Planta medica最新文献

{"title":"Oleandrin Suppresses the PI3K/AKT Pathway to Inhibit Growth and Induce Apoptosis in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells and Xenograft Mice.","authors":"Haihui Zhuang, Xia Jiang, Fenglin Li, Wenjie Sha, Ying Lu","doi":"10.1055/a-2816-0955","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2816-0955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains a clinical challenge due to its high relapse rate and limited treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of oleandrin on T-ALL and its underlying mechanism to explore novel therapeutic strategies. In human T-ALL cell lines, it inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values ranging from 16 to 31 nM. In mouse xenograft models, oleandrin reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival without significant toxicity. Integrated mechanistic studies, including network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and Western blot analysis, indicated that the anti-leukemic effects of oleandrin are associated with suppression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as evidenced by reduced levels of key proteins such as PIK3CA, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), phosphorylated GSK3<i>β</i> (p-GSK3<i>β</i>), c-Myc, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. These findings suggest oleandrin is a promising therapeutic candidate for T-ALL, likely through suppression of the PI3K/AKT pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"891-900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic Risks of Nightshade Species: A comprehensive review of the documented toxicity of Atropa belladonna, Solanum dulcamara, and Solanum nigrum.","authors":"Milica Aćimović","doi":"10.1055/a-2818-1813","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2818-1813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Solanaceae family comprises numerous species of economic and pharmacological importance, including the toxic deadly nightshade (<i>Atropa belladonna</i>), bittersweet nightshade (<i>Solanum dulcamara</i>), and black nightshade (<i>Solanum nigrum</i>). These plants are native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and have been used since ancient times in both ritual practices and medicine. <i>A. belladonna</i> contains potent tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine) and is widely utilized in modern pharmacology, although accidental poisonings still occur, often due to confusion with edible plants or the misuse of herbal and homeopathic preparations. In contrast, <i>S. dulcamara</i> contains glycoalkaloids such as solanine, solasodine, and <i>β</i>-solamarine, while <i>S. nigrum</i> contains solanine, solamargine, and solasonine. Both species have a history of traditional use as narcotics, diuretics, and treatments for skin, rheumatic, and respiratory conditions, as well as for pain, inflammation, fever, and other disorders; however, they also pose significant toxicological risks to humans and animals. Although poisonings from these two species are less common than those caused by <i>A. belladonna</i>, they still occur. A review of the literature identified 41 studies reporting poisoning cases associated with these plants, primarily resulting from berry ingestion. Poisoning typically produces anticholinergic syndrome, underscoring the importance of accurate identification and prompt treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"918-931"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147444640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Decade of Decline: The Decreasing Use of Positive Controls Threatens the Reliability of In vitro Cancer Research.","authors":"Henri van den Berg, Suzanne van Niekerk, Mmbulaheni Happiness Netshimbupfe, Frank van der Kooy","doi":"10.1055/a-2816-1526","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2816-1526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Positive controls are indispensable for validating <i>in vitro</i> cancer bioassays and ensuring reproducibility in cancer drug discovery research. However, evidence suggests their inclusion in <i>in vitro</i> bioassays during drug discovery is declining, undermining assay reliability, reproducibility, and scientific integrity. This mini-review analysed 150 peer-reviewed studies published in 2015, 2020, and 2025 (50 from each year) to evaluate trends in positive control usage within cytotoxicity assays targeting cancer cell lines. Results indicate that only 52% (2015) and 54% (2020) of studies included appropriate positive controls; however, this dropped to a worrying 32% in 2025. The omission was most pronounced in natural product research and studies using high-throughput assays, such as MTT. In addition, reporting of dose-response parameters (e.g., IC₅₀) decreased from 26% to only 16% across the decade. These findings highlight a systemic erosion of methodological rigor, likely driven by publication pressure, limited resources, and a lack of standardised protocols. We recommend the mandatory inclusion of validated positive controls, transparent reporting of preparation and storage conditions, and journal-level enforcement of experimental standards. Reinforcing these practices will improve reproducibility, comparability, and ultimately the translatability of preclinical cancer research outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"869-875"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Photometric and LC Assay Methods for Hydroxyanthracene Glycosides Determination in Senna Herbal Drugs and Dry Extracts.","authors":"Samuel Peter, Alexander Schenk, Heidemarie Höwer-Fritzen, Anke Steuber, Evelyn Wolfram, Bruno Wagner, Barbara Steinhoff","doi":"10.1055/a-2828-2181","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2828-2181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Herbal preparations of <i>Senna</i> leaves or fruits are commonly used as laxatives. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) sets a daily dose of 10 - 30 mg for the hydroxyanthracene glycosides (HAG) determined by spectrophotometry. A recent revision of the European Pharmacopoeia monographs on <i>Senna</i> replaced the photometric assay with HPLC. The new method offers improved reproducibility and specificity but results in lower content, while the dose recommendation in the EMA monograph still refers to the photometric determination.</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The systematic difference between the photometric and the HPLC method has been studied in a collaborative inter-laboratory trial by seven participating quality control laboratories. The goal was to compare precision and reproducibility and ideally to derive a conversion factor. The HAG determination by spectrophotometry according to the method from Ph. Eur. Edition 8.3. was compared to the HPLC assay according to the new method for <i>Senna</i> leaves or pods (Ph. Eur. Ed. 10.1).</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The photometric method showed a low inter-laboratory reproducibility of about ± 28% (RSD) but an intra-laboratory precision of around 2%, while the HPLC method showed an inter-laboratory precision of around ± 10% and an intra-laboratory precision of 1.5%.</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Assay values obtained by HPLC were about 90% of the values of the photometric method, but this relation seems to be sample dependent. Because of its dependency on the raw material, a simple conversion factor between the two methods is not yet satisfying, but an additional method-specific dose recommendation for the EMA monographs is proposed by the authors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"1041-1048"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147390637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Two-dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination of Flavonoids in Complex Plant Extracts.","authors":"Danil I Falev, Anna V Faleva, Alexandra A Onuchina, Ilya S Voronov, Nikolay V Ulyanovskii, Dmitry S Kosyakov","doi":"10.1055/a-2838-1141","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2838-1141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants with high biologically active properties. Their determination in plant extracts (medicinal, edible, and other plants, as well as products made from them) with a complex chemical composition is a difficult task and requires effective separation of the components. In this study, a new approach to the determination of 18 flavonoids in plant extracts using reversed-phase comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC×LC-UV) is proposed. The approach has been successfully tested on various plant raw materials: above-ground parts of bog rosemary, bog bilberry, bilberry, lingonberry, and cranberry, as well as aspen and apricot knots. It was found that aspen knots are a rich source of aromadendrin and naringenin and their derivatives, while apricot knots are a rich source of catechin and epicatechin, and bog rosemary is a rich source of quercetin glycosides-hyperoside, reinoutrin, and avicularin. The approach for isolation of pure hyperoside, reinoutrin, and avicularin from bog rosemary extract by preparative HPLC was proposed. Other phenolic compounds of the studied plant extracts were classified (by LC×LC-MS/MS) as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, iridoids, and flavonoids. The developed approaches are promising for bioprospecting of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in various plant materials. It can also be used for quality control of medicinal, edible, and other plants, as well as products made from them.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"1049-1059"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Passiflora Species in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Lesly Lizeth Bareño Ariza, Mario Francisco Guerrero","doi":"10.1055/a-2815-8173","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2815-8173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a major global health challenge, underscoring the need for novel, accessible, and effective therapeutic strategies. This review critically evaluates the phytochemical composition and cardioprotective potential of the <i>Passiflora</i> species, summarizes the mechanisms of action of their principal bioactive compounds, and identifies key research gaps hindering clinical translation. With over 500 species distributed worldwide, many <i>Passiflora</i> plants are traditionally used in herbal medicine. Preclinical evidence suggests that compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, and triterpenoid saponins