Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Green voltammetric determination of the fungicide Fluopyram using a single-use pencil graphite electrode: Application to juice and urine samples","authors":"Abdulkadir Levent","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluopyram, a broad-spectrum fungicide extensively used in agricultural systems to protect crops against a wide range of fungal pathogens, has raised increasing concern due to its potential persistence and accumulation in food and biological systems. Therefore, the development of simple, cost-effective, and highly sensitive detection strategies for monitoring Fluopyram residues is of considerable importance. In this study, we systematically explored the electrochemical properties and detection capability of Fluopyram using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) with a single-use pencil graphite electrode serving as the disposable working electrode. The CV measurements demonstrated that Fluopyram undergoes an irreversible oxidation process, yielding a well-defined anodic peak at approximately +1.05 V in a 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer solution at pH 4.0, which reflects a diffusion-controlled electron transfer mechanism. Quantification studies carried out with SWV revealed an excellent linear response over a wide concentration range from 0.04 to 1.23 μg/mL (R² &gt; 0.99). Notably, the method achieved a very low limit of detection of 0.009 μg/mL, underscoring the superior sensitivity of the proposed electroanalytical approach compared to many conventional methods. To evaluate its real-world applicability, the method was successfully applied to spiked urine and orange juice samples, where satisfactory recovery values confirmed its robustness in complex matrices. The electrochemical results were further validated by comparison with spectrophotometric measurements, demonstrating good consistency between the two techniques. Overall, this work introduces a disposable, rapid, and reliable electroanalytical platform for Fluopyram determination, offering promising potential for environmental monitoring, food safety assessment, and clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106725"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual screening and activity evaluation of novel ecdysone analogues targeting overlapping binding pockets in Lepidoptera ecdysone receptor","authors":"Yanjiao Feng ,&nbsp;Jialin Cui ,&nbsp;Hongyan Wang ,&nbsp;Qinyan Tan ,&nbsp;Shangzhong Liu ,&nbsp;Libing Liu ,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ecdysone receptor (EcR/USP) plays a vital role in regulating molting and metamorphosis in insects, rendering it an attractive green target for developing novel insect growth regulators (IGRs). In this study, the ligand pharmacophore model S1&amp;S2 and the Combine active pockets were constructed on the basis of the two different ligand-binding pockets of <em>Lepidoptera</em> EcR. A multi-level virtual screening of the SPECS database was performed, using pesticide-likeness rule and molecular docking, to obtain 13 screening compounds. Then, a novel experimental method was established to evaluate <em>Plutella xylostella</em> EcR/USP-LBD binding to ligand molecules using the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique. The binding assays demonstrated that compounds VS-13, VS-16, VS-17, VS-18, and VS-19 exhibited comparable or superior efficacy to the commercial insecticide methoxyfenozide. Notably, VS-13 showed the highest binding activity, with a K_d of 0.2 ± 0.03 μM, similar to Ponesterone A (PonA, K_d = 0.1 ± 0.01 μM). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that, in addition to three important residues (Asn503, Tyr407, and Thr342), Trp525 and Met379 are also key residues in stable the ligand-receptor interactions. These findings provide an effective strategy to design and discovery novel non-ecdysteroid analogs targeting <em>lepidopteran</em> insects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106723"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larvicidal efficacy of Varronia curassavica leaf phytochemicals against Aedes aegypti: anatomical, histological and cytotoxic analyses","authors":"Marcela Rezende Cordeiro ,&nbsp;Saulo Pireda ,&nbsp;Maria Aparecida Aride Bertonceli ,&nbsp;Thalya Soares Ribeiro Nogueira ,&nbsp;Nicolly Lopes Bautz ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Barbosa Braga Feitoza ,&nbsp;Felipe Figueirôa Moreira ,&nbsp;Ivo José Curcino Vieira ,&nbsp;Carlos Roberto Ribeiro Matos ,&nbsp;Raimundo Braz-Filho ,&nbsp;Sergio Henrique Seabra ,&nbsp;Francisco José Alves Lemos ,&nbsp;Kátia Valevski Sales Fernandes ,&nbsp;Maura Da Cunha","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aedes aegypti</em>, the primary vector of diseases like Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever, and Chikungunya, presents a significant public health challenge, particularly in tropical regions. With rising resistance to conventional insecticides, plant-derived bioinsecticides have emerged as a promising alternative. This study assessed the larvicidal potential of phytochemicals from <em>Varronia curassavica</em>, a species native to the Atlantic Forest. Microscopic analyses revealed various trichome types on <em>V. curassavica</em> leaves, including glandular trichomes containing essential oils, phenolic substances, lipids, alkaloids, and pectins and other protein-producing trichomes. Methanolic leaf extracts demonstrated 65 % lethality against third-instar larvae of <em>A. aegypti</em> at 100 ppm. Fractionation of the extract using solvents of increasing polarity identified the dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) partition as the most toxic. Further purification of this by silica-gel chromatography produced subfractions, with VCDF11 (<em>Varronia carassavica</em> dichrolometane fraction) showing the highest toxicity (LC₅₀ = 57.0 ppm and LC₉₀ = 74.4 ppm). The VCDF11 fraction was the most active, and subfraction VCDF11.6 exhibited 100 % larvicidal activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified key components, including terpenes (<em>β</em>-copaene, <em>δ</em>-cadinene, phytol) and fatty acids (octadecanol, hexadecanoic acid) in the VCDF11.6 fraction. These compounds disrupted the epidermis, gastric cecum, and larval cuticular layers. An MTT assay confirmed low cytotoxicity of the VCDF11.6 fraction to monkey kidney cells. <em>V. curassavica</em> phytochemicals demonstrate relevant larvicidal activity against <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae with minimal toxicity to mammalian cells, highlighting their potential as a bioinsecticidal agent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106719"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The AMPK-FOXO signaling regulates the transcriptional response of 4EBP to pesticide stress in Tribolium castaneum","authors":"Daojie Guan ,&nbsp;Zhichao Wang ,&nbsp;Changpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Huichen Ge ,&nbsp;Mi Zhou ,&nbsp;Shu Fang ,&nbsp;Kun Qian ,&nbsp;Jianjun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4EBP) regulates protein synthesis by suppressing cap-dependent translation, the most energy-consuming process in the cell. While transcriptional and post-translational modulation of 4EBP has been extensively studied in mammals, its roles in response to pesticide stress in insects remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified and cloned the <em>Tc4EBP</em> gene from <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression level of <em>Tc4EBP</em> increased with the development time during larval, pupal and adult stages. RNA interference (RNAi) experiment showed that silencing <em>Tc4EBP</em> through dsRNA injection decreased pupation and eclosion rates of the beetles. Additionally, the mRNA level of <em>Tc4EBP</em> was significantly induced by deltamethrin treatment, and knockdown of <em>Tc4EBP</em> significantly increased susceptibility of the beetles to deltamethrin and enhanced deltamethrin-induced ATP depletion. Notably, knockdown of <em>TcFOXO</em> and <em>TcAMPKα</em> significantly downregulated the expression level of <em>Tc4EBP</em> and attenuated its induction by deltamethrin. Furthermore, knockdown of <em>TcFOXO</em> prevented the induction of <em>Tc4EBP</em> by treatment with the AMPK activator AICAR. This study establishes Tc4EBP is involved in development of <em>T. castaneum</em>, and TcAMPK-TcFOXO signaling positively regulated <em>Tc4EBP</em> transcription in response to deltamethrin treatment, providing evidence of a survival strategy under pesticide stress <em>via</em> inhibition of translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L-amino acids modulate biofilm formation, UV resistance, and insecticidal activity in Bacillus thuringiensis formulations: Mechanisms and optimization","authors":"Zixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yimeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Junjun