Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of morphological and genomic variation in Attakkari rice for selection of blast-resistant lines","authors":"Kishanthan Anantharasa ,&nbsp;Suvanthini Terensan ,&nbsp;Gajapathy Kanapathy ,&nbsp;Ponnegipprenthiraraja Antonyrajah","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional rice landraces remain vital for food security and cultural identity, yet their use in breeding is constrained by insufficient characterization. This study comprehensively evaluated <em>Attakkari,</em> a prominent local cultivar in Northern Sri Lanka, focusing on its genetic diversity, agronomic traits, and blast resistance potential. Farmer surveys (n = 119) revealed that <em>Attakkari</em> is highly valued for yield (2500–3150 kg/acre), favorable taste, grain quality, and strong local market demand, with 95.79 % reporting consistently high preference. Despite concerns of blast susceptibility noted by 65 % of farmers, cultivation persists due to adaptability and cultural significance. Morphological analysis of seed samples identified ten clusters based on grain traits, from which nine morphotypes were selected for further study. Image sensing using RGB and grayscale intensities differentiated subtle pericarp variations into four sub-groups. ITS sequencing confirmed high genetic similarity (98.5–100 %) among morphotypes, with some sequences showing 100 % similarity to <em>Oryza nivara</em> from South Korea, indicating possible contributions from wild progenitors. Screening for ten major blast resistance genes revealed considerable variation; notably, Att 44, Att 06, and Att 16 carried up to nine resistance genes (<em>Pita</em>/<em>Pita-2</em>, <em>Piz</em>, <em>Pizt</em>, <em>Pik</em>, <em>Pikh</em>, <em>Pib</em>, <em>Pikp</em>, <em>Pi1</em>, <em>Pi5</em>, <em>Pikm</em>). Field evaluations highlighted significant agronomic diversity, with Att 94, Att 44, and Att 116 exhibiting superior vigor, yield components, and grain weight compared to reference varieties (RY, RM, Co 10). Overall, this integrated morphological, molecular, and agronomic assessment demonstrates <em>Attakkari</em>'s strong potential for breeding programs aimed at enhancing yield, blast resistance, and sustainable rice production in Northern Sri Lanka.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein elicitor AMEP412 suppressed rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae through triggering plant immunity","authors":"Yazhi Qin ,&nbsp;Meijun Guo ,&nbsp;Junyan Yang ,&nbsp;Jiayi Zheng ,&nbsp;Quan Wang ,&nbsp;Quan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>AMEP412 is a protein elicitor secreted by <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, exhibiting the ability to trigger plant immunity. In this study, we assessed how AMEP412 induced disease resistance in rice seedlings against rice blast caused by <em>Magnaporthe oryzae</em>. First, the pathogen inoculation assay confirmed that pre-treatment with AMEP412 significantly reduced the lesion areas on rice leaves. Subsequently, the inner response of rice seedlings to protein-eliciting and pathogen infection were analysed, respectively. At 12 h post treatment (hpt) with AMEP412, early defense response was successfully triggered in rice leaves, including obvious accumulation of reactive oxygen species and activity increase of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis also verified the upregulation of antioxidant related genes. After <em>M. oryzae</em> infection, rice leaves pre-treated with AMEP412 exhibited a quicker and stronger defense reaction than those in the control. At 6 h post infection (hpi), a series of early defense response pathways were activated, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis. At 12 hpi, the downstream defense response pathways began to dominate, such as plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and plant-pathogen interaction. Further RT-qPCR verification of key genes in these pathways showed that the plant immunity system was successfully activated. We confirmed that AMEP412 could rapidly and effectively trigger the rice immunity system, resulting in reduced disease symptoms in <em>M. oryzae</em>-infected leaves, thereby providing a novel option for the biocontrol of rice blast.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morpho-cultural and molecular characterization based on multigene phylogeny of Colletotrichum truncatum associated with leaf blight of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)","authors":"Midatarahalli Ramakrishnaiah Sampathkumar ,&nbsp;Kadaiah Ajithkumar ,&nbsp;Shivannegowda Mahadevakumar ,&nbsp;Attihalli Shivalingegowda Savitha ,&nbsp;Venkatesh Basavaraj ,&nbsp;Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh ,&nbsp;Nanjaiah Lakshmidevi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Linseed, is an vital oilseed and imperative medicinal crop growing during the <em>rabi</em> season in the northern and mid regions of India, along with the northeastern districts of Karnataka. During the recent field surveys conducted in the 2023–24 and 2024–25 <em>rabi</em> seasons, characteristic leaf blight symptoms were observed with a severity ranging from 9.23 % to 23.33 %. Symptomatic leaf samples were collected and the pathogen was isolated on PDA. The colony initially appeared greyish white and later turned dark gray. The spores were generally falcate, unicellular, and hyaline. The identity of the pathogen as <em>Colletotrichum truncatum</em> was recognized based on the morpho-cultural observations. Further, identification was confirmed by molecular identification which was performed by amplifying and sequencing the ITS-rDNA region, along with <em>TUB2, CAL</em>, and <em>GAPDH</em> genes, using specific primers targeting the gDNA of two fungal isolates. The BLASTn analysis showed that the sequences of the ITS region, along with <em>TUB2, CAL</em>, and <em>GAPDH</em>, exhibited significant similarity with the reference sequences of <em>C. truncatum.