Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Fungicidal and nematicidal activities of pyrazolopyrimidine against 14 pathogenic fungi and 3 plant nematodes","authors":"Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Siyu Lu,&nbsp;Zongnan Zhu,&nbsp;Tingting Du,&nbsp;Mei Zhu,&nbsp;Jixiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To discover novel fungicides or lead compounds, the fungicidal activities of some pyrazolopyrimidine compounds were evaluated. The results showed that compounds <strong>R13</strong> and <strong>R14</strong> exhibited the broadest-spectrum fungicidal activities. At a concentration of 50 mg/L, they showed over 90 % growth inhibition against 13 fungi. In particular, the EC₅₀ values of compounds <strong>R13</strong> and <strong>R14</strong> against <em>Botryosphaeria dothidea</em> (<em>B. dothidea</em>) were 2.3 and 1.1 mg/L, respectively, both superior to the commercial fungicide azoxystrobin (18.7 mg/L). Compound <strong>R14</strong> not only disrupted the surface morphology of <em>B. dothidea</em> hyphae, but also caused cytoplasmic content leakage and increased membrane permeability by damaging the cell membrane. Compound <strong>R7</strong> also exhibited excellent nematicidal activities against <em>Aphelenchoides besseyi</em> (<em>A. besseyi</em>), <em>Ditylenchus destructor</em> (<em>D. destructor</em>), and <em>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</em> (<em>B. xylophilus</em>). Therefore, pyrazolopyrimidine compounds are promising scaffolds for developing novel agrochemicals with dual fungicidal and nematicidal properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus infection alters Extrachromosomal circular DNA profiles and may contribute to the current understanding of begomoviral genome dynamics and disease complexity","authors":"Siva Malaiyarasan ,&nbsp;Nithyasree Selvakumar ,&nbsp;Jeyalakshmi Karanthamalai ,&nbsp;Ashirbad Guria,&nbsp;Aparna Chodon,&nbsp;Gopal Pandi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is chromosomal byproducts that influence genome dynamics. While their biogenesis in plants remains only partially understood, factors such as stress and adaptation appear to modulate their abundance. We hypothesize that viral infections impose physiological stress, triggering genomic responses—including altered gene expression, epigenetic modifications, and structural variations—that may promote eccDNA formation. Viral proteins such as Rep, AC2/C2, AC4/C4, and chromatin-modulating proteins with DNase activity may contribute to this process. In this study, we investigated virus-induced eccDNA in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em> plants infiltrated with infectious clones of Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV). DNA was isolated from both wild-type and symptomatic plants, enriched for eccDNA, and subjected to rolling circle amplification (RCA), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and analysis through a custom bioinformatics pipeline designed to exclude genomic, organellar, and viral DNA. Our analysis revealed virus-induced eccDNAs carrying host genes that may support viral infection, suggesting that the virus may manipulate host genome architecture. Interestingly, several eccDNA candidates from BYVMV-infected samples harbored the geminiviral nonanucleotide sequence, implicating its potential role in disease progression and enhanced viral acquisition. These findings provide novel insights into plant-virus interactions, highlighting the dual role of eccDNA in host defense and viral manipulation, and laying the foundation for future studies into eccDNA's role in plant stress responses and adaptive mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing Fusarium graminearum strains for sensitivity to Tebuconazole fungicide and host responses by biochemical and molecular screening","authors":"Katkuri Balakrishna ,&nbsp;Hanan Anjum Bhat ,&nbsp;Massarat Fatima ,&nbsp;Sristishila Baruah ,&nbsp;Nagabushanam Jangam ,&nbsp;Sivasamy Murugasamy ,&nbsp;Ragiba Makandar","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Fusarium graminearum</em> is the chief causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in cereal crops. The study aimed at identifying Tebuconazole-resistant and sensitive <em>F. graminearum</em> strains and host responses using <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>-<em>F. graminearum</em> interaction through biochemical and gene expression studies. Thirty-two fungal isolates isolated from FHB-infected wheat spikes were confirmed as <em>F. graminearum</em> members by molecular and phylogenetic analyses<em>.</em> All 32 strains were screened for sensitivity to Tebuconazole at the effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 2.5 ppm, determined using the control strain, Z-3639. Based on percent growth inhibition, the fungal strains were grouped into 5 highly resistant (HR), 7 resistant (R), 11 sensitive (S) and 9 highly sensitive (HS) strains. Assessing Tebuconazole effect on 8 strains, representing 2 from each group showed varying levels of mycelial and conidial malformation. Two strains– TN1-3 (HR) and TN3-4 (HS) and the control strain tested for the expression of Tebuconazole-responsive gene, CYP-51A showed up-regulation in fungicide-treated HR strain compared to fungicide-treated HS strain and the controls indicating it as the potential fungal target. Analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) staining in plants challenged with fungicide treated HR and HS strains showed lesser accumulation compared to the plants challenged with Tebuconazole-untreated