Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid as novel juvenile hormone antagonists","authors":"Qianyu He ,&nbsp;Xinyu Gao ,&nbsp;Chunyu Jiang,&nbsp;Bingbing Li,&nbsp;Shanshan Chen,&nbsp;Jinxia Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical insecticides has intensified due to environmental concerns and pest resistance. Juvenile hormone antagonists (JHANs), which disrupt insect development and reproduction with minimal toxicity to vertebrates, offer a promising avenue for sustainable pest management. In this study, a preliminary screening using a juvenile hormone response region (JHRR)-driven luciferase reporter assay in <em>Drosophila</em> Kc cells found that <em>Polygonum aviculare</em> extract exhibited notable JHAN activity among crude extracts from various plants tested. Guided by literature-reported constituents of <em>P. aviculare</em>, we further identified chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid as potent JHANs. Both compounds inhibited Methoprene-induced JHRR activity and disrupted the interaction between the JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met) and its coactivator Taiman (Tai) in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid possibly compete with Methoprene for binding to the PAS-B domain of Met, preventing the Methoprene-stimulated association of Met with the chaperone protein Hsp83. This inhibition, in turn, blocks the nuclear translocation of Met and downstream <em>Kr-h1</em> expression. In vivo assays demonstrated that chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid treatment induced precocious metamorphosis in <em>Ostrinia furnacalis</em> larvae and suppressed ovarian development in adults, mimicking JH depletion. These findings highlight the potential of <em>P. aviculare</em> extracts as a sustainable source of JHANs for integrated pest management, offering a novel mechanism-based approach to reduce reliance on synthetic insecticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106655"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binding of neonicotinoid compounds to Apis mellifera chemosensory protein 3 (AmelCSP3): Insight into the molecular toxicity of compounds with both risk and potential","authors":"Shiyu Li,&nbsp;Xiangshuai Li,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Fangkui Zhao,&nbsp;Daibin Yang,&nbsp;Li Cui,&nbsp;Shuning Chen,&nbsp;Huizhu Yuan,&nbsp;Xiaojing Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, honeybee populations have declined dramatically, raising serious concern due to their vital role as pollinators in maintaining global ecosystems and biodiversity. Among the various potential threats, neonicotinoid pesticides have attracted increasing attention for their sublethal toxicity to bees and the differing toxicological profiles of various neonicotinoid compounds toward non-target organisms. In this study, we investigated selective toxicity at the molecular level by examining the binding interactions between a key chemosensory protein in <em>Apis mellifera</em>, AmelCSP3, and three representative neonicotinoid compounds developed across different decades. The analysis was conducted using spectroscopic techniques, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular modeling. The findings reveal that clothianidin binds CSP3 most strongly, followed by thiamethoxam and then paichongding. Thermodynamic parameters derived from fluorescence analysis indicated that the binding process was spontaneous and primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions. Notably, clothianidin—a primary metabolite of thiamethoxam—demonstrated slightly stronger binding than its parent, suggesting that metabolic transformation can exacerbate non-target risk. Paichongding, a third-generation neonicotinoid, showed the highest dissociation constant (KD) and a temperature-dependent decrease in association constant (Ka), indicating it may exert weaker olfactory disruption in <em>Apis mellifera</em> at elevated temperatures. This study offers mechanistic insight into how specific structural features of neonicotinoids influence their binding behavior with <em>Apis mellifera</em> chemosensory proteins, providing molecular-level evidence for their differential non-target effects and informing the rational design of pollinator-friendly pesticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106617"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan oligosaccharide regulates host defense in pepper plants against cucumber mosaic virus","authors":"Jing Shi ,&nbsp;Lele Li ,&nbsp;Hao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jialian Su ,&nbsp;Song Bai ,&nbsp;Miao Li ,&nbsp;Jianta Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pepper plant, a member of the Solanaceae family, is widely cultivated and valued as an important spice in many dishes worldwide. Viruses cause significant damage to both the quality and quantity of pepper production, with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) being particularly detrimental. