Pain Management Nursing最新文献

{"title":"Development, Reliability, and Validity Testing of a KAP-Based Analgesic Assessment Scale.","authors":"Siping Yu, Chunlin Zhou, Chunmei Yang, Guojiang Zheng, Min Yu, Qirong Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop a multidimensional KAP assessment scale evaluating patients' knowledge, attitude and practice toward analgesics, test its reliability and validity, and offer a standardized evaluation tool to carry out targeted health education and boost medication adherence among pain patients.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Methodological research of scale development and psychometric verification.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The initial item pool was established based on KAP theoretical framework, relevant literature review and Delphi expert consultation, followed by item screening to form the preliminary scale. A convenience sampling strategy was adopted. A total of 200 inpatients and outpatients from the pain department, oncology department, bone and joint surgery department, and spinal surgery department of a local tertiary hospital were enrolled to complete the questionnaire. Item analysis, internal consistency reliability test, content validity evaluation, and exploratory factor analysis were conducted to comprehensively verify the psychometric properties of the scale, with the statistical significance level set as α = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The finalized scale contained 17 items covering three dimensions: 9 knowledge items, 5 attitude (belief) items and 3 practice (behavior) items. The overall Cronbach's α of the scale was 0.85. Deleting any single item could not raise the overall Cronbach's α, and the Cronbach's α of each dimension remained above 0.82. The item-level content validity index (I-CVI) of all items was ≥ 0.98, and the scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) reached 0.91. Exploratory factor analysis extracted five common latent factors, which jointly explained 71.16% of the total variance of all items.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The self-developed multidimensional KAP scale for patients' cognition, belief and behavior related to analgesics possesses satisfactory reliability, good construct validity and favorable clinical applicability. It can serve as a reliable quantitative evaluation instrument for pain-related patient assessment.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>This standardized KAP scale can help clinical medical staff objectively identify patients' misunderstandings, negative attitudes and non-compliant behaviors regarding analgesic use. It supports personalized pain health education, standardizes refined pain management, optimizes patients' analgesic medication compliance, and ultimately improves the overall quality of clinical pain control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rural-Urban Disparities in Opioid Misuse in the United States.","authors":"Henry Ofori Duah, Diane Von Ah, Ethan Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore the impact of health insurance on the rural-urban disparities in opioid misuse in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A secondary analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was conducted using datasets from 2021 to ​2023. Outcomes examined were past-month and past-year opioid misuse. Residence was categorized using the Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) classifications: large CBSA (>1 million persons); small CBSA (<1 million persons); rural: residing in a non-CBSA. Statistical analysis included univariate analysis, multivariable logistic regression, and a model for each outcome that accounted for moderation between residence and insurance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The weighted sample comprised 281,769,638 individuals, of whom 3.2% and 1.0% reported past-year and past-month opioid misuse, respectively. The multivariable analysis without moderation showed that, compared with non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Asians had lower odds of past-year opioid misuse (p < .001). Significant moderation was observed only for past-month opioid misuse. The main effect of residence showed that past-month misuse was lower among individuals living in non-CBSAs than among those in large CBSAs (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39,0.85). After adjusting for moderation, individuals in non-CBSAs without health insurance had higher odds of past-month misuse than those in large CBSAs without insurance (aOR = 3.41, 95% CI, 1.37, 8.51). Higher income was protective against opioid misuse, but being male was associated with increased odds of misuse.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>People from rural areas without health insurance had higher odds of past-month opioid misuse than those without health insurance in large CBSAs. These findings can guide focused interventions to address opioid misuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Organic and Psychological Pain Beliefs on Pain, Disability, Kinesiophobia, Catastrophizing, and Pain Knowledge in Shoulder Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Büşra Aksan Sadıkoğlu, Yıldız Analay Akbaba, Mehmet Fatih Güven","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of organic pain beliefs (OPB) and psychological pain beliefs (PPB) on pain intensity, disability, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and pain knowledge in chronic shoulder pain.