The secret dialogue between plant roots and the soil microbiome: A hidden force shaping plant growth and development

Abstract

The rhizosphere is a dynamic ecosystem where plant roots interact with diverse microbial communities, including bacteria and fungi, through complex chemical signaling. These interactions are pivotal in promoting plant growth, nutrient cycling, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant root exudates—comprising sugars, amino acids, and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, strigolactones, and salicylic acid—serve as substrates and signaling molecules, actively shaping microbial community structure and function. Mechanisms of exudation, including passive and active transport, highlight the specificity of plant-microbe interactions, influenced by environmental factors, growth stages, and stress conditions. These interactions foster symbiotic relationships with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, enhancing nutrient acquisition and disease suppression. The rhizosphere effect underscores the critical role of the root microbiome in improving soil health and plant productivity. Understanding these interactions lays the foundation for sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on synthetic inputs and enhancing stress resilience.