Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol from Bacillus siamensis controls kiwifruit leaf spot by disrupting membrane integrity and interfering with energy metabolism of Fusarium graminearum","authors":"Bingce Wang ,&nbsp;Lifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaolan Yang ,&nbsp;Xiang Liu ,&nbsp;Ya Huang ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Li ,&nbsp;Xianhui Yin ,&nbsp;Weizhen Wang ,&nbsp;Youhua Long","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Fusarium graminearum</em>, a notorious multi-host pathogen threatening global agriculture, has recently expanded its host range to become a dominant and aggressive causal agent of kiwifruit leaf spot, causing severe yield losses and threatening industrial sustainability. To address this challenge, a biocontrol bacterium exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, <em>Bacillus siamensis</em> strain BsiaSC07, was isolated from the kiwifruit phyllosphere. Notably, the potent broad-spectrum antifungal compound 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol (3,5-DTBP) was identified from the fermentation metabolites of this strain using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of 3,5-DTBP production by <em>Bacillus</em> spp. 3,5-DTBP demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against six kiwifruit leaf spot pathogens, with particularly high efficacy against <em>F. graminearum</em>. It effectively suppressed mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination, and significantly alleviated disease severity in detached leaf assays. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis and validation experiments elucidated the hierarchical mechanism of action: 3,5-DTBP exerts its antifungal effect primarily by destroying cell membrane integrity. This primary structural damage may act as an initiating trigger that precipitates a secondary irreversible collapse in energy metabolism, ultimately driving systemic cell failure. These findings demonstrate the biocontrol potential of <em>B. siamensis</em> BsiaSC07 and suggest that 3,5-DTBP is a promising candidate fungicide for the management of kiwifruit leaf spot.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal activity and mechanism of thymol against Colletotrichum fructicola that causes litchi anthracnose","authors":"Shuzhe Chen ,&nbsp;Taixu Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Lv ,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Liu ,&nbsp;Tianzhao Hao ,&nbsp;Jie Meng ,&nbsp;Sirui Cheng ,&nbsp;Qinghe Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Litchi anthracnose, induced by <em>Colletotrichum fructicola</em>, represents a significant threat to litchi cultivation, being among the most destructive diseases impacting its yield. Accordingly, identifying eco-friendly and effective antifungal compounds has become an urgent priority. In this study, we screened ten plant-derived essential oil components and identified thymol as the most potent inhibitor of <em>C. fructicola</em>. In vitro experiments revealed that thymol notably restricted both mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen. Microscopic analysis revealed severe morphological and ultrastructural damage to hyphae, including disrupted cell membrane integrity and leakage of intracellular contents. Transcriptomic profiling further indicated that thymol triggered widespread transcriptional reprogramming, including genes related to redox processes, oxidoreductase activity, and metabolic pathways, suggesting that oxidative stress and metabolic disturbance contribute to its antifungal effect. Moreover, thymol elevated the activities of defense-related enzymes in litchi fruits, indicating activation of host resistance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that thymol exerts strong antifungal activity through membrane disruption, redox imbalance, and host defense activation, highlighting its potential as a natural and eco-friendly alternative for the management of litchi anthracnose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tarsus-enriched chemosensory proteins in Achelura yunnanensis (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) and their interactions with pesticides","authors":"Fu-Peng Li,&nbsp;Zi-Hui Liu,&nbsp;Xiao-Rong Xiong,&nbsp;Jin-Lan Zhang,&nbsp;Hai-Yan Xiao,&nbsp;Nai-Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread pesticide use has caused many ecological issues including pesticide residues and the loss of biodiversity. Insect tarsus is the foremost chemosensory organ directly in contact with the proximal environment such as the surface of plant leaves, raising the possibility that tarsus-enriched chemosensory proteins (CSPs) mediate insecticide resistance. Here, we combined transcriptomic and genomic data to identify 52 AyunCSPs from <em>Achelura yunnanensis</em>, representing the largest set reported in Lepidoptera so far. This expanded CSP gene family was attributed mainly to gene duplications but not related to host breadth, as suggested by gene structure and phylogenetics of AyunCSPs as well as moth's oligophagy. Expression profiles revealed that the majority of AyunCSPs were detected in tarsi of both sexes, with 14 genes being tissue-enriched. Functional assays with ligand-binding experiments against a panel of 35 pesticides presented that most of 14 tarsus-enriched AyunCSPs could strongly bind broad-spectrum insecticides including