Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Glutathione-s-transferase regulates oxidative stress in Megalurothrips usitatus in response to environmental stress","authors":"Wenbo Dong ,&nbsp;Youxing Zou ,&nbsp;Chenyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Tianbao Huang ,&nbsp;Wayne Jiang ,&nbsp;Fen Li ,&nbsp;Shaoying Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating environmental pollution, coupled with the degradation of the ozone layer, has led to an increase in ultraviolet radiation (UV) at the Earth's surface. There is also a growing accumulation of pesticide residues in the environment. These stressors are exerting a profound impact on insect populations. When insects are subjected to adverse environmental stressors, their antioxidant enzymes can quickly respond with appropriate feedback adjustments, facilitating their adaptation to environmental changes. Glutathione S-transferases (GST), integral members of a multifunctional supergene family in insects, are pivotal in countering environmental stress and detoxifying chemical agents. Through transcriptomic screening and RT-qPCR, this investigation identified <em>MuGSTs1</em> as a gene whose expression is significantly altered under UV stress. The application of RNAi confirmed the gene's function in managing oxidative stress induced by UV and lambda-cyhalothrin. The research demonstrated that <em>Megalurothrips usitatus</em>, the <em>M. usitatus</em>, adapts to these stressors by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby exhibiting a robust adaptability to UV light and lambda-cyhalothrin exposure. Experimental silencing of <em>MuGSTs1</em> has been shown to impair the <em>M. usitatus</em>'s oxidative stress management, resulting in accelerated cellular apoptosis and an increased susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin, with sensitivity being augmented by a factor of 2.89. These findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding the adaptive mechanisms of insects to environmental stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coat protein I genes are essential for the morphogenesis of the intestinal tract in Locusta migratoria","authors":"Xiaojian Liu,&nbsp;Mingzhu Ji,&nbsp;Ya Gao,&nbsp;Yao Li,&nbsp;Zhangwu Zhao,&nbsp;Jianzhen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coat protein I (COPI) complex is crucial in several significant physiological processes in eukaryotes. The assembly of COPI vesicles is initiated by the recruitment of adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) to the membrane. Previous studies have primarily focused on the roles of COPI in yeast, humans, insects, and beyond <em>Drosophila</em>. However, the function of COPI during the development of insects remains largely unknown. In this study, we first identified eight COPI assembly genes, including <em>α</em>-, <em>β</em>-, <em>β'-</em>, <em>γ</em>-, <em>δ</em>-, <em>ε</em>-, <em>ζ</em>-<em>COPI</em>, and <em>Arf1</em> in <em>Locusta migratoria</em>. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that these genes were uniformly expressed in multiple tissues, including wing pads, leg, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and gastric cecum, and on all developmental days in 5th-instar nymphs. The injection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) against <em>LmCOPI</em> and <em>LmArf1</em> induced high silencing efficiency in the 3rd- and 5th-instar nymphs. Locusts treated with ds<em>LmCOPIs</em> and ds<em>LmArf1</em> exhibited feeding cessation, leading to 100 % mortality. <em>LmCOPIs</em> and <em>LmArf1</em> knockdown resulted in midgut and gastric cecum atrophy. Histological observation and hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that the midgut and gastric cecum exhibited deformed structures, with defective microvilli and midgut peritrophic matrix. These results suggest that <em>LmCOPIs</em> and <em>LmArf1</em> significantly affect the intestinal tract morphogenesis in locust nymphs. Thus, <em>COPI</em> assembly genes are promising RNA interference targets for managing <em>L</em>. <em>migratoria</em>, reducing the dependence on chemical pesticides for pest control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticidal activities of essential oil from Hedychium coronarium rhizome and its mixture of compounds against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"Pachara Vijitkul ,&nbsp;Wanchai Pluempanupat ,&nbsp;Narisara Piyasaengthong ,&nbsp;Vasakorn Bullangpoti","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fall armyworm <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an insect pest that severely affects agricultural crops worldwide. This species can generally be controlled using synthetic insecticides, but these insecticides can cause several adverse effects. Therefore, many people prefer to utilize plant-based insecticides, especially plant essential oils, as alternatives for managing insect pests. The goal of this study was to examine the insecticidal effects of <em>Hedychium coronarium</em> rhizome essential oil (HCEO) and its major compounds against <em>S. frugiperda</em>. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of HCEO identified 1,8-cineole (39.54 %), β-pinene (25.44 %), α-pinene (12.55 %) and limonene (4.68 %) as the major compounds. The assessed LD₅₀ value for HCEO on <em>S. frugiperda</em> larvae via topical application at 24 h was 8.25 μg/larva. Among the major compounds tested, 1,8-cineole demonstrated the highest toxicity, followed by limonene, β-pinene and α-pinene, with LD₅₀ values of 12.65, 14.17, 23.97 and 29.12 μg/larva, respectively. Furthermore, all combinations of the four major compounds (1,8-cineole, β-pinene, α-pinene and limonene) exhibited synergistic insecticidal effects on <em>S. frugiperda</em> larvae. Additionally, HCEO and its major compounds had deleterious effects on the growth and development of <em>S. frugiperda</em>. The egg-hatching rate was also reduced. Moreover, <em>S. frugiperda</em> larvae treated with HCEO and 1,8-cineole presented a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity. In summary, our findings suggest that HCEO and its major compounds have effective insecticidal activity for the control of <em>S. frugiperda</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential contributions of the ryanodine receptor I4723M and I4723K mutations to diamide resistance in Spodoptera litura","authors":"Wenjuan Mei,&nbsp;Guiqun Yang,&nbsp;Guofang Ye,&nbsp;Yihua Yang,&nbsp;Yidong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The common cutworm, <em>Spodoptera litura</em>, is a significant pest that damaging various crops. Previous research has shown that the I4723M mutation in the ryanodine receptor of <em>S. litura</em> (SlRyR), which is equivalent to the <em>Plutella xylostella</em> RyR I4790M, confers approximately 20-fold resistance to chlorantraniliprole. Recently, we identified a new I4723K mutation in SlRyR, in addition to I4723M, from the HZ23 population of <em>S. litura</em> collected in 2023 from Huizhou, Guangdong province, China. This study characterized the resistance to diamides conferred by these two point mutations of SlRyR. The HZ23 population demonstrated an 81-fold resistance to chlorantraniliprole, and the frequencies of the wild type allele 4723I and two mutant alleles 4723M and 4723K were 0.055, 0.93 and 0.015, respectively. Through marker-assisted selection, we isolated three strains from the HZ23 population, named HZ-4723I, HZ-4723M, and HZ-4723K, homozygous for each of the three alleles. Compared to the HZ-4723I strain, the HZ-4723M strain displayed medium-level resistance (23- to 43-fold), whereas the HZ-4723K strain exhibited high-level resistance (&gt; 500-fold) to four diamides including chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and tetraniliprole. Genetic analysis revealed that resistance to chlorantraniliprole conferred by either I4723M or I4723K mutations was autosomal, incompletely recessive, and tightly linked with the SlRyR mutations. Given that the I4723K mutation confers much higher levels of diamide resistance than the I4723M mutation, the continued intensive use of diamide insecticides is likely to increase the frequency of the I4723K mutation in <em>S. litura</em> field populations. Our findings provide valuable insights for the monitoring and management of diamide resistance in this pest species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular cloning and functional characterizations of transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) in Aedes albopictus","authors":"Haiyan Lv ,&nbsp;Guanlong Wang ,&nbsp;Xinheng Wu ,&nbsp;Dingxin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aedes albopictus</em> is a potent vector of major arboviruses that cause serious health burdens and economic losses in worldwide. To facilitate the exploration of potential mosquito repellents, the <em>Ae. albopictus</em> TRPA1 (<em>AalTRPA1</em>) gene was cloned and investigated its molecular characteristics by bioinformatics techniques and the function using electrophysiological and RNAi techniques. In vitro expression and electrophysiological analysis of <em>Xenopus</em> oocytes showed that high temperature and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) could activate the <em>AalTRPA1</em> channel. After interfering with this gene, <em>Ae. albopictus</em> was insensitive to temperature changes, was more easily hurt and shot down by noxious heat; it was also insensitive to catnip, and the effect of repellent was poor. We firstly identified the molecular characterization of <em>AalTRPA1</em> subfamily genes and their key role in temperature and irritant perception in <em>Ae. albopictus</em>, and then the <em>AalTRPA1</em> has the