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a natural oligosaccharide derived from chitosan degradation, act as a plant immunity inducer. The present study aimed to verify the role of COS in inducing CMV resistance in capsicum and to explore its potential defense-related signaling pathways. The optimal condition for inducing resistance to CMV is 100 mg/L of COS pretreatment on day 5 of CMV inoculation. COS enhances the removal of harmful free radicals by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Concurrently, COS treatment can increase the increases chlorophyll content. Additionally, COS upregulates the expression of defense-related genes (such as <em>NPR1</em>, <em>PR1</em>, <em>PR5</em>, <em>PR10</em>, <em>CAT</em>, <em>POD</em>, <em>SOD</em>, <em>PAL</em>, and <em>LOX</em>), which contribute to pepper resistance against CMV. Proteomic analysis revealed that COS induces resistance in capsicum by activating the calcium signaling pathway. Taken together, these data indicate that COS enhances capsicum's innate immunity against CMV through the salicylic acid pathway in combination with calcium signaling. This study sheds light on the effects of COS and its signaling mechanisms in plant viral immunity and offers a foundation for the discovery of novel antiviral agents and further mechanistic studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106654"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trichoderma guizhouense COTG-19 act as a potential biocontrol agent against Camellia oleifera anthracnose","authors":"Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Liangxuan Qu ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Hu ,&nbsp;Yuanye Zhu ,&nbsp;He Li ,&nbsp;Junang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaomao Zhou ,&nbsp;Guoying Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Camellia oleifera</em> anthracnose (COA) caused by <em>Colletotrichum</em> spp. is a major diseases impeding the sustainable development of <em>C. oleifera</em> in China. Chemical pesticides remain currently the primary control method, while long-term use poses significant risks to human health, environment and fungal resistance. Urgent action is needed to screen eco-friendly biocontrol agents against this disease. In this study, an <em>Trichoderma</em> strain COTG-19 was isolated from the roots of healthy <em>C. oleifera</em> plants, and identified as <em>T. guizhouense</em> combined with morphological and molecular characteristics. In the plate dual cultures assay, COTG-19 exhibited a notable inhibition rate against <em>Colletotrichum</em> strains that ranged from 71.89 % to 83.95 %. In addition, COTG-19 showed a strong preventive and therapeutic effects against COA, as determined with an in vitro leaf evaluation method. COTG-19 could produce chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, lipase and protease to dissolve cell walls and membranes of pathogen. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by COTG-19 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on mycelial growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy revealed that COTG-19 producing-VOCs caused abnormal changes in mycelial ultrastructure and damaged the cell membrane integrity. Moreover, the VOCs obviously inhibited spore germination and completely blocked appressoria formation of <em>C. fructicola</em>. Using HS-SPME-GC–MS, 22 VOCs were identified, of which six were evaluated for antifungal activity against <em>C. fructicola</em>. 1-Octen-3-ol were identified as the primary antifungal VOCs. In addition, COTG-19 has a fungicide resistance advantage and can extensively endophytically in <em>C. oleifera</em> leaves as well as epiphytically on leaf surfaces, which traits helped sustain the strain's viability when used in nature settings. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of <em>Trichoderma</em> biocontrol agents against <em>C. oleifera</em> anthracnose, contributing to the sustainable development of the <em>C. oleifera</em> industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106644"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fat body specific ABCG3 accounts for xenobiotic tolerance and is regulated by the homeobox transcription factor Bcd in Spodoptera litura","authors":"Lin Liang ,&nbsp;Long Jin ,&nbsp;Furong Mao ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Fan ,&nbsp;Haoran Kong ,&nbsp;Zixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiou Pan ,&nbsp;Qingli Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters facilitate the transport of various macromolecules within organisms by binding to and hydrolyzing ATP. This study explored the role of <em>SlABCG3</em> in conferring tolerance to xenobiotics in the globally distributed pest <em>Spodoptera litura</em>. RNA-seq and quantitative PCR (qPCR) results revealed the tissue-specific expression of <em>SlABCG3</em> in the fat body. Ectopic expression of <em>SlABCG3</em> in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> led to 2.61- and 2.56-fold increases in tolerance to cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, respectively. Compared with the UAS-<em>SlABCG3</em> line, the Act5C &gt; UAS-<em>SlABCG3</em> line presented increased egg production and a lower mortality rate upon exposure to plant secondary metabolites. Furthermore, <em>SlABCG3</em> knockdown resulted in mortality rates of 70 % and 76.67 % for third-instar larvae of <em>S. litura</em> exposed to cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, respectively. Additionally, there was a positive regulatory interaction between the tissue-specific transcription factor <em>SlBcd</em> and <em>SlABCG3</em> in the fat body. Molecular docking results confirmed that <em>SlABCG3</em> has a strong binding affinity for several of xenobiotics. These results suggest that <em>SlABCG3</em> may be regulated by <em>SlBcd</em>, which will help us further understand