chlorpyrifos, phoxim, chlorfluazuron, hexaflumuron, indoxacarb, chlorfenapyr and rotenone (dissociation constant, K_i &lt; 13 μM) and one herbicide butachlor widely used (K_i &lt; 15 μM), but exhibited different pesticide-binding profiles tuned to 1–21 ligands. We also identified key residues of AyunCSP12 in recognizing insecticides through docking simulations and point-mutation experiments, including Phe27 and Tyr88 for chlorfluazuron, Phe27 for indoxacarb, and Phe27, Ile70 and Tyr88 for chlorfenapyr (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). This is the first comprehensive report to build an extensive pesticide response profile of tarsus-enriched AyunCSPs in <em>A. yunnanensis</em>. The findings highlight the importance of tarsus-enriched CSPs in insecticide resistance and provide insights into the strong adaptation of this moth and other insects to host plants and the pesticide-semiochemical mixed environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erlvejunzuo, a gallic acid-derived thiadiazole, inhibits glucose biosynthesis and confers broad-spectrum antifungal activity","authors":"Manman Zhang,&nbsp;Chengke Zhang,&nbsp;Yihan Jiang,&nbsp;Li Wu,&nbsp;Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Fengquan Liu,&nbsp;Cheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant fungal pathogens threaten crop production and food security. Long-term and indiscriminate use of fungicides may lead to the emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens and environmental pollution. In this study, we found a novel gallic acid-derived thiadiazole, called Erlvejunzuo, exerting broad-spectrum activity against five destructive fungi (<em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</em>, <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, <em>Didymella segeticola</em>, <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae</em>, <em>Colletotrichum camelliae</em>) in vitro and <em>in planta</em>. In vitro assays revealed that Erlvejunzuo effectively inhibited the five phytopathogens, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) values of 10.50–14.83 mg/L. Transcriptomic and functional analysis showed that Erlvejunzuo exerted its antifungal effects by disrupting glucose metabolism and ATP biosynthesis pathways, accompanied by plasma membrane damage. Erlvejunzuo protected against sclerotinia stem rot (oilseed rape), gray mold (tomato), and tea diseases (leaf spot/gray blight/anthracnose), without inducing phytotoxicity. Conclusively, this study provides the first evidence that Erlvejunzuo exerts antifungal effects by inhibiting glucose biosynthesis, positioning it as an eco-friendly candidate for crop protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional characterization of two delta-class glutathione S-transferases genes in detoxifying acaricides in Sarcoptes scabiei","authors":"Hongmei Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Lei ,&nbsp;Xinyu Bao ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Gu ,&nbsp;Jing Xia ,&nbsp;Yong Huang ,&nbsp;Huaqiao Tang ,&nbsp;Fei Shi ,&nbsp;Xing Huang ,&nbsp;Bo liang ,&nbsp;Jing Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scabies (or Sarcoptic mange) is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the ectoparasite <em>Sarcoptes scabiei.</em> The resistance of <em>S. scabiei</em> to common acaricides like permethrin has been reported, yet their precise mechanisms remain elusive. Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTs) constitute an important class of detoxification enzymes. In this study, we found that the expression levels of <em>SsGSTd3</em> and <em>SsGSTd5</em> in <em>S. scabiei</em> were significantly up-regulated after exposure to LC₃₀ of permethrin, amitraz, and selamectin, suggesting that <em>SsGSTd3</em> and <em>SsGSTd5</em> are involved in the detoxification of these acaricides. Therefore, we used <em>in vitro</em> metabolic assay and bacterial survival assays to further investigate their specific detoxification mechanisms. Co-incubation with the acaricides reduced the 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) activities of both recombinant proteins to varying degrees. HPLC analysis revealed that SsGSTd3 and SsGSTd5 metabolized 35.24% and 53.28% of permethrin, respectively, but did not metabolize amitraz. SsGSTd3 metabolized a small fraction of selamectin (3.25%). In addition, bacterial survival assays demonstrated that under oxidative stress induced by CHP and H₂O₂, the OD₆₀₀ values of <em>E. coli</em> overexpressing SsGSTd3 or SsGSTd5 were significantly higher than those of control group, indicating robust antioxidant activity for both proteins. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that SsGSTd3 and SsGSTd5 facilitate permethrin detoxification <em>via</em> a dual mechanism—metabolic and alleviation of oxidative stress, and may represent an early warning sign of decreased susceptibility to amitraz and selamectin through their antioxidant functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatotoxicity of environmental acetamiprid and cadmium in Pelophylax nigromaculatus: An integrated analysis from histopathology to molecular mechanisms","authors":"Limin Tian ,&nbsp;Shaoqin Chen ,&nbsp;Renyue Ming ,&nbsp;Ya Yang ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Yanhua Wang ,&nbsp;Ping Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In agricultural ecosystems, pesticides and heavy metals often coexist as understudied threats to ecological health. Although traditional risk assessments focus on single contaminants, the combined effects, particularly on ecologically relevant amphibians such as <em>Pelophylax nigromaculatus</em>, remain poorly understood. Among these pollutants, the neonicotinoid acetamiprid and cadmium are widely detected in aquatic environments, yet their combined hepatotoxicity in adult amphibians has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the individual and combined toxic effects of acetamiprid and cadmium in <em>P. nigromaculatus</em> at environmentally relevant concentrations, employing an integrated multi-omics approach in conjunction with biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Individual exposures induced significant metabolic disruption and tissue injury. In contrast, co-exposure triggered a unique adaptive compensation network that maintained redox balance and redirected amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, thereby mitigating inflammatory activation and liver damage. Molecular docking simulations further revealed differential binding interactions of acetamiprid and an acetamiprid–cadmium complex with key compensatory proteins, providing a mechanistic basis for the attenuated toxicity under combined exposures. These results highlight the importance of incorporating mixture toxicity and life-stage-specific responses into ecological risk assessments, reveal unexpected adaptive pathways in amphibians exposed to complex pollutant scenarios, and emphasize the need for more comprehensive evaluations of interactions among environmental contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constitutive overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporters contributes to emamectin benzoate resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Congsai Wang ,&nbsp;Zikun Wang ,&nbsp;Jingdong Li ,&nbsp;Yunkun Zi ,&nbsp;Huiling Huang ,&nbsp;Binrui Bai ,&nbsp;Keyi Chen ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Hongsong Chen ,&nbsp;Huihua Tan ,&nbsp;Kaikai Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emamectin benzoate is a key insecticide for controlling <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>, a highly destructive agricultural pest. However, the emergence of resistance frequently results in control failures. Monitoring insecticide resistance in <em>S. frugiperda</em> populations and elucidating the underlying genetic mechanisms are essential for developing informed pest management decisions and effective resistance management strategies. This study demonstrates that six field populations of <em>S. frugiperda</em> from China have developed moderate resistance to emamectin benzoate, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 19.05- to 67.14. In a laboratory-selected emamectin benzoate-resistant strain (RR = 255.71), a high level of cross-resistance was observed between emamectin benzoate and abamectin (RR = 22.45), whereas only low levels of cross-resistance were detected for indoxacarb, lufenuron, chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, or cyantraniliprole (RR &lt; 2.05). Synergism bioassays indicate that ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters may contribute to emamectin benzoate resistance. Integrated transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analyses reveal that <em>ABCD2</em>, <em>ABCC2</em>, <em>ABCG20a</em>, and <em>ABCB1</em> are constitutively overexpressed in both the resistant strain and field-collected populations. RNA interference-mediated knockdown using dsRNAs targeting individual genes or a mixture of <em>ABCD2</em>, <em>ABCC2</em>, <em>ABCG20a</em>, and <em>ABCB1</em> significantly increased the susceptibility of <em>S. frugiperda</em> to emamectin benzoate. Molecular docking studies demonstrate that emamectin benzoate directly binds to these ABC transporters, highlighting their potential role in metabolic resistance. In conclusion, this study clarifies the current status of emamectin benzoate resistance in <em>S. frugiperda</em> in China and identifies the contribution of four ABC transporters to resistance development. These findings provide a scientific foundation for the development of sustainable pest management and control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 106980"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MaNrg1, a transcriptional regulator, negatively regulates the UV-B tolerance and governs the microcycle conidiation in Metarhizium acridum","authors":"Xiaobin Hu ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Yuxian Xia ,&nbsp;Kai Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microcycle conidiation (MC) displayed a great potential for enhancing the yield and quality of conidia in entomopathogenic fungus. Elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms of MC is helpful to improve mycoinsecticide efficacy through optimized conidiation. Here, we reveal that the <em>MaNrg1</em> gene encodes a 395-amino-acid protein containing two C2H2 zinc finger domains in the model entomopathogenic fungus, <em>Metarhizium acridum</em>. Disruption of <em>MaNrg1</em> reduced half-germination time and decreased conidial yield by ∼46 % at day 15. The <em>MaNrg1</em>-disruption strain exhibited enhanced UV resistance but greater sensitivity to oxidative stress (60 mM H₂O₂), while heat tolerance and pathogenicity remained unaffected. Δ<em>MaNrg1</em> shifted