Phytochemical Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Coumarins in the Flavedo of Citrus limon Varieties-Ethanol and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extractions With HPLC-DAD Quantification.","authors":"Fabian Alperth, Bettina Pogrilz, Astrid Schrammel, Franz Bucar","doi":"10.1002/pca.3499","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Peels are an abundant but still underutilized waste product in the Citrus fruit industry. They contain coumarins with antiadipogenic potential that could be promising targets in new valorization strategies for Citrus peels.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this study, these coumarins, that is, citropten, bergamottin, and 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin (5G7MC), were investigated in Citrus limon peels of different commercial varieties by HPLC-DAD after extraction with ethanol and choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as alternative extraction agents in green natural product extraction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Target coumarins were almost exclusively found in the flavedo (exocarp) peel layer and in whole peel samples, but not in the albedo (mesocarp) layer. Flavedo samples from varieties \"Verdelli\" (ES) and \"Lisbon\" (ZA) showed particularly high concentrations in ethanolic extracts. When applying NADES extraction, best results for citropten were achieved with malonic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and citric acid as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), with higher yields than the reference solvent ethanol. For bergamottin and 5G7MC, promising results were obtained for 1,2-propanediol as HBD, though lower yields than with ethanol. The possible chlorination of coumarin epoxides byakangelicol and oxypeucedanin was recognized for acidic NADES in LC-MS analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, C. limon peels proved to be a relevant starting material for valorization through coumarin extraction with ethanol and NADES.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1141-1152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12129719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Major Bioactive Component of Silybum marianum in Nutricosmetics by a HPLC Method With Amperometric Detection and UAE Pretreatment.","authors":"Lucía Abad-Gil, M Jesús Gismera, M Teresa Sevilla, Jesús R Procopio","doi":"10.1002/pca.3478","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nutricosmetics derived from Silybum marianum, known for their anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties, necessitate accurate quantification of silybin, a key bioactive component.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to develop a novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with amperometric detection (HPLC-ECD) for the precise determination of silybin. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure is also established for solid sample preparation prior to chromatographic analysis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Chromatographic separation of silybin was performed on a C18 column and using methanol-0.035 M potassium phosphate (pH 4.0) at 1.0 mL min^-1 flow rate as mobile phase in gradient mode. The electrochemical detection (ECD) of silybin was carried out on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at +1.10 V versus Ag/AgCl. The UAE procedure for silybin extraction from solid samples was performed by 15 min sonication in an ultrasonic bath (80 kHz and 100% power) at room temperature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under the optimal chromatographic conditions, silybin diastereoisomers (silybin A and silybin B) can be separated from other S. marianum flavonolignans in less than 20 min, with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.060 mg L^-1 and a reproducibility (RSD) of 5%. This method was successfully applied to analyze silymarin-containing products with recoveries close to 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work presents the first HPLC method for silybin determination using an amperometric detector with a GCE. The LOD is competitive in comparison with previously published HPLC-DAD methods. This HPLC-ECD method allows silybin diastereoisomers identification without interferences of other flavonolignans present in silymarin extracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"934-942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12129713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPLC Fingerprint Combined With Chemometrics and Multicomponent Content Determination for Quality Evaluation and Control of Huangma Tincture.","authors":"Jing Qiu, Jie Li, Si-Yang Shang, Peng Zhou, Jing Leng","doi":"10.1002/pca.3487","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Huangma Tincture (HMT) is a Chinese patent medicine with a history of clinical use for more than 60 years, widely used for treating dermal chronic ulcer such as diabetic foot ulcer. However, the overall quality evaluation and control method of HMT has not yet been researched.