Chen ,&nbsp;Qingqing Liu ,&nbsp;Xueqin Luo ,&nbsp;Qiuting Xu ,&nbsp;Hongxin Su ,&nbsp;Yanyan He ,&nbsp;Fang Xiong ,&nbsp;Shuang Lin ,&nbsp;Tianpei Huang ,&nbsp;Xiong Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the field persistence of <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (Bt) biopesticides is crucial for efficient pest management. This study presents the first systematic investigation into the mechanisms by which all 20 L-amino acids influence Bt biofilm formation, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and insecticidal activity. The results demonstrate that amino acids functioned as interfacial modulators: non-polar hydrophobic types (e.g., L-leucine) significantly increased biofilm biomass in wettable powder through hydrophobic adhesion, whereas basic types (e.g., L-arginine, <span>l</span>-lysine) enhanced the stability of aqueous suspension concentrate via electrostatic stabilization. Through statistical optimization (Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology), a synergistic formulation composed of L-arginine, <span>l</span>-lysine, and L-leucine was identified. This formulation increased the biofilm yield of the commercial Kernel 32,000 IU/mg wettable powder by 3.8-fold and improved survival rate by approximately 50 % after 4 h of UV irradiation. At the physio-toxicological level, this amino acid combination reduced the LC50 against second-instar <em>Plutella xylostella</em> larvae by 8.12-fold. Transmission electron microscopy revealed complete microvilli shedding and mitochondrial cristae breakage in the treated midgut, indicating that the synergistic mechanism stems from the disruption of the midgut epithelial barrier. This study provides the first direct link between amino-acid-mediated interfacial interactions and midgut pathological damage, offering molecular–physiological evidence for next-generation, low-dose, highly stable Bt formulation with manageable resistance risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential roles of ABCC2, ABCC3, and cadherin in mediating Cry1Ac toxicity in Spodoptera exigua","authors":"Zeng Jin,&nbsp;Xingliang Wang,&nbsp;Yidong Wu,&nbsp;Yihua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> Cry toxins have been widely used to control major lepidopteran pests. Interaction of Cry toxins with larval midgut receptors is a critical step in exerting toxicity. Receptor alternations are the major mechanisms of Bt resistance in the target pests. Identification of the critical receptors is essential for early warning of Bt resistance and for developing adaptive resistance management strategies. Two ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABCC2 and ABCC3, as well as cadherin, are important receptors for Cry1A toxins in lepidopterans, but they play different roles across various species. In the present study, the differential roles of SeABCC2, SeABCC3, and SeCad1 in mediating Cry1Ac toxicity in <em>Spodoptera exigua</em>, one of the most serious crop pests worldwide, were investigated through CRISPR-mediated gene knockouts and <em>in vitro</em> testing of Sf9 cell toxicity. Six knockouts were established by knocking out SeABCC2, SeABCC3, or SeCad1 individually and in pairs. Bioassay results demonstrated that knockout of SeABCC2 alone or in combination with either SeABCC3 or SeCad1 resulted in significant resistance to Cry1Ac by 1180-, 990-, and 7540-fold in the SeC2-KO, SeC2/Cad1-KO, and SeC2/C3-KO strains, respectively. In contrast, the other three knockouts (SeC3-KO, SeCad1-KO, and SeC3/Cad1-KO) exhibited less than two-fold change in Cry1Ac toxicity compared to the wild-type strain. Cell toxicity results with Sf9 cells infected to produce recombinant SeABCC2, SeABCC3, and SeCad1, individually or in pairs, generally aligned with the gene knockout findings. Our results demonstrate that SeABCC2 is the most critical receptor for Cry1Ac in <em>S. exigua</em>, and that Cry1Ac exerts its toxicity primarily through one major toxic pathway mediated by SeABCC2. SeABCC3 and SeCad1 played minor roles in mediating Cry1Ac toxicity. Therefore, resistance surveillance and management efforts should focus on <em>SeABCC2</em> mutations in field populations of <em>S. exigua</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106721"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emamectin benzoate inhibits growth and development of Hyphantria cunea, accompanied by disruptions in lipid metabolism