da Conceição, Pedro Henrique Tregnago, Amanda Eiriz Feu, Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Gonçalves, Warley de Souza Borges, Ricardo Machado Kuster, Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa","doi":"10.1055/a-2635-4268","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2635-4268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medicinal plants and their phytocompounds are valuable shortcuts for discovering new, safer biologically active compounds or herbal medicines with reduced adverse effects. In this study, medicinal plant species were initially selected from Brazilian traditional medicine using a database of <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies. A virtual screening study was carried out with a phytochemical database previously reported in the literature. The biological activity was evaluated <i>in silico</i> by PASS Online and molecular docking, then validated by <i>in vitro</i> anti-<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> assay. The chemical profile of the species was obtained by ESI(±)FT-ICR MS and LC-MS-DAD analysis. <i>Vernonia condensata, Bauhinia forficata, Jatropha gossypiifolia</i>, and <i>Sonalum paniculatum</i> were selected based on a survey of the literature for use of gastric diseases and anti-<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> potential. After PASS analysis, <i>Jatropha gossypiifolia</i> was selected for <i>in vitro</i> study because its compounds showed anti-<i>H. pylori</i> activity potential, inhibiting fumarate reductase enzyme. <i>J. gossypiifolia</i> extracted showed MIC of 64 µg/mL and MBC of 128 µg/mL in the <i>in vitro</i> anti-<i>H. pylori</i> assay. ESI(±)FT-ICR MS and LC-MS-DAD analysis showed compounds such as luteolin (1: ), isovitexin (2: ), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (3: ), isoorientin (4: ), and 3-genistein-8-C-glucoside (5: ). Molecular docking analysis showed a potential interaction of compounds in the enzyme active site such as hydrogen bonds with Arg404 and a similar interaction to fumaric acid, except for isoorientin (4: ). <i>J. gossypiifolia</i> showed promising activity and may represent a future alternative to treat <i>H. pylori</i> infections and their deleterious effects, reinforcing the therapeutic potential of this plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Withanolides as Prospective Drug Candidates: Production and Therapeutic Applications-A Review.","authors":"Anu Gupta, M Vasundhara","doi":"10.1055/a-2659-7263","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2659-7263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Withanolides are a group of steroidal lactones predominantly present in the genus '<i>Withania</i>'. These compounds exhibit cytotoxic, neurological, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Structural diversity leads to various kinds of withanolides with different biological functionality. There is an increasing market demand for withanolides as they exhibit great therapeutic potential and can be explored for developing novel drug entities. Withanolides are primarily produced from plants that are more prone to diseases and are on the verge of endangerment. From the plant sources, the yield of withanolides is meagre (0.5 - 2%), which cannot meet the market demand, and the production cost is very high. This leads to the exploration of an alternative sustainable source for withanolide production. Endophytic fungi can produce host plant metabolites and can be investigated as an alternative source for withanolides production. Endophytic fungi can be isolated from the host plant species producing withanolides and cultured further for production. Studying the genes of the withanolides' biosynthetic pathway (their upregulation or downregulation), media optimisation, co-culture, and various elicitors may enhance withanolides production. <i>In silico</i> approaches like molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies may also aid in understanding the mechanism of action of withanolides on a specific target to cure a disease. Nanotechnology techniques help in designing the formulation of withanolides so that they can cross the blood-brain barrier and improve therapeutic effectiveness. This article highlights the biochemistry, biosynthetic pathway, mode of action, therapeutic potential of withanolides, and exploration of endophytic fungi as an alternative source to produce withanolides cost-effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Carnosic Acid in Alopecia: A Mechanistic Perspective.","authors":"Priyanka Singh, Poonam Kushwaha, Mohammad Ahmad, Atif Husain","doi":"10.1055/a-2665-2211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2665-2211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alopecia, characterised by partial or complete hair loss, significantly affects the psychological and social well-being of individuals. Current FDA-approved treatments, such as topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, often present limitations, including skin irritation and suboptimal efficacy, compromising patient adherence. In recent years, natural compounds have garnered attention as potential alternatives, with carnosic acid emerging as a promising candidate due to its multifaceted biological activities. Carnosic acid, a diterpenic polyphenol predominantly found in rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>) and sage (<i>Salvia officinalis</i>), exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, neuroprotective, and hair follicle-regenerative properties. Despite its therapeutic potential, its poor solubility and stability in conventional formulations limit its clinical application. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms through which carnosic acid exerts its effects in alopecia management, focusing on its antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory responses, inhibition of dihydrotestosterone activity, promotion of hair follicle regeneration, and neuroprotective actions. The findings highlight carnosic acid's potential as a natural, effective, and safer alternative for alopecia treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalein Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting Microglial Activation and Inflammation Via the TLR4/NF-κB p65 Pathway.","authors":"Jieyi Cai, Ling Luo, Min Yuan, Hui Li, Lü Chen, Qianqian Peng, Changlai Zhu, Yun Gu","doi":"10.1055/a-2665-6684","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2665-6684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinically, there is a significant unmet need for effective treatments for chronic neuropathic pain. Commonly used drugs, such as opioids, are primarily designed for acute pain management and are associated with substantial adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Therefore, the development of safe and effective therapies is of paramount importance. Baicalein (BA), a flavonoid compound extracted from <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>, has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-proliferative activities against tumor cells and has been used to treat various acute and chronic conditions without notable side effects. In this study, we employed the spared nerve injury (SNI) pain model to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of BA on neuropathic pain and its underlying mechanisms. Results showed that BA effectively alleviated SNI-induced hyperalgesia and the progression of chronic pain in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting glial cell activation, immune cell infiltration, and inflammatory responses. Additionally, using an <i>in vitro</i> microglial inflammation model, we further confirmed that BA inhibits M1 polarization of microglia and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors by modulating the TLR4/NF-<i>κ</i>B p65 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that BA holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for treating neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury or diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimycobacterial Activities of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Lantana camara, Zanthoxylum leprieurii Modeled as a Function of Their Fingerprints for Active Compounds Identification.","authors":"Naasson Tuyiringire, Deusdedit Tusubira, Samira Boarbi, Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Debby Mangelings, Yvan Vander Heyden","doi":"10.1055/a-2660-2042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2660-2042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a pressing need to discover novel anti-tuberculosis agents to combat emerging drug-resistant strains. <i>Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Lantana camara</i>, and <i>Zanthoxylum leprieurii</i> have been identified as potential sources of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug candidates. Previous studies have examined the metabolites and metabolic pathways in mycobacterial strains affected by methanolic extracts of these plants, but the specific active compounds responsible for the antimycobacterial activity, the effect on affected metabolites and metabolic pathways of mycobacterial cell cultures, remain unclear. Untargeted metabolic fingerprinting may help identify the active compounds. The objective of this study was to model the antimycobacterial activity of methanolic extracts of <i>C. sanguinolenta, L. camara</i>, and <i>Z. leprieurii</i> as a function of their UHPLC-MS fingerprints and determine whether specific peaks (compounds) in the fingerprints contributed significantly to the activity. In this study, fingerprints of 18 methanolic extracts from <i>C. sanguinolenta</i> roots, <i>L. camara</i> leaves, and <i>Z. leprieurii</i> stem barks were obtained with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these extracts against a pan-sensitive <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strain were determined using a resazurin-based microdilution assay. Fingerprints were processed and analyzed using regions of interest-multivariate curve resolution (ROIMCR). Partial least squares (PLS) regression was employed to model the MICs. Potential active compounds, including cryptolepine (from <i>C. sanguinolenta</i>), verbascoside (from <i>L. camara</i>), and isofagaridine (from <i>Z. leprieurii</i>), were identified as antimycobacterial compounds. These compounds likely influence mycobacterial metabolic processes, including cell wall synthesis, protein production, nucleotide metabolism, and energy generation. Further investigations are required to validate our findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144799917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local and Systemic Effects of Topical Betulinic Acid in a Psoriasis-like Inflammation Model in Mice.","authors":"Flávia S Fernandes, Gustavo S Silva, Rafael V Soares, Fabiana Ourique, Tiziane L D R Nakagawa, Daniel F Martins, Ariane Zamoner, Maicon R Kviecinski","doi":"10.1055/a-2644-8732","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2644-8732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psoriasis patients often discontinue oral and injectable treatments due to concerns about both safety and efficacy. Issues such as adverse side effects, limited long-term effectiveness, and fear of potential complications contribute to non-adherence, impacting treatment outcomes and patients' quality of life. Betulinic acid (BA) forms supramolecular aggregates through self-assembly in a hydroalcoholic vehicle, which was hypothesized to have antipsoriatic activity when applied topically. To test this, imiquimod was applied to induce psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice (except in the untreated group) every 24 hours for 5 days. Two hours after each imiquimod application, the groups received either 100 µL of vehicle (10% glycerol aqueous solution), 0.05 mg/mL clobetasol (Clo), or 0.5 mg/mL BA. At the end of the study, the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was evaluated (n = 12/group), and complete skin clearance time (CSC) was determined in six mice per group. The remaining six mice per group were used to assess acanthosis, lymphocyte and granulocyte infiltration, and Akt and ERK phosphorylation in skin samples, as well as TNF<i>α</i>, IL-17A, IFN<i>γ</i>, and TGF<i>β</i> levels in serum. To assess treatment safety, we evaluated food and water intake, ambulation pattern, body weight gain, organ weights, and blood parameters. BA significantly reduced CSC time by up to 40% compared to the control and was 10% faster than Clo. Both BA and Clo reduced PASI and acanthosis to approximately one-third of control values, normalized immune cell infiltration and TNF<i>α</i> levels, decreased IL-17A by more than 30%, and reduced p-Akt and p-ERK2. BA uniquely normalized IFN<i>γ</i> levels without causing intolerable toxicity. Using an animal model of psoriatic skin inflammation, our findings support BA as a strong candidate for clinical translation, warranting further studies on its safety, pharmacokinetics, and optimal dosage in humans, potentially leading to randomized controlled trials in psoriasis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144512336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \"Cancer Bush\" Sutherlandia (syn. Lessertia) frutescens. An Example of Promotional Research, or Is There Scientific Merit?","authors":"Nicezelle Gernandt, Frank van der Kooy","doi":"10.1055/a-2654-6280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2654-6280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Sutherlandia</i> (syn. <i>Lessertia</i>) <i>frutescens</i> is indigenous to the drier regions of southern Africa. <i>Sutherlandia frutescens</i> has a long history of traditional medicinal use and is credited with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. It is a very popular phytomedicine and, as the common name implies, is used as a prophylaxis and treatment of cancer. The objective of this review was to collate all published scientific data on the genera <i>Sutherlandia</i> and <i>Lessertia</i> regarding their antiproliferative properties and critically evaluate the data against established guidelines. Despite its use as traditional medicine, the potential of <i>S. frutescens</i> as a cancer treatment remains highly questionable. While <i>in vitro</i> studies suggest some potential antiproliferative effects, many studies lack positive controls and selectivity studies or use excessively high dosages, well above established guidelines, translating into unrealistic clinical applications. Consequently, these studies often appear overly optimistic and biased. Very few well-designed studies are available, and most research fails to meet established guidelines for evaluating selective cytotoxicity. Given these limitations and the absence of rigorous <i>in vivo</i> studies and/or clinical trials, future research may first focus on identifying chemovars with acceptable bioactivity and/or investigating the possibility of the presence of prodrugs by simulated gastrointestinal tract studies. Based on available data, it must be concluded that <i>S. frutescens</i> does not exhibit acceptable levels of bioactivity/selectivity, and keeping in mind possible herb-drug interactions and the serious nature of cancer, which causes over 10 million deaths annually, <i>S. frutescens</i> should not currently be recommended for use.