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to establish a comprehensive quality evaluation and control method for HMT based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint, chemometrics, and multicomponent content determination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Establishing chemical fingerprint of HMT and carrying out similarity analysis comprehensively reflect the consistency of the formulation in terms of chemical composition. Chemometrics analyses, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were performed to identify components crucial to quality differences. The content of five potential bioactive ingredients (brucine, strychnine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine hydrochloride) was determined as a supplementary quality control measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HPLC fingerprint of HMT with similarity index > 0.990 was established, in which five common compounds (brucine, strychnine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine hydrochloride) were identified. HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA results, validated through 200 permutation tests, were basically consistent. The contents of brucine, strychnine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine hydrochloride in 20 batches of HMT samples were 0.2088-0.5556, 0.2599-0.9868, 0.1358-0.2092, 0.2634-0.6843, and 1.8301-2.7826 mg/mL, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometrics and multicomponent content determination considering both effect and toxicity provides a robust method for the comprehensive quality evaluation and control of HMT.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1002-1016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Vegetable Waste Byproducts of Selected Cultivars of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. by an Integrated LC-(HR)MS and ¹H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach.","authors":"Maria Assunta Crescenzi, Antonietta Cerulli, Milena Masullo, Paola Montoro, Sonia Piacente","doi":"10.1002/pca.3488","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The metabolome of plants is influenced by various factors, especially environmental, as the season in which they are grown. So, distinct varieties of the identical plant might show an increase or decrease in metabolites. The diversity of content of primary and secondary metabolites can also determine the variation in their biological properties. Due to the current occurrence of various fennel varieties, the crop can now be grown for the entire year.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This work used an integrated approach of LC/MS and NMR analysis to characterize the metabolome of fennel waste of different varieties by multivariate statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The extracts were investigated by NMR and LC/MS analysis to focus attention on the primary and secondary metabolites. Both LC-HRMS and NMR data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ¹H-NMR analysis led to the identification of 15 primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic acid derivatives. The secondary metabolites identified by LC/MS analysis mainly belong to the phenolic, lipid, and fatty acid compounds classes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This integrated approach guarantees a precise and complete overview of the variations in the metabolic expression of the fennel varieties grown in different seasons.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1017-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12129718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Markers of Fufang Shenqi Oral Liquid Based on Integrated Fingerprint Analysis, Chemical Pattern Recognition, and Quantification.","authors":"Yingqi Zhang, Yangling Li, Yanwei Cheng, Huiling Nan, Yuqiang Wu, Hongtao Chen, Xuejian Li, Yudong Luo, Anqiang Tan, Qing Chen","doi":"10.1002/pca.3489","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fufang Shenqi Oral Liquid (FFSQOL) is an important Chinese medicine compound preparation with a wide range of clinical applications, which is mainly used to regulate immune function, improve cardiovascular function, and have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. At present, it is of great importance to establish the quality evaluation method of FFSQOL and to investigate its quality markers (Q-markers).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study is to establish a quality evaluation method for FFSQOL and screen its Q-markers to provide a scientific basis for its quality control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen batches of FFSQOL were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint and similarity analysis. The components of FFSQOL were identified, and their content was determined. This was combined with cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the Q-markers of FFSQOL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, an HPLC fingerprint was established for 14 batches of FFSQOL, identifying 12 common peaks and six major components. Four components were identified as stable and reproducible: gallic acid (504.94 ~ 1219.04 μg/mL), caffeic acid (452.15 ~ 783.01 μg/mL), 7-O-glucoside (1097.72 ~ 2440.41 μg/mL), and formononetin (176.2 ~ 177.51 μg/mL). Quality evaluation of the 14 batches was conducted using chemical pattern recognition analysis. CA results indicated two distinct groups, and PCA revealed that principal components 1 and 2 were the main factors influencing batch differences. A combination of HPLC fingerprint, content determination results, and chemical pattern recognition analysis was employed to identify Q-markers for FFSQOL. The markers identified were gallic acid, caffeic acid, calycosin 7-O-glucoside, and formononetin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, a quality evaluation method for FFSQOL was established through the implementation of fingerprint, content determination, and chemical pattern recognition analysis, resulting in the identification of four Q-Markers of FFSQOL, which laid the foundation for the formulation of FFSQOL quality standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1031-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating UPLC-MS/MS Bioinformatics and In Vivo Experiments Validation