</em> The multigene phylogenetic analysis performed, using the ITS-<em>TUB2-CAL-GAPDH</em> sequence alignment, revealed that the sequences obtained in the present study were closely aligned with respective reference sequences, thus, confirming the identity phylogenetically. Further pathogenicity tests were performed by applying the conidial suspension of <em>C. truncatum</em> onto the leaves of a 45-day-old linseed plant. Characteristic leaf blight symptoms developed within 8–10 days of post-inoculation, and the same pathogen was subsequently re-isolated and identified microscopically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <em>Colletotrichum truncatum</em> associated with leaf blight of linseed from India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102967"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic hyphal specialization remodeling enables Botrytis cinerea to overcome diverse host defenses during infection","authors":"Chen Qian ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Lin ,&nbsp;Chuanxi Zhu ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Junwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Dandan Ren ,&nbsp;Jufen Li ,&nbsp;Yiwen Wang ,&nbsp;Ling Xu ,&nbsp;Pinkuan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Botrytis cinerea</em> is a necrotrophic pathogen responsible for gray mold disease broadly devastating fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops both in field production and postharvest supply chains. It can form multiple specialized hyphal morphotypes, but their cellular characteristics and functional significance remain inconsistently recognized. This study aimed to elucidate the cytological characteristics, developmental dynamics, and functional roles of specialized hyphal structures in enabling <em>B. cinerea</em> to adapt to hosts exhibiting varying resistance levels. Utilizing live-cell imaging and electron microscopy, it's demonstrated that <em>B. cinerea</em> forms non-canonical appressoria (termed appressoria-like structures, AP-Ls) after conidial germination. Unlike typical appressoria, AP-Ls lack melanin deposition and are independent of conidial autophagy. Although AP-Ls may normally mediate initial attempts to invade the host, plant cell death could be rarely observed around the fungal AP-L structure. As infection progresses, the hyphal tips could further differentiate into multicellular infection cushions (ICs), which contain intensified nuclei and organelles. Via visualizing the GFP-tagged nuclei and histochemical assays, it's shown that ICs exhibit enhanced tolerance to host-derived antimicrobial compounds than AP-Ls and non-differentiated hyphal cells. Additionally, IC development positively correlates with host resistance levels, being preferentially formed on recalcitrant hosts and triggering localized plant cell death nearby the IC formation sites. Notably, the ATP-binding cassette transporter BcAtrB, critical for phytoalexin efflux and fungicide resistance, appears to be upregulated within ICs during plant infection but not in the camalexin-deficient mutant <em>pen3pdr12</em> as evidenced by GFP reporter assays, probably linking IC function to counteraction of host-derived defense chemicals. Our findings propose that <em>B. cinerea</em> AP-Ls are normally involved in initial host colonization, while multicellular ICs serve as adaptive hubs enabling the fungus to counteract robust defense chemicals derived from the hosts, thus the dynamic hyphal specialization remodeling could well underpin the success of this generalist pathogen in overcoming diverse plant defenses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural-product repurposing for novel reactive oxygen species inducer discovery: bactericidal profiling and structure-activity relationship of ellipticine and its analogs","authors":"Jingsha Yang ,&nbsp;Guoqing Wang ,&nbsp;Yi He ,&nbsp;Wan Chen ,&nbsp;Hongwu Liu ,&nbsp;Linli Yang ,&nbsp;Dan Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhibing Wu ,&nbsp;Liwei Liu ,&nbsp;W.M.W.W. Kandegama ,&nbsp;Zhenbao Luo ,&nbsp;Xiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Song Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of therapeutic agents targeting oxidative stress induction to disrupt bacterial redox defenses has become a prominent strategy in antimicrobial research. To augment the structural diversity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducers for bacterial infection control, it was implemented a natural product repurposing strategy, through which ellipticine—a plant-derived alkaloid—was identified as an innovative agent effective against <em>Xanthomonas oryzae</em> pv. <em>oryzae</em> infecting rice. Notably, ellipticine demonstrated significantly superior antibacterial activity against <em>Xanthomonas oryzae</em> pv. <em>oryzae</em> (EC₅₀ = 0.71 ± 0.12 μg/mL) compared to the control thiodiazole copper (<strong>TC</strong>, EC₅₀ = 80.38 ± 1.36 μg/mL), with enhancement of 113-fold. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ellipticine induced an explosive burst of ROS within bacterial cells, triggering the bacterial apoptotic cascade and compromising cell membrane integrity. Interestingly, validation using a rice model further demonstrated that ellipticine exhibited protective and curative effects against bacterial leaf blight at rates of 52.75 % and 47.26 %, respectively, nearly double those of <strong>TC</strong> (protection rate: 28.55 %; curative rate: 26.47 %). Additionally, ellipticine exhibited favorable drug-like properties. This is the first report proposing ellipticine as a botanical bactericide candidate via ROS-mediated bactericidal mechanism, providing a significant example for the development of new bactericides. This research not only bridges a critical gap in understanding ROS-mediated antibacterial mechanisms in natural product development but also lays a theoretical foundation for the optimal design of antibacterial molecules targeting the ROS pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102960"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the bioactive potential of endophytic Xylaria species: a comprehensive review on natural drug discovery and biotechnological applications","authors":"Prerana A. Meshram,&nbsp;R. Nischitha","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus <em>Xylaria</em> (family Xylariaceae) represents a taxonomically complex and ecologically versatile group of endophytic fungi, well known for their ability to colonize diverse hosts in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Beyond their ecological roles, <em>Xylaria</em> species are prolific producers of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, including terpenoids, polyketides, cytochalasins, alkaloids, lactones, and volatile organic compounds. These metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibitory effects, underscoring their potential in drug discovery and sustainable agriculture. However, despite the expanding catalogue of compounds, most studies remain descriptive with limited efforts toward comparative evaluation, ecological integration, or translational application. Contradictory findings, poor reproducibility of bioactivity assays, and unresolved taxonomic issues further constrain their exploitation. This review critically synthesizes advances in the chemistry, biology, and ecology of <em>Xylaria</em>derived metabolites, evaluating their pharmacological and agronomic significance. We highlight methodological strengths and limitations in isolation, structural elucidation, and pathway activation strategies such as OSMAC (One Strain Many Compounds), co-culture, and genome mining, and discuss how emerging omics-integrated and synthetic biology approaches can overcome current bottlenecks. Importantly, we propose a framework linking metabolite diversity to ecological function and outline priority research directions for translating <em>Xylaria</em> metabolites into viable therapeutic and agricultural innovations. By moving beyond cataloguing, this synthesis positions <em>Xylaria</em> as a model genus for bridging fungal chemical ecology with applied biotechnology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102963"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of Nicotiana tabacum in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci infection","authors":"Xiaojie Ding ,&nbsp;Ao Jing ,&nbsp;Dongyang Liu ,&nbsp;Chuantao Xu ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Chong Zhang ,&nbsp;Rujun Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuanhua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tobacco wildfire disease, caused by <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>tabaci</em>, severely reduces tobacco yield and quality, yet the host response remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> infected with <em>P. syringae</em> pv. <em>tabaci</em> YH3 was performed at four developmental stages. Among the top 12 KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the MAPK signaling pathway-plant, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, plant hormone signal transduction, ribosome, plant-pathogen interaction, and RNA degradation were significantly enriched at three time points. Notably, among the identified DEGs, <em>leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase</em> (<em>LRR-RLK</em>), <em>indole-3-acetic acid</em> (<em>IAA</em>), and <em>cysteine synthase</em> (<em>CS</em>) emerged as potential key regulatory genes involved in the tobacco response to <em>P. syringae</em> pv. <em>tabaci</em> YH3 infection. These findings provide a molecular framework for understanding the transcriptomic response of <em>N. tabacum</em> to <em>P. syringae</em> pv. <em>tabaci</em> infection and offer promising candidate genes for investigations into the interaction mechanisms between this pathogen and its host plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102965"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extra cellular vesicles as an emerging barrier for phytopathogens","authors":"R. Ramesh Kumar ,&nbsp;K. Manonmani ,&nbsp;K. Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan ,&nbsp;K.G. Sabarinathan ,&nbsp;N. Revathy ,&nbsp;K. Kalpana ,&nbsp;S. Harish ,&nbsp;V.K. Parthiban ,&nbsp;P. Mareeswari ,&nbsp;K. Vijaya Ragavi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical, lipid bilayer-bound structures released by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under normal and stress conditions. These vesicles serve as carriers for a wide range of bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids (such as small RNAs and tRNA fragments), proteins (notably defense- and pathogenesis-related), hormones, lipids, and other metabolites. In mammalian systems, EVs are well-established mediators of intercellular communication and are implicated in processes like cancer progression and infectious disease. In contrast, the study of EVs in plants and their associated pathogens is still in its early stages, primarily due to the unique challenges posed by plant cell structures, such as rigid cell walls. However, emerging research reveals that both plants and their microbial pathogens release EVs that play pivotal roles in the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. Upon detecting pathogens, plants enrich their EVs with small RNAs, pathogenesis-related proteins, and defensive metabolites, which can be taken up by pathogens to silence virulence genes and hinder their growth. Pathogens, in turn, produce EVs loaded with small RNAs, effectors, toxins, and other virulence-associated molecules that can disrupt plant immune responses. While the mechanisms of EV biogenesis and function in plant systems remain incompletely understood, growing evidence supports their role in cross-kingdom communication, influencing both plant defense and pathogen virulence. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of plant- and pathogen-derived EVs, with a focus on their function in transporting small RNAs and proteins across the host-pathogen interface, their contribution to plant immunity, and their potential as an emerging defense barrier against phytopathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome-wide analysis of pathogenesis-related protein (PR) genes from Citrus latifolia Tan. Reveals its critical role during Huanglongbing disease","authors":"Humberto Estrella-Maldonado ,&nbsp;Raúl Díaz-Martínez ,&nbsp;Arianna Chan-León ,&nbsp;Ricardo Santillán-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Cristian Matilde-Hernández ,&nbsp;Felipe R. Flores-de la Rosa","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease caused by the bacterium <em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter asiaticus (<em>C</em>Las). Although Persian lime (<em>Citrus latifolia</em> Tan.) is considered HLB-tolerant citrus varieties, their molecular mechanisms associated with the tolerance are still unknown. The study aimed transcriptome-wide identification and bioinformatics analyses of PR genes in Persian lime (ClPRs). We identified four ClPRs genes that exhibited a highly conserved CAP, which included caveolin-binding and CAP-derived peptide motifs. The <em>cis</em>-acting regulatory elements associated to those ClPRs genes were associated with stress response, hormones and development responsive elements. To better understand the nature of the <em>C</em>Las-indiced immune response, we performed expression analyses of <em>ClPR1.6</em>, <em>ClPR1.7</em>, <em>ClPR3.5.4</em> and <em>ClPR4.3</em> genes in young leaves at 35 days’ post-bud initiation for the <em>C</em>Las infected and healthy Persian lime plants. The results showed that the expression of <em>ClPR1.6</em> and <em>ClPR4.3</em> genes increased their counts of expression (Transcripts Per Million; TPM) and relative expression levels in response to the increased severity HLB-disease caused by <em>C</em>Las-infection on Persian lime leaves. Therefore, our results suggest that the regulatory mechanisms of ClPRs genes may be the key to the tolerance exhibited by Persian lime in response to HLB disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102961"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full length flagellin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa prolongs the persistence of immune activation than the core flg22 peptide","authors":"Huipeng Yao ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Yan Zhao ,&nbsp;Deyu Shu ,&nbsp;Jinbo Shen ,&nbsp;Yi Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flg22, a peptide consisting of 22 amino acids derived from the N-terminus of the flagellin protein, is a well-established pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers a range of immune responses in plants. Through comparative analysis of immunological activation induced by flagellin from <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and its core sequence, flg22, we have determined that while flg22 is critical for flagellin-mediated immune activation, significant differences exist between the immune responses elicited by full-length flagellin and flg22 alone. Flagellin enhances the persistence of the FLS2 receptor complex on plant cell membranes, thereby extending early immune responses, as evidenced by slower MAPK phosphorylation and the modulation of the initial ethylene burst, resulting in a delayed but overall higher accumulation of ethylene. In contrast to flg22, flagellin prolongs immune activation, leading to more substantial callose deposition and heightened programmed cell death in the later stages of immune response. This extended immune engagement confers greater resistance to pathogen invasion in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, maize, and rice, thereby offering prolonged immunity. Our findings provide critical insights into the same roles of flagellin and flg22 in plant immune activation to different extents and lay the foundation for future application of flagellin-based biopesticides as a novel strategy for crop disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}