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 109 patients (66 females, 43 males; mean age 49.8 ± 10.4 years) with chronic rotator cuff-related shoulder pain were recruited using a convenience sampling method and completed the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ), the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the Revised Pain Neurophysiology Questionnaire (Revised-NPQ). Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationships of OPB and PPB with the outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OPB were significantly positively correlated with activity-related pain (r = 0.30, p = .001), disability (SPADI total; r = 0.21, p = .025), kinesiophobia (TSK; r = 0.42, p < .001), and catastrophizing (PCS; r = 0.40, p < .001), and were negatively correlated with Revised-NPQ (r=-0.34, p = .001). In multiple regression models, OPB significantly predicted greater disability (β=0.25, p = .013), kinesiophobia (β=0.45, p < .001), and catastrophizing (β=0.44, p < .001), explaining 4.8%-17.4% of variance in these outcomes (adjusted R²=0.048-0.174).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In chronic shoulder pain, OPB show weak to moderate associations with adverse clinical outcomes and a negative association with pain knowledge, whereas PPB are not significantly related to outcomes. These findings support the potential value of targeting maladaptive beliefs and improving pain knowledge within rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Clinical implications: </strong>Evaluating OPB and PPB in relation to pain-related parameters, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing may help identify at-risk patients and support individualized rehabilitation and targeted education in chronic shoulder pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Training Effectiveness for a Technology-Driven Pain Assessment Application: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Rosemary Saunders, Peter Palamara, Seng Giap Marcus Ang, Olivia Gallagher, Michelle Gay, Irene Ngune, Lauren Jenner, Amineh Rashidi, Christopher Etherton-Beer, Jeff Hughes","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Appropriate pain assessment of adults is critical for effective pain management. Technology-driven tools can contribute to improved pain assessments. Training is vital when integrating new clinical digital tools. Minimal studies have evaluated post-training outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the training provided to clinical staff on the use of a pain assessment application for hospitalized adult patients.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional study utilizing The Kirkpatrick Model of Training Evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical staff (nurses and physiotherapists) on an acute metropolitan hospital orthopedic ward in Western Australia were invited to face-to-face training of PainChek Universal, a pain assessment application using artificial intelligence. One-hour training used didactic delivery and hands-on practice. Training effectiveness was evaluated against Kirkpatrick's Levels 1 and 2 via a 43-item survey, including two open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and content analysis of open-ended responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 44 staff attended training 19 (43.2%) completed the post-training survey. Most respondents were satisfied with the training and confident to use the application (94.7%). Ten participants (52.6%) desired additional post-training support post-training and 14 (73.7%) agreed the application appears easy to use. Eighteen (94.7%) felt it would be a positive addition to pain assessment. Staff's correct knowledge scores varied (36.8% to 84.2%), indicating a need for further education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical implications: </strong>Training of a technology-driven application for pain assessment is essential for effective implementation to improve care. Training enabled staff to acquire knowledge and skills, develop user confidence, and understand usability and utility of the application.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148648963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Nurses Managing Pediatric Postoperative Pain.","authors":"Nicholas Danzima Yakubu, Ida Ibrahim, Keren-Happuch Twumasiwaa Boateng","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postoperative pain management in children is a critical aspect of pediatric care. This aspect of pediatric care is important because it can lead to psychological stress and distress, impacting both immediate and future emotional well-being in children if not managed well.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore the experiences of nurses during the management of postoperative pain in the pediatric population at the Tamale Teaching Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A hermeneutic-phenomenological approach was used, with a sample size estimated at three (3) to ten(10) participants. Data collection involved interviews until the four criteria for data saturation (that is, deepness, richness, relevance, and abstractness) were achieved at the seventh interview, conducted over 2 months in a hospital setting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four themes developed from the data analysis depicting nurses' experiences: physiological, bodily expressions, and pain scale used for pain diagnosis; nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods used for pain management; institutional, personnel, parents', and patients' constraints; and compassion fatigue, physical bodily depletion, and burnout, highlighting the emotional challenges nurses face.