to Elucidate the Mechanism of Wenzi Jiedu Decoction in Suppressing Colorectal Cancer.","authors":"Tianqing Sang, Aoshengxiong Liang, Hongli Zhou, Wenli Qiu, Lijing Shi, Hongguang Zhou","doi":"10.1002/pca.3495","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We used ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), bioinformatics, and in vivo experiments to study the anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) effects of Wenzi Jiedu Decoction (WJD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Detected the main components of WJD by UPLC-MS/MS. Obtained WJD targets and CRC targets through the open source database. Analyzed the WJD-CRC targets from a macro perspective by PPI, GO, and KEGG analyses. Validated bioinformatics findings by molecular docking and animal experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study obtained 91 active compounds and 240 targets of WJD. Intersection with CRC genes (GSE32323 388 DEGs, GSE 215510 1253 DEGs), 36 WJD-CRC common targets were obtained. PPI and enrichment analyses indicated WJD exerted anti-CRC effects mainly through the chemokine signaling pathway and apoptosis. Quercetin, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Formononetin, Stigmasterol, and Hederagenin were the main compounds of WJD. CXCL8, BCL-2, BAX, BCL2L1, CASP3, AKT1, and TP53 were the core targets of WJD-CRC. Bulk molecular docking showed that core WJD compounds had good docking activity with WJD-CRC targets. Animal experiments had shown the tumor inhibition rate of the WJD group was 36.53%. WJD could regulate the ratio of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+, reduce the expression of CXCL8, and BCL-2, and increase the expression of BAX.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicated that the potential mechanism of WJD in the prevention and treatment of CRC had the characteristics of the multi-target, multi-path, and multi-system mechanisms, which were mainly related to the regulation of chemokines and the promotion of apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1105-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Evaluation of Wenyujin Rhizoma Concisum From Different Districts in China Based on HPLC, Heracles NEO Ultrafast Gas-Phase Electronic Nose, and FT-NIR.","authors":"Sichen Wang, Kewei Zhang, Xiuqi Gan, Tianfei Ma, Tulin Lu, Chunqin Mao","doi":"10.1002/pca.3506","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wenyujin Rhizoma Concisum, named as Pian Jianghuang (PJH) in China, is the decoction piece from the dried rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chenet C. Ling, has been used to relieve pain for many years in China. However, the qualities of PJH in different districts differ greatly due to their growing environments, which would affect their clinical applications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the qualities of PJH from different districts in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HPLC, Heracles NEO ultrafast gas-phase electronic nose, and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy were applied to estimate the qualities of PJH from different districts in China.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By HPLC, the average contents of neocurdione, curdione, germacrone, and furanodiene were 0.203%, 0.151%, 0.022%, and 0.022% in Fujian (FJ); 0.447%, 0.786%, 0.298%, and 0.276% in Zhejiang (ZJ); 0.082%, 0.259%, 0.038%, and 0.019% in Yunnan (YN); 0.041%, 0.022%, 0.260%, and 0.024% in Guangxi (GX); and 0.026%, 0.091%, 0.260%, and 0.016% in Anhui (AH), respectively. By Heracles NEO ultrafast gas-phase electronic nose, the unique odor components in PJH from FJ, YN, and GX were 1,2,4-thiadiazole,5-ethoxy-3-(trichloromethyl), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, respectively, while ZJ and AH both contained two unique odor components, respectively: pentyl pentanoate and dill ether (ZJ), myrcene, and 2-pentadecanone (AH). Moreover, PJH from above five districts could be discerned quickly by FT-NIR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The application of multidimensional analytical techniques in quality assessment of PJH from different districts in China would provide a new idea for quality control and geographical origin traceability of traditional Chinese materia medica.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1231-1244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Validated Method for Identification and Quantification of Anthocyanins in Different Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC).","authors":"Jyoti Lekha Borah, Soibam Tampha, Robinson C Jose, Sushil K Chaudhary, Sanjay Kumar Chetia, Amrit Tamuly, Nanaocha Sharma, Pulok Kumar Mukherjee, Pardeep K Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1002/pca.3510","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) has gained prominence as a functional food because of its rich content of anthocyanins and polyphenols, offering potential health benefits. However, comprehensive research addressing the diverse anthocyanin compositions in black rice cultivars remains limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to quantify anthocyanin contents, specifically kuromanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside chloride, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside chloride, in 150 rice varieties sourced from the North Eastern Region of India using a robust high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Rice grains of varying colors-black, orange-reddish, and white-were subjected to methanol extraction under dark conditions through cold maceration for 72 h. The resulting extracts underwent separation on HPTLC silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates utilizing an optimized mobile phase of ethyl acetate, 2-butanol, formic acid, and water (9:6:3:3::v/v/v/v).