from MC to normal conidiation (NC) on SYA medium, accompanied by delaying conidiophore formation and reducing conidial yield by &gt;33 %. Genetic interaction studies indicated that <em>MaNrg1</em> and <em>MaPacC</em> (a <em>Rim101</em> homologous gene) mutually regulate expression, yet sodium nitroprusside (4 mM) rescued MC only in Δ<em>MaNrg1</em> (not Δ<em>MaPacC</em>), demonstrating distinct regulatory mechanisms. The results of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that <em>MaNrg1</em> deletion downregulated most NO metabolism genes, with the exception of the <em>Hemc</em> gene. Quantification of intracellular NO levels during MC revealed that <em>MaNrg1</em> deletion resulted in a significant reduction in intracellular NO content. Thus, MaNrg1 governs MC via NO-related metabolic pathways in <em>M. acridum</em>. Transcriptomics of SYA-cultured strains identified 134 and 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 8 h and 24 h, enriched in metabolic pathways (glycolysis, amino acid metabolism). Among these DEGs, two target genes that directly interact with MaNrg1 were identified through yeast one-hybrid assays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carnitine acetyltransferase acts as a unidirectional compensatory enzyme for choline acetyltransferase activity in Nilaparvata lugens","authors":"Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingting Wang ,&nbsp;Tianshun He ,&nbsp;Tianye Hu ,&nbsp;Xun Wu ,&nbsp;Huihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Na Yu ,&nbsp;Zewen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carnitine/choline acyltransferase family facilitates acyl-group transport and regulates acetylcholine (ACh) homeostasis in insects. Five members of this family were identified in <em>Nilaparvata lugens</em>, among which choline acyltransferase (ChAT) and carnitine acyltransferase (CrAT) are phylogenetically closely related. Silencing <em>ChAT</em> or inhibiting ChAT activity by omeprazole significantly upregulated <em>CrAT</em> expression, whereas <em>CrAT</em> silencing did not affect <em>ChAT</em> expression. Although <em>CrAT</em> knockdown reduced ChAT activity in vivo, <em>ChAT</em> silencing did not alter CrAT activity, indicating a unidirectional compensatory relationship. Molecular docking supported choline-binding capability of CrAT, supporting its role in ACh synthesis. While <em>CrAT</em> silencing alone did not cause mortality, dual silencing <em>ChAT</em> and <em>CrAT</em> significantly increased insecticide susceptibility compared to <em>ChAT</em> silencing alone. These results demonstrate that <em>CrAT</em> upregulation would partially compensate for ChAT deficiency. To overcome this compensation, we screened for dual-target inhibitors and identified 5-hydroxy omeprazole, which exhibits high binding affinity for both ChAT and CrAT. Collectively, this study reveals a CrAT-mediated compensatory mechanism in insect ACh synthesis, highlighting the need to account for such adaptive responses in designing novel insecticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106937"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Both target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms confer mesosulfuron-methyl resistance in Silene conoidea L.","authors":"Xinhui Xue ,&nbsp;Hailan Cui ,&nbsp;Shen'ao Hu ,&nbsp;Hong Ma ,&nbsp;Shouhui Wei ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Huang ,&nbsp;Xiangju Li ,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Silene conoidea</em> L., a common weed in wheat fields, is mainly controlled by acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides such as mesosulfuron-methyl. In this study, we investigated a mesosulfuron-methyl resistant population to elucidate the resistance mechanisms. The resistant (R) population displayed a high level of resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl, with the resistance index (RI) of 18.87. It also exhibited cross-resistance to halosulfuron-methyl, florasulam, flumetsulam, and flucarbazone‑sodium. In vitro ALS enzyme activity in the R population was 22.85-fold higher than in the susceptible (S) population. A W574L mutation (leucine replaced tryptophan) was identified in the <em>ALS</em> gene of the R population. Through molecular docking, this substitution of amino acid weakened the π-π stacking interaction between mesosulfuron-methyl molecule and the non-mutated ALS enzyme. The R population also showed significantly higher <em>ALS</em> expression than the S population, while the <em>ALS</em> gene copy number did not differ between the two populations. Pretreatment with malathion (cytochrome P450 inhibitor) and NBD-Cl (glutathione S-transferases inhibitor) reduced mesosulfuron-methyl resistance by 43.92 % and 29.20 %, respectively. Indicating that CYP450s and GSTs are involved in resistance. Transcriptome and qPCR analyses identified significant upregulation of three ABC transporter genes, three CYP450 genes, and one GST gene in the R population. Meanwhile, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the photosynthetic pathways were significantly affected after mesosulfuron-methyl treatment. This is the first report of mesosulfuron-methyl resistance in <em>S. conoidea</em>, involves both target site resistance and non-target site resistance mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106905"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}