exert cardioprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, vasodilation, blood pressure regulation, endothelial function improvement, and autonomic nervous system modulation. However, these findings are largely based on a limited number of species, often using non-standardized extracts, and lack comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses and clinical validation. Endemic <i>Passiflora</i> species remain underexplored, despite their potential to yield novel compounds with enhanced bioactivity. This review emphasizes the need for extract standardization, robust pharmacokinetic studies, and the integration of omics technologies and molecular modeling to accelerate compound discovery and development. Overall, <i>Passiflora</i> species contain promising bioactive molecules with significant <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> cardioprotective effects. Nonetheless, rigorous and standardized research, including clinical trials, is essential to fully assess their therapeutic value and support their integration into evidence-based cardiovascular care.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"876-890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146213551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticandidal and Antibiofilm Activity of the Essential Oils from the Leaves of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis.","authors":"Maria Alyce Albuquerque Fernandes, Francisca Lidiane Linhares de Aguiar, Pedro Henrique Lima Rodrigues, Marcílio Dimateus Lima Torres Martins, Elnatan Bezerra de Souza, Jean Parcelli Costa do Vale, Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues, Erika Helena Salles de Brito, Raquel Oliveira Dos Santos Fontenelle","doi":"10.1055/a-2809-7206","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2809-7206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong><i>Candida albicans</i> is an opportunistic pathogen whose virulence factors, such as polymorphism and biofilm formation, facilitate infection. Due to rising antifungal resistance, essential oils (EOs) from <i>Citrus limon</i> and <i>Citrus sinensis</i> are being investigated for their antimicrobial potential. This study analyzes the chemical composition, antifungal activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> in planktonic and biofilm forms, cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes, and pharmacokinetic properties of <i>Citrus limon</i> and <i>Citrus sinensis</i> essential oils. The essential oils were extracted from the leaves by hydrodistillation, and their composition was analyzed by GC-MS. Antifungal activity was assessed using broth microdilution and time-kill kinetics. Combined effects were assessed using checkerboard assays, while antibiofilm tests were evaluated using polystyrene plate assays and microscopy. Hemolytic activity tests were performed using percentage hemolysis. <i>C. limon</i> essential oil had limonene 40.8%, <i>β</i>-pinene 16.5%, and citronellal 12.3%, while <i>C. sinensis</i> had limonene 36.7%, <i>β</i>-pinene 14.6%, and eucalyptol 10.5% as its main constituents. The MIC was 0.312 - 1.25 mg/mL, with kill kinetics of up to 10 h. It showed additive effects for <i>C. limon</i>/fluconazole and synergistic effects for <i>C. sinensis</i>/fluconazole. It exhibited anti-adhesion and anti-polymorphism effects, inhibiting biofilm formation. It also exhibited low cytotoxicity, with an LC₅₀ of 14 000 µg/mL for <i>C. limon</i> and 13 000 µg/mL for <i>C. sinensis</i>. ADMET and BOILED-egg pharmacokinetic predictions indicated safety for systemic use, with caution for topical application of limonene, citronellal, and eucalyptol. Both EOs exhibited strong anti-<i>Candida</i> activity with minimal cytotoxicity. Its additive/synergistic effects with fluconazole highlight its potential as an alternative or adjuvant therapy against <i>C. albicans</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"901-913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Lemongrass Essential Oil Cymbopogon citratus on the Contractility and Electrical Activity of the Guinea Pig Heart.","authors":"Grazielle Ribeiro de Queiroz Pinheiro, Thalyan Oliveira Malheiro, Leisiane Pereira Marques, Fabiana da Silva Alcântara, Ivan Lobo de Sousa Marques, Maycon Douglas Marques, Danilo Roman-Campos, Artur Santos-Miranda, José Marcos Teixeira de Alencar Filho, Antonio Nei Santana Gondim","doi":"10.1055/a-2817-4124","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2817-4124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Previous studies have highlighted the effects of lemongrass essential oil (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>) on the cardiovascular system, particularly its hypotensive and vasodilatory properties. Given the heart's crucial role in blood pressure regulation, this study aimed to investigate the impact of lemongrass essential oil (EOCC) on cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and voltage-gated ion channel currents. Chemical analysis of EOCC, conducted through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, identified geranial (39.9%) and neral (27.4%) as the primary components. The effect of EOCC on cardiac contractility was assessed using isolated guinea pig atria. The results showed that EOCC decreased both the contraction amplitude and the frequency of