Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of thiobencarb herbicide-induced cytotoxicity mediated via disruption of calcium homeostasis in bovine mammary glands: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico study","authors":"Woonghee Lee ,&nbsp;Garam An ,&nbsp;Jinyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Hojun Lee ,&nbsp;Gwonhwa Song ,&nbsp;Whasun Lim ,&nbsp;Wooyoung Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In contemporary agriculture, the predominant strategy for managing perennial weeds within agroecosystems involves the extensive use of herbicides. Thiobencarb is widely employed to control gramineous weeds during rice cultivation. This herbicide is commonly found in terrestrial environments and agricultural products. The harmful potential of thiobencarb has been reported, along with its adverse effects in exposed species. However, few studies have explored thiobencarb toxicity, specifically in dairy cows, despite the possibility of ingestion through soil residues. Exposure to xenobiotics can reduce the viability or impair the function of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), leading to compromised immune function and reduced milk production. Despite the known cytotoxicity of thiobencarb, its specific effects on BMECs remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of thiobencarb on milk production by examining its toxic effects and underlying mechanisms in BMECs. We assessed the cytotoxic effects of thiobencarb and analyzed various cellular responses upon exposure. Thiobencarb-induced apoptosis was associated with disrupted calcium homeostasis. Additionally, thiobencarb modulated AKT/MAPK proteins and increased mRNA levels of genes related to the inflammatory response. Furthermore, treatment of BMECs with thiobencarb suppressed the expression of genes related to milk production, including those encoding superoxide dismutase, tight junctions, and casein. Finally, we conducted an <em>in silico</em> molecular docking analysis to evaluate the binding affinity between thiobencarb and target proteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pro197 resistance mutations occurring in different acetolactate synthase (ALS) isozymes on Descurainia sophia L. resistance to tribenuron-methyl","authors":"Yufang Xu ,&nbsp;Fan Xu ,&nbsp;Yubin Li ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxin Han ,&nbsp;Mingqi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Descurainia sophia</em> L. is one of the most problematic broad-leaf weed infesting winter wheat in China, and have evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide of tribenuron-methyl. At least four ALS isozymes (ALS1 ∼ ALS4) exist in <em>D. sophia</em>, but these four ALS isozymes are not present in all <em>D. sophia</em>. In addition, amino acid mutations in ALS are mainly responsible for <em>D. sophia</em> resistance to tribenuron-methyl. In this study, <em>D. sophia</em> populations carrying homozygous mutation of Pro197Ser/Thr/Leu/Ala/His in ALS1 or in ALS2 were purified, respectively. Resistant <em>D. sophia</em> populations carrying mutant ALS exhibited 17 ∼ 694 folds resistance to tribenuorn-methyl. In addition, tribenuron-methyl resistance in <em>D. sophia</em> carrying ALS1 mutation was about 2.3 ∼ 11.4 folds higher than <em>D. sophia</em> with the same mutation in ALS2. The reduced binding affinity of ALS to tribenuron-methyl was mainly responsible for <em>D. sophia</em> resistance to tribenuron-methyl. However, the increase in resistance of <em>D. sophia</em> was not linear with the decrease of binding affinity of ALS to tribenuron-methyl. These results indicate that the effects of resistance mutations on ALS1 and ALS2 isozymes are not the same, and the ALS1 and ALS2 function differently in resistance evolution of <em>D. sophia</em> to tribenuron-methyl.