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anthocyanins were found to be present, and they were most visible in white light compared with UV light at 254 and 366 nm. They were analyzed via densitometry under white light illumination in transmission mode following development. Notably, anthocyanins were absent in grains of white and orange-reddish rice varieties, except for specific lines of Joha (JN 71, JN 83, JN 77, and JN 78) and all black rice variants. Among these, BR 15 exhibited the highest kuromanin content (74.14 ± 0.82 μg/mg), while BR8 showcased the highest peonidin-3-glucoside chloride concentration (27.59 ± 0.83 μg/mg).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This comprehensive analysis provides detailed insights into the anthocyanin compositions of 15 significant black rice cultivars, offering crucial data for breeding programs targeting enhanced anthocyanin-rich cultivars and the development of functional foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1268-1277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Metabolomics Strategy Combining Countercurrent Separation and qNMR for the Comprehensive Chemical Evaluation of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Processing.","authors":"Trung Huy Ngo, Yoon-Jin Lee, Hyukjae Choi, Kyung-Sik Song, Kyu Joon Lee, Joo-Won Nam","doi":"10.1002/pca.3483","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) is commonly used in traditional medicine as both raw and processed forms. Raw PMR was prepared into processed PMR via processing procedure; however, there is a lack of standardized protocols ensuring the completeness of processing.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This aims to develop a strategy based on a metabolomics approach for the comprehensive chemical profiling and comparison of raw and processed PMR and establish a basis for PMR processing standardization.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Methanol extracts of raw and processed PMR were fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) with an optimized two-phase solvent system based on the partition coefficient calculated from the shake-flask method to produce primary (1°Ms)- and secondary metabolites (2°Ms)-enriched fractions. These fractions were profiled by 1D and 2D and selective 1D NMR experiments, spectral fitting, and comparison with reference standards. The profiled compounds were quantified via quantitative ¹H NMR (qHNMR) to show the chemical changes, which were correlated with changes in antioxidant effects on H2452 cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A CPC method was developed to efficiently separate 1°Ms- and 2°Ms-enriched fractions. This method achieved high purity of the major stilbene in PMR in a single run. qHNMR effectively quantified four 2°Ms and twenty-one 1°Ms in both raw and processed PMR, including meso-butane-2,3-diol, which was first reported from processed PMR. Changes in chemical composition of PMR because of processing are highly correlated to the increase of antioxidant activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A convenient and cost-effective strategy for the comprehensive chemical profiling of raw and processed PMR was developed by combining countercurrent separation and qHNMR. This approach will contribute to the standardization of medicinal herbal materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"973-984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide Insights Into the Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Dangshen.","authors":"Xuxia Liu, Haitang Ma, Xiaoling Liu, Xin Wang, Zhengjun Chen, Jie Yang, Wenrong Luo, Qin Li, Fude Yang, Fang Li","doi":"10.1002/pca.3492","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dangshen (DS) has been used for hundreds of years as a traditional Chinese medicine. It has a wide range of biological activities. Flavonoids are one of the important bioactive components with strong free radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity in DS. However, the biosynthesis process of flavonoids in DS remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to understand the biosynthesis molecular mechanism of flavonoids in DS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, metabolomics research and transcriptome sequencing for DS were carried out. Transcript and metabolite profiles were generated by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 256 metabolites were identified in the root, stem, leaf, and flower of DS using untargeted metabolomics. Among them, 55 flavonoids, including pinobanksin, butein, fustin, pelargonidin, apigenin, luteolin, and eriodictyol, were closely related to flavonoid metabolism, and most of them were upregulated in different tissues of DS. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes identified by transcriptomics were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, flavone, and flavonol. A number of genes, including ANS, CCOAOMT, CHI, CHS, CYP75B1, CYP75A, CYP93B2_16, CYP98A/C3'H, DFR, F3H, FLS, and HCT, may regulate the production of flavonoids in different tissues of DS. An integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed the flavonoid biosynthetic network in DS and elucidated the diversity of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of DS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings provide a molecular basis and new insights into flavonoid biosynthesis in DS and lay the foundation for breeding new valuable DS cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1063-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}