HR and HS strains revealing reduced fungal virulence due to fungicide treatment. Similarly the biochemical responses in terms of chlorophyll estimation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase assays also correlated with the defense gene expression in plants challenged with fungicide–treated <em>F. graminearum</em> strains highlighting defense activation against <em>F. graminearum</em> and the results are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonates and bicarbonates: A sustainable approach for managing plant diseases, pests, and abiotic stresses","authors":"Muharrem Türkkan ,&nbsp;Göksel Özer ,&nbsp;Parissa Taheri ,&nbsp;Sibel Derviş","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing global food demand necessitates sustainable agricultural practices that minimize environmental impact while ensuring high yields. Synthetic pesticides, while crucial for crop protection, raise concerns about environmental contamination, resistance development, and harm to non-target organisms. Carbonates and bicarbonates (e.g., NaHCO₃, KHCO₃, CaCO₃) offer a promising, Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) alternative for integrated pest and disease management and abiotic stress mitigation. These compounds exhibit broad-spectrum efficacy against diverse fungal, oomycete, bacterial, and insect pathogens, including the clubroot protist (<em>Plasmodiophora brassicae</em>). Their direct antimicrobial mechanisms involve disrupting pathogen cell membranes and walls, inducing osmotic stress, and altering pH, which leads to pathogen death. Beyond direct toxicity, carbonates and bicarbonates also elicit plant defenses, inducing systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and stimulating defense enzymes (e.g., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase). Furthermore, they enhance soil health by raising pH, improving nutrient availability, structure, and water retention, while reducing heavy metal bioavailability. These soil improvements increase plant resilience to drought, salinity, and metal toxicity, with potential benefits also arising from improved stomatal regulation. Recent advancements have introduced carbonate nanoparticles as nano-fungicides and biostimulants, offering enhanced efficacy at lower application rates. Integrating carbonates/bicarbonates into Integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in combination with biocontrol agents and other beneficial salts, demonstrates synergistic effects and reduces reliance on conventional pesticides. However, further research is needed to elucidate detailed molecular mechanisms, assess long-term soil impacts, optimize application methods (e.g., foliar sprays, soil amendments, nanoformulations), and evaluate compatibility with other agrochemicals. Addressing these knowledge gaps will enable the full potential of these sustainable compounds for resilient and food-secure agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient therapies: Boosting plant immunity for a sustainable future","authors":"Mohamed S. Attia ,&nbsp;Amer M. Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Mostafa I. Abdelglil ,&nbsp;Amr H. Hashem ,&nbsp;Eslam K. Kandil ,&nbsp;Eslam O. Elsawwah ,&nbsp;Mohammed S. Helal ,&nbsp;Salah M. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Mustafa A. Nouh ,&nbsp;Maryam M. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Ali ,&nbsp;Mohamed Soliman Dora ,&nbsp;Hossam H. Saeed ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Nofel","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abiotic conditions like drought, salt, and severe temperatures, as well as biotic stresses like fungal, bacterial, and viral infections, are progressively reducing plant productivity. The physiological processes of plants are disturbed, immunological signaling is impaired, and infection susceptibility is increased because of these stresses. Recent advances highlight the significant role of plant nutrition in enhancing both innate immunity and stress resilience. Nutrients influence plant defense mechanisms through multiple pathways: strengthening physical barriers like cell walls and cuticles, modulating antioxidant enzyme systems to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulating hormonal signals such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and promoting the synthesis of secondary metabolites including phytoalexins and phenolics. Macro- and micronutrientsincluding nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and selenium (Se)serve not only as essential metabolic components but also as signaling agents that trigger or prime defense responses. Moreover, certain nutrients exhibit direct biocidal activity or act as elicitors even in the absence of pathogens. The rhizosphere microbiome is influenced by nutrients, according to emerging research. Nutrients promote interactions with beneficial microorganisms, such as PGPRs and mycorrhizae, which further enhance immunity. A recentreview on nutrient-induced resistance is highlighted in this review, which also highlights nutrient management as a long-term substitute for chemical pesticides. Integrating nutritional techniques into agricultural production systems can improve plant health, increase yield stability, and promote ecologically responsible agriculture, particularly in the face of climate change and soil degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing tomato immunity against root-knot nematodes using PGPF and Melithorin® through biochemical and molecular approaches","authors":"Mohamed S. Attia ,&nbsp;Amer M. Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Mostafa I. Abdelglil ,&nbsp;Eslam K. Kandil ,&nbsp;Muge Ergun ,&nbsp;Salah M. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Maryam M. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Noha M. Ashry ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Nofel","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article focused on assessing the biocontrol effectiveness of four plant growth-promoting fungal (PGPF) species—<em>Verticillium lecanii</em>, <em>Penicillium buchwaldii</em>, <em>Alternaria photistica</em>, and <em>Aspergillus niger</em>—alongside the commercial formulation Melithorin®(fosthiazate 90 %), against the root-knot nematode <em>Meloidogyne incognita</em> in tomato plants. Laboratory bioassays demonstrated that Melithorin® had the most potent nematocidal effect, causing 94 % juvenile mortality after 96 h. Among the fungal isolates, <em>A. niger</em> showed the highest activity (92.6 %). Under greenhouse conditions, Melithorin® significantly reduced root gall formation and juvenile nematode populations by 96.6 % and 84.9 %, respectively. The fungal treatments also exhibited suppressive effects, with <em>V. lecanii</em> and <em>A. niger</em> performing better than <em>P. buchwaldii</em> and <em>A. photistica</em>. Chemical analysis using gaschromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of several bioactive metabolites in ethyl acetate extracts of the fungal isolates. Noteworthy compounds included 1H-benzotriazole, 5-nitro in <em>V. lecanii</em>; desulphosinigrin in <em>P. buchwaldii</em>; and a shared phenolic compound—2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol]—in both <em>A. photistica</em> and <em>A. niger</em>. These metabolites are likely contributors to the observed nematocidal activity. Biochemical assessments of the treated tomato plants indicated that nematode infestation triggered oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels. Applications of PGPF and Melithorin® alleviated this stress by significantly lowering MDA and H₂O₂ content, while enhancing total phenolics and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes.</div><div>Furthermore, isozyme profiling revealed increased expression of PPO isoforms, particularly PPO2, PPO3, and PPO4, with the highest intensities observed in plants treated with Melithorin®.In summary, Melithorin® proved to be the most effective agent in reducing nematode damage and activating plant defense responses. PGPF showed promising potential, both in suppressing nematodes and enhancing the plant's biochemical resistance mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome: What if the next green revolution is microbial?","authors":"Shraddha Bhaskar Sawant ,&nbsp;Debasis Mitra ,&nbsp;Repudi Shalem Raju ,&nbsp;Ingle Sagar Nandulal ,&nbsp;S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan ,&nbsp;Archana Dhole ,&nbsp;Prachi Singh ,&nbsp;Priya Bhargava ,&nbsp;Devanshu Dev ,&nbsp;Suresh Patil ,&nbsp;A. Srinivasaraghvan ,&nbsp;J.N. Srivastava ,&nbsp;A.P. Bhagat","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The manipulation of soil microbiomes has historically been integral to agriculture. Today, microbiomes are recognized as a foundation for the next green revolution, offering sustainable solutions to address rising food demands and environmental challenges. As global food demand continues to rise, there is an urgent need to enhance agricultural productivity through sustainable approaches that reduce dependence on agrochemicals. However, environmental stressors like drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures contribute to significant crop losses, threatening food security. The plant microbiome plays a critical yet often overlooked role in regulating plant health by influencing nutrient cycling, pathogen suppression, and stress tolerance. Advances in phytomicrobiome engineering (PME) and synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) offer innovative strategies to enhance plant-microbe interactions for improved crop resilience. Integrating multi-omics technologies, gene editing and microbiome manipulation have deepened our understanding of plant microbe dynamics, enabling microbiome-based solutions for biofortification and biological control towards sustainable agriculture. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in translating microbiome research into practical applications. However, by harnessing microbial diversity and engineering beneficial interactions, microbiome-driven agriculture holds the potential to revolutionize food production. This review highlights the hidden yet transformative role of plant microbiomes in shaping the future of sustainable farming, balancing productivity with environmental resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola and screening of M. oryzae using recombinase polymerase amplification","authors":"Leidy Rusinque ,&nbsp;Snehalatha Pasupuleti ,&nbsp;Carla Maleita ,&nbsp;M. Lurdes Inácio ,&nbsp;Vishal Singh Somvanshi ,&nbsp;Eugénia de Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Meloidogyne graminicola</em> (<em>Mg</em>), also known as the rice root-knot nematode (RRKN), is a devastating pest in rice production, leading to significant yield losses in affected regions. Therefore, early and accurate detection of <em>Mg</em> is critical for timely intervention and effective management. Although molecular DNA-based methods for <em>Mg</em> detection and identification are accessible and reliable, they require skilled technicians, specialized equipment, and expensive laboratory facilities, and are not suitable for