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reverse Transcription-qPCR-Based Investigation of Antiviral miRNAs in Medicinal Plants.","authors":"Ilham Eroz Poyraz, Emel Sozen, Merve Saglam, Ismail Poyraz","doi":"10.1055/a-2660-1649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2660-1649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous regulators of gene expression that enable high adaptation to the living conditions of organisms. While plant antiviral miRNAs are effective in combating their viral pathogens, some plant miRNAs exhibit cross-kingdom interactions when targeting animal viruses. Current studies have reported that the miRNA contents of medicinal plants used in treating viral diseases are directly effective in combating the disease. Along with this study, the presence and expression levels of five plant miRNAs (miRNA765, miRNA954, miRNA1086, miRNA1328, and miRNA2911), known for their antiviral effects against human diseases, were analyzed in eight medicinal plants using the reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) method. One of the test group medicinal plants was used as dry material for comparison purposes. <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. fruits that contain high starch were preferred as the calibrator plant sample, and miRNA161 was used as the endogenous miRNA control. cDNAs were synthesized using stem-loop primers and amplified by RT-qPCR with SYBR green. Expression levels of antiviral miRNAs were analyzed using the fold change (Fc) and the relative quantification (RQ) data. At the end of this study, antiviral miRNAs were found in some medicinal plants and detected at high levels in preserved dried plant samples, such as <i>Viscum album</i> leaves.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic Insights into Propolis in Targeting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Chee Ning Wong, Siew-Keah Lee, Kai Bin Liew, Yik-Ling Chew, Ang-Lim Chua","doi":"10.1055/a-2596-0010","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2596-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Growing interest in natural therapies has led to the exploration of propolis, a resinous bee product, for its potential anti-diabetic effects. This review examines the mechanisms by which propolis may aid in T2DM management. A literature search was conducted in SCOPUS and PubMed using the terms (Propolis) AND (diabetes OR \"insulin resistance\" OR hyperglycemia), focusing on studies published from 2014 onwards. The search yielded 384 and 207 records in SCOPUS and PubMed, respectively. After screening and full-text review, 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Key variables analyzed included the type and source of propolis, experimental models, dosage, treatment duration, and primary and secondary outcomes. Findings highlight multiple mechanisms through which propolis may benefit T2DM, including enhancing pancreatic <i>β</i>-cell function, improving insulin sensitivity, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, modulating gut microbiota, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Some studies also reported protective effects on renal and hepatic function. Overall, propolis exhibits promising potential as a complementary therapy for T2DM. However, further well-designed clinical trials are necessary to confirm its efficacy, determine optimal dosing, and identify key bioactive compounds responsible for its therapeutic effects. Future research should focus on optimizing its clinical application for diabetes management.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"496-512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of Potential Drug Interactions Between Cannabidiol and Other Drugs: A Scoping Review to Guide Pharmaceutical Care.","authors":"Fernanda Dias Nader, Luis Phillipe Nagem Lopes, Alice Ramos-Silva, Maria Eline Matheus","doi":"10.1055/a-2593-6351","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2593-6351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid with therapeutic potential, is increasingly used in combination with other drugs, raising concerns about potential interactions and their impact on safety and efficacy. This scoping review aimed to map the current evidence on CBD interactions across different drug classes and assess their clinical significance. The study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, utilizing a structured protocol based on the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. Five databases were searched, and preclinical and clinical studies on CBD pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions were included, with publications in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Out of 136 studies analyzed, 91.91% were published after 2011, reflecting a sharp rise in interest in this area. A total of 271 interactions were identified, with 203 related to pharmacokinetics, primarily involving metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and 68 linked to pharmacodynamics, including additive effects such as sedation. Among the most relevant findings, CBD was shown to inhibit CYP enzymes like CYP3A4 and CYP2C19, potentially increasing plasma levels of co-administered drugs. However, only 5.15% of studies evaluated the clinical relevance of these interactions, indicating a substantial gap in knowledge regarding their safety implications. This review highlights the urgent need for rigorous clinical research to determine the clinical significance of CBD-drug interactions, particularly in patients undergoing polypharmacy. Understanding these interactions is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes, minimizing adverse effects, and enabling safer clinical use of CBD in diverse treatment regimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"488-495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}