the role of plant secondary metabolites in the mechanism of ABC gene-mediated insecticide tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity prediction of insecticides and pesticides via machine learning approach","authors":"Priyansh Singh ,&nbsp;Chandra Prakash Gupta ,&nbsp;Sarvesh Namdeo ,&nbsp;Vimal Chandra Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pesticides are commonly used to protect crops, but their potential toxicity poses significant environmental and health risks. This study explores the effectiveness of seven machine learning (ML) models—Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT), Categorical Boosting (Catboost), Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LGBM), stacked models (RF + XGB and RF + LGBM)—to predict key toxicity factors for pesticides. The models were designed to estimate the Bio-Concentration Factor (BCF), the n-octanol-water Partition Coefficient (Kow), and the Lethal Dose-50 (LD₅₀), using a dataset of 244 pesticides with over 160 features such as molecular weight, temperature, solubility, number of rings, and partition coefficient. A splitting of the dataset into 90 % training and 10 % testing sets. The RF + LGBM stacked model achieved the best performance for BCF prediction, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.89 and a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 12.72 %. Catboost excelled in predicting Kow with an R² of 0.88, a Mean square error (MSE) of 0.364, and an MAPE of 22.38 %. For LD50, the RF + XGB stacked model was the most accurate, with an R² of 0.75 and a MAPE of 8.5 %. Shapley Additive explanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that log P, water solubility, and SLogP were the most influential features across all models. This study demonstrates the power of machine learning for toxicity prediction while also setting the stage for future research in predictive toxicology, environmental monitoring, and sustainable pesticide regulation, ultimately contributing to more responsible and data-driven agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106652"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pH-responsive multimodal antimicrobial nanosystem for plant disease control","authors":"Aiguo Gu ,&nbsp;Chengshuai He ,&nbsp;Shuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Song Yang ,&nbsp;Jie Zhou ,&nbsp;Yunhao Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanocarrier-based controlled-release technologies significantly enhance the effective utilization rate of pesticides. Multimodal synergistic antimicrobial strategies that disrupt multiple pesticide resistance pathways are considered promising for plant disease management. In this study, a novel pH-responsive pesticide delivery system based on kasugamycin-intercalated Zn<img>Fe hydrotalcites (KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc) was developed to achieve synergistic antibacterial effects. KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc was synthesized <em>via</em> a co-precipitation method. Its physicochemical properties were characterized using SEM, XRD, UV–vis, and FT-IR. The loading capacity, controlled release kinetics, thermal stability, photostability, antibacterial activity, and crop safety were evaluated. KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc exhibited rapid release of KAS and Zn²⁺ under acidic conditions. KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc enhanced the thermal stability of KAS and significantly reduced its photodegradation during the initial phase. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc exhibited 32-fold and 2-fold increased antibacterial activity against <em>Clavibacter michiganensis</em> subsp. <em>michiganensis</em> and <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>lachrymans</em>, respectively, when compared to KAS. No phytotoxicity was observed in tomato seedlings treated with KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc. Therefore, KAS-Zn-Fe HTlc holds significant potential for synergistic antimicrobial functions and offers a sustainable approach to plant disease control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106651"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potassium phosphite effectively controls rubber tree anthracnose by inhibiting melanin biosynthesis of Colletotrichum siamense","authors":"Xiaoyu Liang,&nbsp;Yurong Qiu,&nbsp;Shasha Jian,&nbsp;Min Hu,&nbsp;Shanying Zhang,&nbsp;Meng Wang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthracnose disease, caused by <em>Colletotrichum siamense,</em> is a major disease affecting rubber trees (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>), leading to significant yield losses in tropical regions. Current management strategies primarily rely on a limited selection of fungicides, which are costly due to the persistently low price of natural rubber. This study shows that Potassium phosphite (Phi) markedly suppresses melanin biosynthesis and aborts the formation of melanized appressoria and their primary hyphae in <em>C. siamense</em>. Notably, at the low concentration of 50 mg/L, Phi outperformed tricyclazole in both protective and curative applications for controlling anthracnose on rubber tree leaves. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Phi and tricyclazole target distinct biological processes, with Phi specifically inhibiting melanin-related pathways and tricyclazole affecting the energy metabolism of <em>C. siamense</em>. Especially, Phi interfered with tyrosine metabolism and catalytic enzyme activities essential for melanin biosynthesis by downregulating several key genes involved in the DHN- and DOPA-melanin pathways. Functional validation confirmed that overexpression of <em>CsSCD</em> partially restored melanin synthesis and appressorial melanization under Phi treatment, suggesting that it may be a molecular target of Phi inhibition. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Phi suppresses fungal melanin biosynthesis, offering a cost-effective alternative for managing anthracnose disease in rubber trees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106648"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different detoxification strategies of fruit borers adaptation to quercetin","authors":"Bing Bai ,&nbsp;Huan-Juan Zhao ,&nbsp;Bo-Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Yu-Ting Li ,&nbsp;Ping Gao ,&nbsp;Yun-Tong Lv ,&nbsp;Xue-Qing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During long-term plant-insect interactions, plants have evolved diverse plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) as defenses against herbivory, while insects have developed sophisticated detoxification mechanisms to neutralize these compounds. Invasive and native herbivorous species may employ distinct metabolic strategies to cope with PSMs, a phenomenon that remains incompletely characterized. Here, we report the differential detoxification strategies of two closely related fruit borers, the invasive <em>Cydia pomonella</em> and the native <em>Grapholita molesta</em>, which exhibit interspecific competition, in response to quercetin stress—a flavonoid present in their host fruits. <em>C. pomonella</em> requires more generations to adapt 70 μg/g quercetin, indicating differential tolerance to flavonoid toxicity. Metabolic profiling shows <em>G. molesta</em> primarily detoxifies quercetin mainly via synergistic cytochrome P450 (P450) and transmembrane transport, whereas <em>C. pomonella</em> shifts from transport to a predominant role of oxidation over time. Given that <em>C. pomonella</em> was not pre-adapted to high quercetin stress in its native habitat, its constitutive defense system was likely suppressed under quercetin exposure. This species compensated by upregulating ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-mediated excretion, as evidenced by HPLC quantification which indicated that the fecal quercetin content exceeded 50 % of the administered dose. Correlation analysis suggests that <em>C. pomonella</em> employs a biphasic detoxification: initial short-term dominated by ABC transporter activity, followed by a long-term reliance on P450-mediated metabolism. Conversely, <em>G.molesta</em> primarily utilizes a synergistic enzymatic detoxification system involving multiple enzymes. These findings elucidate divergent adaptive mechanisms to quercetin stress in the two fruit borers and enhance understanding of herbivorous insect-plant co-evolution and the interspecific interactions between invasive and native pest species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of emamectin benzoate and Metarhizium anisopliae against late-instar Spodoptera frugiperda by promoting fungal pathogenicity","authors":"Tingting Cao ,&nbsp;Rongrong Qiu ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Mi Kuang ,&nbsp;Keming Wu ,&nbsp;Yuxian Xia ,&nbsp;Guoxiong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>, a globally invasive pest, has developed severe resistance to chemical insecticides, necessitating sustainable control strategies. This study investigated the synergistic interaction between emamectin benzoate (EB) and the entomopathogenic fungus <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> CQMa421 against fourth-instar larvae. Bioassays revealed a synergistic ratio (SR) of 4.19 when EB was combined with CQMa421 spores (2 × 10⁷ spores/mL), reducing EB usage by 76.1 %. CQMa421 did not cause significant effects on <em>S. frugiperda,</em> whereas emamectin benzoate (EB) significantly disrupted feeding, development, and molting, particularly delaying fourth-instar molting by 4.65 days. Compared to EB alone, the combined treatment delayed larval molting by 1.2 days, suppressed feeding (18.3 % reduction in frass weight and 11.1 % weight loss), reduced adult emergence by 12.3 %, shortened oviposition duration by 1.5 days, and decreased total fecundity by 42.5 %. Additionally, the combined treatment increased pupal deformity by 4.4 %, collectively inhibiting population recovery. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that EB accelerated fungal spore germination (GT₅₀ reduced by 3.4 h), appressorium formation (AT₂₅ advanced by 4.5 h), and penetration of the cuticle of <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>. Furthermore, the combined treatment significantly downregulated immune-related genes (<em>Attacin</em>: 86.6 %; <em>Cecropin</em>: 61.2 %; <em>MyD88</em>: 50.5 %). This indicates that EB enhances the pathogenicity of the <em>M. anisopliae</em> synergistically by disrupting the host's immune barrier and delaying larval molting. This research provides a strategy and theoretical basis for controlling the resistance of <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> through reduced pesticide use and increased effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106642"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}