spontaneous atrial contraction in a concentration-dependent manner (IC₅₀ values of 106.8 µg/mL, 95% CI=78.9 to 133 µg/mL and 258.4 µg/mL, 95% CI=202.7 to 443.2 µg/mL n = 5 - 8, respectively). Notably, EOCC exhibited arrhythmogenic activity, since it induced spontaneous contractions in isolated atrial preparations. Additionally, in an arrhythmia model induced by ouabain, EOCC significantly reduced the time to arrhythmia onset by 67.8% (n = 4). To further explore the mechanisms of the essential oil in atrial excitability, we employed the patch-clamp technique on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes to examine EOCC's effects on the L-type calcium current (I_Ca-L). The human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) transiently expressing human Na_V 1.5 was used to study the effects on cardiac sodium currents (I_Na). EOCC reduced the peak amplitude of both I_Na and I_Ca-L in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 299.7 µg/mL (95% CI=241.5 to 358 µg/mL, n = 6 - 7) for I_Na and 132.8 µg/mL (95% CI=71 to 173.8, n = 9) for I_Ca-L. In conclusion, the negative inotropic of EOCC may significantly contribute to its hypotensive effects. However, the association of relatively low concentrations of EOCC with cardiac arrhythmias raises concerns about its medicinal use.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"980-992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eupafolin in Nature and Science: Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Analytical Methods, and Potential Multifaceted Applications.","authors":"Olusesan Ojo, Gerhard Prinsloo","doi":"10.1055/a-2803-8122","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2803-8122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Eupafolin (nepetin) is a bioactive flavonoid with a flavone backbone and hydroxyl groups contributing to its pharmacological properties. It is found in various medicinal plants and has garnered significant attention due to its biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects. This review explores eupafolin's natural occurrence, chemical structure, and biosynthetic pathway, highlighting its roles in different scientific domains, including pharmacology, pharmaceutical nanotechnology, and agriculture. Research data on eupafolin were sourced from databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed, up to April 2025, resulting in over 100 electronic references. Eupafolin shows promise in drug development and green nanoparticle synthesis, supporting eco-friendly nanomedicine and material science applications. Beyond the biomedical benefits of this flavone, its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties also indicate potential use in plant protection and stress tolerance enhancement. Despite its pharmacological benefits, studies on eupafolin's direct toxicity and safety are lacking, with toxicity mainly observed in cultured cancer cells, suggesting chemotherapeutic potential. Thus, robust <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies are needed to determine its safety profile for drug development. Overall, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of eupafolin's occurrence, chemistry, derivatives, biosynthesis, and applications, emphasizing its potential in medicine, pharmaceutical nanotechnology, and agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"932-944"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japanese Pearl Tree (Styphnolobium japonicum): An Exploration of Its Health Benefits.","authors":"Magdalena Paczkowska-Walendowska, Zuzanna Rybarczyk, Maria Raniszewska, Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka, Judyta Cielecka-Piontek","doi":"10.1055/a-2817-4235","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2817-4235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Japanese pearl tree (<i>Styphnolobium japonicum</i>), an ornamental species native to East Asia, has long been valued in traditional Chinese medicine and is now gaining renewed attention for its multifaceted pharmacological potential. This review synthesizes the current knowledge of its bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids such as genistein, rutoside, quercetin, and sophoricoside, and their broad-spectrum biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and wound-healing effects. These phytochemicals contribute to protective mechanisms against oxidative stress, skin photoaging, osteoporosis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Emerging evidence also supports their role in managing neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, alopecia, and postmenopausal symptoms. Despite its promise, the clinical translation of <i>S. japonicum</i> remains limited by gaps in safety, pharmacokinetic characterization, and standardized extraction protocols. Looking ahead, integrative approaches combining phytochemistry, pharmacogenomics, and advanced biotechnology are expected to unlock its full therapeutic potential. By bridging traditional use with precision medicine and sustainable bioprocessing, <i>S. japonicum</i> stands as a prospective source of next-generation plant-based therapeutics for modern healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":20127,"journal":{"name":"Planta medica","volume":" ","pages":"996-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}