</p><p><strong>Clinical implications: </strong>Hospitals with a similar context to that of the study site should implement these findings to enhance the improvement and quality of pain management in their pediatric units.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148648979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurses' Perceived Barriers and Strategies to Promote Parental Involvement in Newborn Pain Management.","authors":"Fátima Prior, Ana Rita Pereira, Maria Helena Martins, Maria Alice Curado, Luísa Barros, Isabel Malheiro","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.06.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.06.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses' perspectives on strategies and barriers to parental involvement in newborns' pain management (PM).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Newborns undergo several painful procedures in the NICU that affect their neurodevelopment. When properly prepared and guided, parents can play an active role in their newborn's PM. Nurses play a crucial role in facilitating parental involvement.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>An exploratory, qualitative, and descriptive design was used.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Online focus group interviews were conducted with 24 nurses from three Portuguese NICUs. Inductive content analysis was performed, and reporting followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nurses described strategies to involve parents in PM, including parental education and training, progressive parental involvement, nonpharmacological methods, and communication. Facilitators for parental involvement in newborn PM included nurses' clinical expertise, the quality of the nurse-parent relationship, multidisciplinary teamwork, and an environment that provides physical comfort. Excessive workload, inadequate nurse-to-baby ratios, and limited physical space were identified as barriers. Parental reactions, such as emotional shock, stress, and avoidant attitudes, also posed challenges.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although parental involvement and nonpharmacological approaches support family-centered PM, ongoing organizational barriers and parental emotional distress limit their consistent application.</p><p><strong>Clinical implications: </strong>Supporting parental involvement in neonatal PM requires systemic and relational strategies. Recommendations include acknowledging parents' willingness to engage, reviewing nurses' workload, and developing organizational policies that encourage collaboration and create an environment conducive to parental presence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148621005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Emoji Faces Pain Scale for Evaluating Acute Procedural Pain in Children Aged 3-5 Years.","authors":"Xin Wan, Hongyao Leng, Qiao Shen, Jinjiu Hu, Li Yan, Xianlan Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the measurement performance and clinical feasibility of the Emoji‑FPS for acute procedural pain assessment in children aged 3-5 years, compared with the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This was an observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 192 children aged 3-5 years self-reported acute procedural pain using both the Emoji‑FPS and the WBFPS within 5 minutes of routine clinical procedures. Agreement between the two scales and responsiveness of Emoji-FPS were analyzed, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to establish pain severity cutoffs. Clinical feasibility based on observed child performance and scale preference were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Emoji‑FPS showed strong agreement with the WBFPS. Clinical feasibility improved with age, with 57.69% of 3-year-old children, 75.95% of 4-year-old children, and 89.66% of 5-year-old children reporting that the scale was easy to use. Overall, 67.19% of children preferred the Emoji‑FPS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Emoji-FPS was able to effectively distinguish between mild, moderate, and severe pain in children aged 3-5 years who were able to understand the scale and complete the rating in acute procedural pain settings, and accurately reflected changes in pain before and after procedure.</p><p><strong>Clinical implications: </strong>The Emoji Faces Pain Scale may support procedural pain assessment in preschool-aged children and should be interpreted alongside clinical judgment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Telerehabilitation for Upper-Limb Pain After Breast Cancer: Systematic Review.","authors":"Taynara Louisi Pilger, Franklin Fernandes Pimentel, Francisco José Candido Dos Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Upper-limb pain is a frequent and disabling sequela following breast cancer treatment, often persisting beyond the acute postoperative period and substantially impairing function, self-management, and quality of life. Telerehabilitation has emerged as a strategy to expand access to physiotherapy-based care; however, its effectiveness for pain management in this population remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation interventions in reducing upper-limb pain in women after breast cancer treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261332939). PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched through December 2025. Randomized controlled trials evaluating telerehabilitation-based