and hormonal balance","authors":"Kudousi Kuerban ,&nbsp;Jiayun Li ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Xu ,&nbsp;Jacob D. Wickham ,&nbsp;Yunxuan Wu ,&nbsp;Nannan Lv ,&nbsp;Jianting Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To clarify the physiological effects of low-concentration emamectin benzoate (EMB) exposure, its sublethal and semi-lethal impacts on <em>Hyphantria cunea</em> growth and development were evaluated. Initially, the 72 h LC₂₀ (0.021 mg/L) and LC₅₀ (0.032 mg/L) of EMB against 4th instar larvae were determined using the leaf-dip method. Short-term observations following treatment with these concentrations revealed significant inhibition of larval growth and food utilization efficiency. Long-term observations revealed that EMB treatment significantly inhibited larval and pupal development, reduced pupation and adult emergence rates, and shortened adult longevity, resulting in successful development rates of only 22.42 % (LC₂₀) and 1.83 % (LC₅₀). Transcriptomic analysis, qRT-PCR, and biochemical assays further demonstrated that short-term treatment (72 h on the 4th instar) upregulated genes related to lipid metabolism (<em>HcLipase</em>, <em>HcGK</em>, <em>HcDES9</em>, <em>HcAGPAT</em>, and <em>HcFAR</em>) and significantly reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) levels. Long-term treatment (24 h exposure followed by rearing to the 7th instar) led to transcriptional suppression of these genes and continued TAG depletion. Nile red staining confirmed reduced lipid droplet size in fat bodies, indicating impaired lipid storage. Additionally, EMB disrupted hormonal homeostasis in both 4th- and 7th-instar larvae, as evidenced by the downregulation of <em>HcJHEH</em> and upregulation of <em>HcJHR</em>, leading to increased juvenile hormone levels. Conversely, genes related to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) (<em>HcCYP306A1</em>, <em>HcCYP314A1</em>, <em>HcCYP18A1</em>, and <em>HcEcR</em>) were significantly downregulated, accompanied by a significant decrease in 20E titers. In conclusion, this study revealed the potential mechanism of EMB action, whereby it inhibits the growth and development of <em>H. cunea</em> by disrupting lipid metabolism and hormonal balance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106720"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SfFPPS genes mediate reproduction and insecticide-induced resurgence in Sogatella furcifera","authors":"Cao Zhou ,&nbsp;Zi-Han Xu ,&nbsp;Jiang-Ling Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Shi-Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Yang ,&nbsp;Dao-Chao Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, is essential for juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis and plays a critical role in insect development and reproduction. However, its function and regulation in insect pests like <em>Sogatella furcifera</em> remain poorly understood. Three <em>FPPS</em> genes (<em>SfFPPS1</em>, <em>SfFPPS2</em>, and <em>SfFPPS-like</em>) were identified in <em>S. furcifera</em>. <em>SfFPPS1</em> and <em>SfFPPS2</em> contain all typical FPPS motifs and cluster with Hemipteran FPPS genes, while <em>SfFPPS-like</em> lacks several conserved motifs and forms a distinct clade. RNAi-mediated knockdown of each gene significantly downregulated <em>SfKr-h1</em> and <em>SfVg</em>, further impaired ovarian development and reduced fecundity. The expression of all three <em>SfFPPS</em> genes was significantly reduced by the silencing of TOR pathway key genes, <em>SfRheb</em>, <em>SfTOR</em>, and <em>SfS6K</em>. Moreover, the enhanced expression of these genes in female adults under sublethal triazophos (LC₂₅) exposure indicates a potential link between environmental stress and reproductive enhancement. These findings demonstrate the involvement of <em>SfFPPS1</em>, <em>SfFPPS2</em>, and <em>SfFPPS-like</em> in female reproduction and insecticide exposure through the TOR pathway in <em>S. furcifera</em>. This study not only provides new insights into the JH biosynthesis-mediated reproductive control and the molecular basis of insecticide-induced resurgence, but also offers promising targets for pest management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106717"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difunctional pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine derivatives: Biological activity and preliminary mechanism","authors":"Yong Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenlei Chen ,&nbsp;Dengyue Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jixiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To develop new antifungal and antibacterial agents, three derivatives containing pyrido[2,3-<em>b</em>]pyrazine were synthesized through derivation and optimization.