on-site detection. In this study, a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) assay was developed for the rapid and accurate detection of <em>Mg</em> targeting a Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR). Our optimized RPA assay -TwistAmp Basic and TwistAmp exo (TwistDx, Cambridge, UK) - successfully screened <em>M. oryzae</em> and identified <em>Mg</em> directly from crude extracts of second-stage juveniles (J2), eliminating the need for complex DNA extraction steps. Using a dilution series of crude nematode extracts combined with real-time fluorescent detection, our RPA assay achieved an accurate result within 8 min, successfully identifying a single second-stage juvenile (J2) of <em>Mg</em> in mixed populations containing non-target species at ratios as low as 1:9. Additionally, <em>M. oryzae</em> amplified with a significant delay (14 min) and remained below the baseline (50 dRn), allowing a clear distinction from <em>Mg</em> and serving as initial screening of this species. This ultra-fast, sensitive, and user-friendly method presents a game-changing tool for early and on-site detection of <em>Mg</em>, paving the way for more effective nematode management strategies in rice cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102790"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated use of chitosan and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigates Verticillium dahliae infection in Tomato: Comparison with conventional fertilization","authors":"Fatima-Ezzahra Soussani ,&nbsp;Youssef Ait Hamdan ,&nbsp;Youssef Ait rahou ,&nbsp;Mohamed Rhazi ,&nbsp;Allal Douira ,&nbsp;Rachid Benkirane ,&nbsp;Abdelilah Meddich","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of chitosan and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M) (Ch), individually or combined, in enhancing tomato resistance to <em>Verticillium dahliae</em> (V) compared to conventional chemical fertilizer (NPK). The application of biostimulants reduced the progression of disease symptoms and lowered the leaf alteration index as well as the severity and incidence of Verticillium wilt compared to the control. Specifically, the combination of chitosan, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and <em>Verticillium dahliae</em> (ChMV) reduced the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final mean severity (FMS) by 50.42 % and 49.46 %, respectively in comparison with control. Furthermore, ChMV treatment improved photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll <em>a</em> (196.5 %), chlorophyll <em>b</em> (155.4 %), and total chlorophyll (173.2 %), respectively. Additionally, the biostimulants helped maintain higher total soluble sugar (TSS), proline and protein levels. ChMV protected the photosynthetic machinery, alleviated the deleterious effects of stress markers and enhanced the activity of antioxidant system. These included ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (50.11 %), peroxidase (POX) (286.10 %) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (186.30 %). Notably, the SOD activity showed the highest increase in the MV treatment (165.02 %), followed by ChMV (145.6 %) and ChV (97.1 %), in comparison with control (V). Chitosan and M applied alone or in combination, proved to be a promising strategy for strengthening the antioxidant defense systems and mitigating the progression of plant diseases in tomato plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of multiplex PCR protocols for simultaneous detection of Alternaria padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae and Ustilaginoidea virens in rice seed","authors":"Pardeep Kumar,&nbsp;Jameel Akhtar,&nbsp;Bharat Raj Meena,&nbsp;Raj Kiran,&nbsp;Ritu Tiwari,&nbsp;V Celia Chalam","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice, a staple crop sustaining over half of the global population, is widely cultivated and traded as crop as well as exchanged globally in the form of germplasm. This crop is particularly susceptible to seed-borne fungal pathogens such as <em>Alternaria padwickii</em>, <em>Bipolaris oryzae</em>, <em>Pyricularia oryzae</em> and <em>Ustilaginoidea virens</em>, which pose significant threats to seed health, conservation, and transboundary movement. To address these risks, we developed robust two multiplex PCR protocols capable of simultaneously detecting <em>A. padwickii, B. oryzae</em> and <em>P. oryzae</em> and <em>A. padwickii, P. oryzae</em> and <em>U. virens</em> using specific primer sets: ApEF-1F&amp;1R designed from translation elongation factor 1 (EF 1) region of <em>A. padwickii</em>, BoSP7-F&amp;R designed from ATCC 44560 unplaced genomic scaffold_136 of <em>B. oryzae</em>, PoM-1F&amp;1R designed from <em>hydrophobin-like protein</em> (<em>MPG1</em>) gene region of <em>P. oryzae</em> and UvP-1F&amp;1R designed from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of <em>U. virens</em>. These primers amplified distinct target sequences of 175, 325, 520, and 240 bp, respectively, with an optimal annealing temperature of 62°C. Sensitivity test revealed that the primers detect only target pathogens at concentration of DNA as low as 0.1 ng μl⁻¹ of each pathogen, demonstrating high specificity. These findings aim to provide a robust tool for ensuring seed health testing, potentially improving disease management, reducing post-harvest losses, and supporting disease-free long-term conservation, seed certification, and expediting quick quarantine processing of rice seed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 102786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}