potential to develop a new mosquito repellent target against <em>Ae. albopictus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106295"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal activity and active compound identification of Myrothecium spp. against grape anthracnose and gray mold","authors":"Linlin Gao ,&nbsp;Yijie Zhai ,&nbsp;Jiajia Wu ,&nbsp;Yuwei Li ,&nbsp;Yanchun Fan ,&nbsp;Junqiang Guo ,&nbsp;Xiping Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grape anthracnose and gray mold, caused by <em>Elsinoë ampelina</em> and <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, are devastating fungal diseases resulting in remarkable loss to grapevine production. In this study, the biological control potential of three strains of <em>Myrothecium</em> spp. against <em>E</em>. <em>ampelina</em> and <em>B. cinerea</em> was investigated. The hypha and culture filtrate of <em>Myrothecium</em> spp. exhibited an antifungal activity against <em>E</em>. <em>ampelina</em>. <em>M. cinctum</em>, <em>M. roridum</em>, and <em>Albifimbria verrucaria</em> exhibited biocontrol efficacy of 62.82 %, 80.26 %, and 89.58 % for grape anthracnose in <em>V. vinifera</em> ‘Thompson seedless’ leaves at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. Furthermore, <em>A. verrucaria</em> significantly reduced the disease index of gray mold by 41.56 % and 49.38 % in <em>V. vinifera</em> ‘Thompson seedless’ leaves at 4 dpi. The relative biomass of <em>B. cinerea</em> was significantly decreased after treatment with culture filtrate of <em>A. verrucaria</em> in berries at 2 and 4 dpi. Combining the inhibition assay of the conidial germination of <em>B. cinerea</em>, the active compounds of <em>A. verrucaria</em> were purified using column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. One active compound was identified as verrucarin A by nuclear magnetic resonance. Verrucarin A remarkably inhibited the mycelial growth of <em>E. ampelina</em>, <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, and <em>Coniella vitis</em> at concentrations of 20 μg/mL. The disease incidence of gray mold was significantly reduced by 10.49 % in <em>V. vinifera</em> ‘Red Globe’ berries after treatment with verrucarin A at 5 dpi compared with control, and the biocontrol efficacy reached 66.22 %. This study demonstrates that <em>Myrothecium</em> spp. could be developed as an effective biocontrol agent against grape anthracnose and gray mold.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106285"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143095555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insight into Poa annua control with clethodim from the dose-response study using several grass species and ACCase gene expression study","authors":"Kensuke Ohta ,&nbsp;Yoshinobu Jin ,&nbsp;Yoshinao Sada","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Poa annua</em> L., a widespread allotetraploid weed, possesses both Leu₁₇₈₁-resistant and Ile₁₇₈₁-susceptible <em>ACCase</em> genes. This study aimed to elucidate how <em>P. annua</em> is controlled by the ACCase inhibitor clethodim, despite its resistance to many other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. We conducted whole-plant and enzyme-level dose-response assays on <em>P. annua</em>, resistant fescue species (<em>Festuca rubra</em> and <em>F. brevipila</em>) with only Leu₁₇₈₁-resistant <em>ACCase</em>, and susceptible species (<em>Poa pratensis</em> and <em>Lolium multiflorum</em>) with only Ile₁₇₈₁-susceptible <em>ACCase</em>. We also investigated the expression ratio of the two <em>ACCase</em> genes in <em>P. annua</em>. The enzyme assay revealed that <em>P. annua</em>'s resistance was intermediate between susceptible and resistant species, with a double-sigmoid dose-response curve indicating a functional 50:50 ratio of resistant and susceptible enzymes, i.e., the activity of the susceptible enzyme dilutes that of the resistant enzyme, leading to reduced resistance (the so-called dilution effect). This ratio aligns with the gene expression levels. At the whole-plant level, clethodim was effective against <em>P. annua</em>, but not effective against two fine fescue species at the standard dose. <em>P. annua</em>'s dose response fell between that of susceptible and resistant species, though leaning closer to the resistant fescues. Considering the enzyme assay results, the dilution effect may also be involved at the whole-plant level. In any case, the registered dose of clethodim can be redefined as the one controlling <em>P. annua</em>, being set close to its ED₉₀ and located within the narrow margin of dose-response difference between the two grass groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143095554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomaterial-mediated RNAi reveals the effect of the oral secretory protein serine protease inhibitor