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106263"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of 7-hydroxy-3-(1′-methylbenzimidazol-2′-yl) coumarin as novel mitochondrial complex Ι inhibitor against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) via structure-based virtual screening","authors":"Jinxiang Luo,&nbsp;Yunzhe Li,&nbsp;Yimeng Zhang,&nbsp;Kejie Peng,&nbsp;Zirong Du,&nbsp;Wei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitochondrial complex Ι is not only an important enzyme for ATP synthesis but also a promising target for acaricide discovery. However, in recent years, the complex Ι inhibitors with new scaffolds have been fewer reported. In this study, the full-length cDNA of subuits 49 kDa and PSST genes of complex Ι from <em>Tetranychus cinnabarinus</em> were cloned and characterized. Then, we integrated structure-based virtual screening, synthesis and acaricidal activity evaluation to discover complex Ι inhibitors with novel chemotypes. The results showed that the 49 kDa and PSST cDNA sequence of <em>T. cinnabarinus</em> consisted of 1443 bp and 687 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 480, 228 amino acids residues (GenBank accession number MZ172703 and MZ172704), and the highest relative expression of these two genes were nymphs and adults, respectively. The compound ZINC00042996 [7-hydroxy-3-(1′-methylbenzimidazol-2′-yl) coumarin] with highest acaricidal activity was obtained through virtual screening, its LC₅₀ value was 84.85 mg/L, which was in the same order of magnitude as the LC₅₀ value of pyridaben, and its control effect also could be comparable to that of the commercial acaricide pyridaben at 120 mg/L. The compound ZINC00042996 also exhibited excellent complex Ι inhibitory activity, the maximum inhibition rate was 47.03% for LC₇₀ concentration after 48 h treatment. Knocking down the 49 kDa and PSST genes increased the sensitivity of <em>T. cinnabarinus</em> to compound ZINC00042996. Mortality of compound ZINC00042996 significantly increased to 29.49% and 16.47% in the mites fed with 49 kDa and PSST dsRNA compared with mites treated with DEPC-water. This study laid the foundation for the development of novel acaricides targeting mitochondrial complex Ι.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143095546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemosensory protein 8 confers thiamethoxam resistance in Diaphorina citri","authors":"Qian Li ,&nbsp;Wan-Wei Hu ,&nbsp;Ao Fang ,&nbsp;Zhuo-Bing Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Fang Yuan ,&nbsp;Yue Sun ,&nbsp;Zheng-Hui Zou ,&nbsp;Nuo Chen ,&nbsp;Tian-Xing Jing ,&nbsp;Ying-Xue Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Hai-Zhong Yu ,&nbsp;Zhan-Jun Lu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Asian citrus psyllid (<em>Diaphorina citri</em>) serves as the primary vector of the bacterium <em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter asiaticus (<em>C</em>Las), which is responsible for causing citrus Huanglongbing. Neonicotinoid pesticides such as thiamethoxam are frequently utilized for <em>D. citri</em> management worldwide, but their use have resulted in considerable development of insecticide resistance within <em>D. citri</em> populations. Recent reports have revealed that chemosensory proteins (CSPs)-mediated resistance represents a novel insecticide resistance mechanism in insects. In this finding, we found that exposure to thiamethoxam at different concentrations resulted in significant upregulation of transcriptional levels of <em>DcitCSP8</em> by 2.41, 2.24 and 1.74-fold respectively. The expression profiles among different tissues showed that <em>DcitCSP8</em> highly occurred in the legs and wings, and its expression being significantly induced by thiamethoxam with 2.40-fold increase specifically in the legs. The purified recombinant protein DcitCSP8, derived from <em>Escherichia coli</em> expression, present strong <em>in vitro</em> binding affinity (Ki = 4.74 μM) to thiamethoxam. Furthermore, the nanocarrier star polycation (SPc) was used to enhance silencing efficiency, resulting in a significant reduction of <em>DcitCSP8</em> by 85.37% and 91.80% at 24 and 48 h post application of SPc + ds DcitCSP8. Knockdown of <em>DcitCSP8</em> transcription significantly increased the susceptibility of <em>D. citri</em> adults in response to thiamethoxam, while reinjection of DcitCSP8 protein could restore the resistance in <em>DcitCSP8-</em>silenced individuals. Our findings highlight the association between DcitCSP8 and thiamethoxam resistance via high binding affinity that mitigates toxicity in <em>D. citri</em>, shedding light on CSP-mediated insecticide resistance and potentially contributing to the development of novel strategies targeting CSPs for managing resistance in <em>D. citri</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106264"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental effects of fenpropathrin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larvae: Toxic endpoints and potential mechanism","authors":"Junguo Ma ,&nbsp;Chunyu Diao ,&nbsp;Yidan Zhang ,&nbsp;Huan Kang ,&nbsp;Yiyi Feng ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fenpropathrin (FEN), a highly efficient and broad-spectrum synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Although sufficient concern has been given to the negative impacts of FEN on non-target organisms, limited knowledge exists regarding the developmental effects of FEN. In this study, effects of FEN (0.45, 1.35, 4.05, and 12.15 μg/L) on various early life-stage endpoints of zebrafish were investigated from 3 to 144 h post-fertilization (hpf) in order to disclose the developmental effects and underlying mechanisms caused by FEN. The results indicate that exposure to FEN induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish, including decreased heart rate, reduced blood flow, shorter body length, smaller eye size, non-inflated swim bladder, and disrupted craniofacial chondrogenesis, which were possibly due to a significant decrease in the levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone (GH), increase in lipid accumulation, and alteration in the contents of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG) in larvae exposed to FEN. Besides, FEN exposure also resulted in the inhibition of spontaneous movement of embryo at 24 hpf, a decline in touch evoke response (TER) at 72 hpf, and a reduction in free-swimming activity at 144 hpf, as well as the larval activity at 144 hpf during the dark-light transition stimulus. Mechanistic examinations have shown that FEN treatment inhibits the activities of AChE and elevates the ACh levels. In addition, FEN exposure increased ROS levels and altered the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and induced apoptosis as determined by acridine orange staining and elevated caspase-3 levels, suggesting that the involvement of oxidative stress and apoptosis in FEN-induced developmental toxicity of embryos. Transcriptome sequencing of larvae showed that FEN altered the expressions of multiple metabolic and nervous system pathways, including PPAR signaling pathway, lipid metabolism pathway, carbohydrate metabolism pathway, retinol metabolism pathway, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, demonstrating that FEN alters the normal development of zebrafish embryos, and multiple pathways mediating the FEN-induced developmental toxicity. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the developmental toxic effects of FEN and provide fundamental data for assessing the risk of FEN on non-target organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA interference targeting β-N-acetylhexosaminidase genes impairs molting and development of Tetranychus urticae","authors":"Ming Liu ,&nbsp;Qianwen Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Lai ,&nbsp;Yan Chen ,&nbsp;Rongchumu Ge ,&nbsp;Shuo Yan ,&nbsp;Chunya Bu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>β-<em>N</em>-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are key chitin-degrading enzymes in insects. Here, we identified <em>TuHex1</em> and <em>TuHex2</em> using insect orthologous genes by searching <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> genome and transcriptome database to investigate their roles in mite molting. <em>TuHex1</em> and <em>TuHex2</em> expression was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and inhibition of <em>TuHex1</em> and <em>TuHex2</em> expression by RNAi resulted in wrinkled cuticle or an inability to shed the old cuticle in nymphs, which may be due to a reduction in particle deposition in the exocuticle and lamellar structure in the endocuticle as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that the <em>TuHex1</em> and <em>TuHex2</em> genes play an essential role in the molting and developmental process of the mite. <em>TuHex2</em>, with a mortality rate of 67.41 % in the leaf disc assay, was a potential RNAi target by oral feeding. Spraying of nanocarrier-delivered bacteria expressing ds<em>TuHex2</em> at 500 ng/μL kept spider mites at a consistently low level throughout the 14 days and showed good mite control comparable to that of matrine. In addition, nanocarrier-delivered ds<em>TuHex2</em> is safe for <em>Neoseiulus californicus</em> in our experiments, providing its potential for green mite