physiotherapy interventions and reporting outcomes related to upper-limb pain were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six randomized controlled trials involving 517 women were included. Telerehabilitation interventions varied in delivery format (synchronous, asynchronous, app-based, or telephone-based), intensity, and duration. One trial demonstrated a significant reduction in the proportion of women reporting chronic arm pain, and another reported greater improvement in pain interference, but not pain intensity. The remaining studies showed pain outcomes comparable to usual care or no significant benefit. Methodological limitations included heterogeneity in pain assessment tools, limited individualization of interventions, attrition, lack of blinding, and inconsistent reporting of analgesic use. Overall certainty of evidence was rated as low.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Telerehabilitation appears feasible and comparable to usual care for upper-limb pain management after breast cancer treatment; however, consistent superiority has not been demonstrated. Evidence of benefit is primarily associated with structured, high-frequency, and multimodal programs. Further well-designed trials with standardized pain-specific outcomes are needed.</p><p><strong>Implications for multidisciplinary practice: </strong>Management of upper-limb pain after breast cancer treatment through telerehabilitation requires coordinated input from multidisciplinary healthcare teams, including nurses and physical therapists. Telerehabilitation may facilitate remote pain monitoring, patient education, and self-management across survivorship care, provided that interventions are structured, clearly protocolized, and focused on pain-specific outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Barriers Scale for Local Anesthesia in Arterial Blood Sampling.","authors":"Fernando Barroso-Rodríguez, Azuzena González-Sanz, Beatriz Muñoz-Martín, David Díaz-Pérez, Claudio Alberto Rodríguez-Suárez, Héctor González-De la Torre","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling is a common and painful procedure. Despite strong evidence supporting the use of local anesthesia to reduce pain, its use in clinical practice remains limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop and validate a scale assessing nurses' perceived barriers to the use of infiltrated local anesthesia prior to ABG sampling.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Instrument development and psychometric validation study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-stage design was conducted between October 2024 and June 2025. In Stage 1, items were generated from a literature review and refined through a four-round Delphi process with expert nurses. Content validity was assessed using the item-level Content Validity Index, Aiken's V and modified kappa. In Stage 2, a cross-sectional online survey of 558 registered nurses across Spain was performed. Construct validity was evaluated using Rasch analysis, and reliability was assessed through internal consistency and test-retest reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Delphi process resulted in an initial 34-item scale. Psychometric evaluation led to a final 30-item version with good fit indices and no relevant differential item functioning by gender, professional experience, specialty, academic level or type of institution. Internal consistency was high (ω = 0.898 [95% CI: 0.886-0.910]; α = 0.892 [95% CI: 0.879-0.904]) and test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.912 [95% CI: 0.863-0.971]). Higher scores were observed for barriers related to training, knowledge and organizational factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ABG-LA Barriers Scale is a valid and reliable instrument (with excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability) to assess nurses' perceived barriers to the use of local anesthesia prior to ABG sampling. Its use may support clinical decision-making and development of strategies to improve pain management and patient experience in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing the ZIPP Scale: Addressing a Gap in Pediatric Pain Assessment.","authors":"Chrysanthe Patestos","doi":"10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2026.07.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Accurate assessment of pain in young children remains a persistent challenge, as many existing self-report tools demonstrate limitations in children under 6 years of age. Developmentally appropriate measures are needed to support reliable pain evaluation in this population.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This article presents the theoretical rationale, structure, and intended administration of the Zoographic Indicator for Pediatric Pain (ZIPP) Scale, a new tool proposed to address this gap in pediatric pain assessment by utilizing concepts commonly understood by children as young as two years old. Proposed procedures for formal psychometric testing of the tool are outlined. The ZIPP Scale is introduced as an early-stage instrument requiring validation prior to use in clinical care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ZIPP Scale introduces a developmentally responsive approach to pediatric pain assessment, advancing conceptual and methodological development in the evaluation of pain in young children, with potential to enhance quality of life for children and their families.</p>","PeriodicalId":19959,"journal":{"name":"Pain Management Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}