</div><div>These derivatives exhibited excellent biological activities against 5 plant pathogenic fungal species (<em>Rhizoctonia solani</em>, <em>Phomopsis sp.</em>, <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, <em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</em>, <em>and Magnaporthe oryzae</em>) and 3 plant pathogenic bacterial species (<em>Xanthomonas oryzae</em> pv. <em>oryzicola</em>, <em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em> pv. <em>citri</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>actinidiae</em>). Among them, the EC₅₀ values of compound <strong>X2</strong> against the 5 plant pathogenic fungi were 3.15, 1.12, 0.69, 1.59, and 0.92 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly superior to those of fluopyram (192.29, 93.12, 42.23, 91.19, and 125.77 mg/L) and azoxystrobin (80.14, 25.14, 19.64, 36.81, and 59.51 mg/L). Its curative and protective activities against <em>B. cinerea</em> were 66.6 % and 60.3 %, respectively, which were significantly better than those of the positive controls fluopyram (27.0 % and 20.6 %) and azoxystrobin (60.1 % and 55.6 %). In addition, compound <strong>X2</strong> can inhibit mycelial growth, damage cell membranes, and increase intracellular ROS levels, thereby leading to the death of pathogenic fungi. The EC₅₀ values of <strong>X3</strong> against the 3 plant pathogenic bacteria were 0.13, 3.37, and 9.82 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly superior to those of thiodiazole‑copper and bismerthiazol. Its control effects on rice bacterial leaf streak were 40.79 % and 44.08 %, which were comparable to that of bismerthiazol (42.79 % and 46.35 %). Compound <strong>X3</strong> can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting a variety of virulence factors (exopolysaccharides, biofilms, and motility). Therefore, pyrido[2,3-<em>b</em>]pyrazine can serve as a good scaffold to discover new antibacterial agents and fungicides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant defense protease inhibitors from Vigna unguiculata show bioactivity against non-host related pests","authors":"Jia Liu ,&nbsp;XinYue Tang ,&nbsp;KeQian Long ,&nbsp;ShiQi Zhou ,&nbsp;LiLong Pan ,&nbsp;WenJia Yang ,&nbsp;GuangMao Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term use of chemical pesticides has caused resistance, environmental pollution and other problems, in contrast, biological pesticides are safer and more environmentally friendly. Plant defense substances are important sources of biopesticides for pest control. Although pests have developed adaptations to the host plant, the defense substances derived from plants still have activities against non-host related pests. The defense pathways and substances of <em>Vigna unguiculata</em> were identified by transcriptome sequencing under the treatments of mechanical damage and mite feeding. MAPK pathway related genes were identified as important regulators during the activation of plant defense. Among substances with potential direct activity, a total of 15 serine protease inhibitors and 8 cysteine protease inhibitors were screened out. Since the gene expression levels of <em>VuCPI649</em> and <em>VuSPI680</em> were significantly up-regulated in mite feeding group, the soluble proteins of VuCPI649 and VuSPI680 were obtained through heterologous expression in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Biological activity assays showed that recombinant VuCPI649 and VuSPI680 could significantly inhibit the hatching of the eggs of <em>Tetranychus urticae</em>, and recombinant VuCPI649 had insecticidal effect on the larvae of <em>Tuta absoluta</em> through feeding. Subsequently, the protease genes with specific expression patterns in <em>T. urticae</em> and <em>T. absoluta</em> were screened out as potential targets, and the interaction and binding sites between protease inhibitors and proteases were predicted. In conclusion, recombinant VuCPI649 and VuSPI680 are expected to become new types of insecticidal and acaricidal active substances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 106716"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}