management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106259"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of three cytochrome P450 genes and their potential roles in insecticides tolerance in Grapholita molesta (Busck)","authors":"Hui Han ,&nbsp;Ming-Gao Li ,&nbsp;Kai-Yang Xing ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Hu ,&nbsp;Zhi-Guo Zhao ,&nbsp;Qin Yu ,&nbsp;Rui-Yan Ma ,&nbsp;Ling-Ling Gao ,&nbsp;Yan-Qiong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oriental fruit moth, <em>Grapholita molesta</em> (Busck), is a significant pest of Rosaceae trees worldwide and has developed resistance to various insecticides. Cytochrome P450 play a major role in detoxification of resistance to insecticides in insects. In this study, we found that Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which inhibits the P450 activity, synergized with abamectin, imidacloprid, and L-cyhalothrin, increasing mortality rates of G. molesta by 43.04 %, 31.66 %, and 59.09 %, respectively. Using previously constructed transcriptome data from <em>G. molesta</em> treated with these three insecticides, we identified and cloned three new cytochrome P450 genes—<em>CYP4L57</em> (OR027029), <em>CYP9A114</em> (OR027031), and <em>CYP9A203</em> (OR027030). These genes were highly expressed in adults, with <em>CYP4L57</em> showing a 123.90-fold increase, <em>CYP9A114</em> a 43.89-fold increase, and <em>CYP9A203</em> a 1498.99-fold increase compared to egg stages. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed <em>CYP4L57</em> was predominantly expressed in the head, <em>CYP9A114</em> in the hindgut, fat body, and Malpighian tubules, and <em>CYP9A203</em> in the midgut, ovary, and hindgut. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding interactions between these P450 genes and the insecticides. RNA interference-mediated silencing of <em>CYP4L57</em>, <em>CYP9A114</em>, and <em>CYP9A203</em> significantly increased mortality rates by 12.42 % to 68.89 % upon exposure to the insecticides, abamectin, imidacloprid, and L-cyhalothrin. These findings suggest that cytochrome P450 genes contribute to insecticide tolerance in <em>G. molesta</em> and <em>CYP4L57</em>, <em>CYP9A114</em>, and <em>CYP9A203</em> play key roles in this process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histocytological analysis reveals the biocontrol activity of a rhizospheric bacterium Pseudomonas rhizophila Z98 against kiwifruit bacterial canker","authors":"Runze Tian ,&nbsp;Yujie Tian ,&nbsp;Qianqian Mi,&nbsp;Lili Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC), caused by <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>actinidiae</em> (<em>Psa</em>), poses a significant threat to the global kiwifruit industry. Currently, there is a scarcity of highly efficient biocontrol agents for the prevention and control of KBC, which limits the comprehensive management of the disease. This study investigates the biocontrol potential of <em>P. rhizophila</em> Z98, isolated from kiwifruit rhizosphere, which exhibits significant inhibitory effects on <em>Psa</em>. The in vitro leaf disc and vein assays demonstrated Z98's potent preventive effect, achieving a 98.89 % reduction in KBC and its ability to limit <em>Psa</em>'s vascular spread. Microscopic analysis showed that <em>Psa</em> cells exposed to Z98 underwent significant morphological changes, including cell wall depressions, wrinkling, tumorous protrusions, and intracellular disruptions like cytoplasmic disintegration and vacuolization, culminating in cell death. These effects were were mirrored with Z98's fermentation broth crude extract, suggesting that Z98 combats <em>Psa</em> through the secretion of bioactive substances. Additionally, Z98 successfully colonizes kiwifruit tissues, achieving a biomass of 3.78 × 10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹ without compromising tissue integrity. Moreover, Z98 induces the upregulation of defense-related genes and callose deposition in kiwifruit, thereby activating plant immune responses. These findings elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying the biocontrol effects of rhizosphere bacteria and offer a novel biological resource for managing bacterial canker in woody plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe2O3 nanoparticles enhance soybean resistance to root rot by modulating metabolic pathways and defense response","authors":"Yuantian Guo ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Gan ,&nbsp;Jason C. White ,&nbsp;Xingyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Dengqin Wei ,&nbsp;Jinhong Liang ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Chun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four doses of Fe₂O₃ NPs suspension (10, 50, 100, and 500 mg/L) and one dose of EDTA-FeNa₂ solution (10 mg/L) were foliar applied to two soybean (<em>Glycine</em> max) varieties (ND12 and C103) with <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em>. Notably, soybean disease indices were significantly reduced following foliar application of Fe₂O₃ NPs. At 50 mg/L Fe₂O₃ NPs, disease indices were reduced by 60.29 % and 43.75 % in ND12 and C103, respectively; these values were significantly better than EDTA-FeNa₂, which reduced disease indices by 22.02–28.10 % compared to infected control. Furthermore, root biomass increased by 54.28 % and 42.95 %; chlorophyll <em>a</em> increased by 31.03 % and 43.78 %; SOD activity increased by 40.82 % and 45.59 %; and <em>GmPAL</em> expression increased by 16.64 and 7.23-fold with 50 mg/L Fe₂O₃ NPs on ND12 and C103, respectively, compared to the infected control. Importantly, the control efficiency of Fe₂O₃ NPs was 3–6 times higher than that of EDTA-FeNa₂. Metabolomic analysis indicated that 50 mg/L Fe₂O₃ NPs significantly increased the metabolite content of TCA biomolecules in both soybeans; for example, citric acid increased by 102.06 % and 29.88 % compared to the infected control. The results suggest that Fe₂O₃ NPs mitigate root rot through multiple mechanisms, including augmentation of antioxidant enzyme activity to mitigate disease-induced oxidative stress, activation of relevant defense genes to enhance resistance, and increased levels of TCA and amino acid metabolites to provide energy for soybean response. These findings underscore the significant potential of Fe₂O₃ NPs in disease suppression for an environmentally friendly sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid adaptation of Bacillus thuringiensis to alkaline environments via the L-lactate metabolism pathway regulated by the CRP/FNR family regulator LtmR","authors":"Qi Peng ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Qin ,&nbsp;Hong Xu ,&nbsp;Guiwei Kao ,&nbsp;Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Zhongqin Sun ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Leyla Slamti ,&nbsp;Shuyuan Guo ,&nbsp;Fuping Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (<em>Bt</em>) is an entomopathogenic bacterium. During infection, <em>Bt</em> often encounters alkaline conditions in the insect midgut and adaptation to this alkaline environment is crucial for its survival and establishment. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of rapid adaptation of <em>Bt</em> to an alkaline environment. DNA microarray revealed 739 downregulated genes and 662 upregulated genes in the presence of 28 mM NaOH for 10 min relative to the condition without alkaline treatment. The activities of some primary metabolic pathways of <em>Bt</em> were enhanced under alkaline conditions, and many genes related to synthesis and transportation of amino acids, nucleic acids, and cell surfaces were significantly induced. In particular, <em>ldh2</em> (HD73_5189) and <em>lpm1</em> (HD73_0686), which encode lactate dehydrogenase and lactate permease, respectively, were significantly upregulated. Transcription of <em>ldh2</em> and <em>lpm1</em> was directly regulated by the CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, LtmR (L-<u>l</u>actate <u>t</u>ransport and <u>m</u>etabolism <u>r</u>egulator), through binding between LtmR and their promoters. The intracellular concentration of pyruvate increased and that of lactate decreased under alkaline conditions. Following deletion of <em>ldh2</em>, the concentration of pyruvate decreased, and that of lactate increased, suggesting that <em>ldh2</em> catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. <em>ltmR</em>, <em>ldh2</em>, and <em>lpm1</em> were shown to contribute to <em>Bt</em> virulence in <em>Ostrinia furnacalis</em>. Collectively, these data indicate that the pyruvate-L-lactate metabolic pathway is important for <em>Bt</em> adaptation and virulence in alkaline environments. Homologues of LtmR are highly conserved in <em>B. cereus</em> group, suggesting that they share a similar strategy for pH adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}