on the growth of Conogethes punctiferalis larvae","authors":"Yue Tong,&nbsp;Donglong Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Ma,&nbsp;Yanli Du,&nbsp;Aihuan Zhang,&nbsp;Qian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oral secretions of herbivorous insects play a pivotal role in insect-plant interactions and the regulation of insect physiology. Unlike the saliva of Hemiptera species, Lepidopteran oral secretions include both saliva and regurgitated gut fluids; yet research on their composition remains limited. This study focuses on yellow peach moth (YPM)<em>, Conogethes punctiferalis</em>, a pest increasingly damaging maize. A total of 103 proteins were identified from oral secretions collected from larvae reared on corn and artificial diets, comprising 67 enzymes, 30 non-enzymes, and 6 unknowns. The identified enzyme proteins were primarily trypsin, lipase, and serine protease inhibitors (serpins). Further genomic investigation revealed 36 serpin genes in the YPM genome, distributed in clusters across various chromosomes, with some genes exhibiting partial synteny to homologous sequences in <em>Ostrinia furnacalis.</em> Among the identified serpin genes, the <em>SpI</em> gene (jg17839), which encoded the most abundant protein in YPM oral secretions, was found to exhibit peak expression in fifth-instar larvae and culticle tissues. Silencing of the <em>SpI</em> gene through nanomaterial-mediated RNA interference significantly reduced larval length, weight, pupation rates, and pupal weight, while also increased larval mortality. Moreover, interfering with <em>SpI</em> expression elevated juvenile hormone levels in the larvae. These findings indicate that the abundant SpI protein in YPM oral secretions plays a vital role in larval growth and development by modulating internal hormone levels. This study enriches the database of lepidopteran oral secretion components, fostering a deeper understanding of their physiological roles and informing eco-friendly pest control strategies targeting these proteins in YPM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-driven zinc oxide quantum dots control pear fire blight disease by inhibiting pathogen growth and modulating plant defense response","authors":"Lanlan Sun,&nbsp;Haodong Wang,&nbsp;Cancan Qian,&nbsp;Zhixu Hu,&nbsp;Zizheng Xie,&nbsp;Guoqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Han,&nbsp;Chunjuan Wang,&nbsp;Ting Ma,&nbsp;Desong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widespread resistance of the apple aphid Aphis spiraecola to pyrethroids in China","authors":"Kang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi You ,&nbsp;Yunxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Wenrong Xian ,&nbsp;Yingying Song ,&nbsp;You Ge ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Lu ,&nbsp;Zhiqing Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The apple aphid, <em>Aphis spiraecola</em>, is an important pest in apple orchards. Pyrethroids had been widely used for the control of apple aphid. To verify the resistance level of <em>A. spiraecola</em> against pyrethroid insecticides, 35 field populations from main apple-producing areas of China were collected, and the susceptibility to type I and type II pyrethroids were assessed. Bioassays showed that six populations were highly resistant to bifenthrin (RR = 40.97–93.88 fold), and 12 populations showed the extremely high resistance against permethrin (RR = 161.17–349.27-fold). Moreover, all field populations developed high to extremely high resistance against lambda-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin, except the HNLY and SXYL populations. Toxicity assays indicated that <em>A. spiraecola</em> field populations have developed serious resistance to multiple pyrethroids, and the relative highest resistance occurred in SXQX population. Pre-exposure to different synergists did not significantly increased the toxicity of pyrethroids to SXQX population, indicating a minor role of metabolic resistance in the resistant <em>A. spiraecola</em>. Sequencing of voltage-gated sodium channel (<em>VGSC</em>) genes revealed two homozygous mutations (918<em>V</em>/V and 1014F/F) and six heterozygous mutations (918M/V, 1014L/F, 918M/V+1014L/F, 918V/V+1014L/F, 918M/V+1014F/F and 918M/L+1014L/F) in <em>A. spiraecola</em>. Moreover, 1014L/F and 918M/V+1014L/F mutations were the dominant genotypes with frequencies of 26.67 % and 33.33 % in field populations, respectively. These results indicate that <em>A. spiraecola</em> in China has developed resistance against pyrethroids, and the resistance are mainly caused by mutations in VGSC. Pyrethroid insecticides should not be employed in these fields-evolved resistance, where the practical resistance management is urgently needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106289"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}