Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Infections in Inborn Errors of STATs.","authors":"Chen Wang, Alexandra F Freeman","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110955","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is highly conserved and essential for numerous biological functions triggered by extracellular signals, including cell proliferation, metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. Defects in STATs, either loss-of-function or gain-of-function defects, lead to a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes in humans, including a wide range of infectious complications. The susceptibility to pathogens can stem from defects in immune cells within the hematopoietic compartment, impaired barrier functions of non-hematopoietic compartment, or a combination of both, depending on the specific STAT defect as well as the pathogen exposure history. Effective management involves antimicrobial prophylaxis tailored to the patient's infection risk and improving disease control with targeted therapies and/or hematopoietic cell transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Fecal Microbiota Profiles in A Cohort of Non-Hospitalized Adolescents and Young Adults with COVID-19: Associations with SARS-CoV-2 Status and Long-Term Fatigue.","authors":"Christine Olbjørn, Milada Hagen, Aina Elisabeth Fossum Moen, Lise Beier Havdal, Silke Lauren Sommen, Lise Lund Berven, Espen Thiis-Evensen, Tonje Stiansen-Sonerud, Joel Selvakumar, Vegard Bruun Bratholm Wyller","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110953","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adolescents most often experience mild acute COVID-19, but may still face fatigue and persistent symptoms such as post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) and post-infective fatigue syndrome (PIFS). We explored the fecal microbiota of SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults (12-25 years of age) in the \"Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 in Adolescents\" (LoTECA) project, a longitudinal observational cohort study. With a targeted qPCR approach, the quantities of 100 fecal bacterial taxa were measured at baseline (early convalescent stage) in 145 SARS-CoV-2-positive and 32 SARS-CoV-2 negative participants and after six months in 107 of the SARS-CoV-2-positive and 19 of the SARS-CoV-2 negative participants. Results: <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M21.2</i> and <i>Gemmiger formicilis</i> (both <i>p</i> < 0.001) were enriched in the SARS-CoV-2-positive participants compared to negative controls at baseline. In SARS-CoV-2-positive participants, lower baseline abundance of <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M21/2</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.013) and higher abundance of <i>Clostridium spiroforme</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.006), <i>Sutterella wadsworthensis</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.039) were associated with six-month fatigue. <i>Sutterella wadsworthensis</i> and <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> enrichment was additionally associated with PCC in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and 0.042 respectively). Conclusions: Adolescents and young adults with mild acute COVID-19 infection had increased fecal abundance of the beneficial <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M21/2</i> and <i>Gemmiger formicilis</i> compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative controls in the early convalescent stage. Additionally, the abundance of both known (<i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Streptococcus thermophilus</i>) and new (<i>Clostridium spiroforme, Sutterella wadsworthensis</i>) bacteria were associated with persistent symptoms such as fatigue in the COVID-19 infected group, warranting further exploration of the role of these bacteria in COVID-19 disease and PCC pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Ta-Pa Mountain Area of Chongqing, China.","authors":"Lijun Wang, Zhongqiu Teng, Li Wan, Wen Wang, Shan Yuan, Qingzhu Huang, Juan Huang, Na Zhao, Meijia Wang, Kun Cao, Hai Huang, Jianguo Xu, Yi Yuan, Tian Qin","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110948","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To validate the prevalence and biodiversity of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Chongqing, a total of 601 ticks were collected from dogs, cattle, and goats within the Ta-pa Mountain range in Chongqing, China. Five distinct tick species were identified, including <i>Ixodes ovatus</i> (1.66%, 10/601), <i>I. acutitarsus</i> (0.50%, 3/601), <i>Haemaphysalis flava</i> (10.32%, 62/601), <i>Ha. hystricis</i> (9.82%, 59/601), and <i>Ha. longicornis</i> (77.70%, 467/601). A suit of semi-nest PCR and nest PCR primers were custom-synthesized for the detection of tick-borne pathogens. The analysis yielded positive results for 7.15% <i>Rickettsia</i> (<i>Candidatus</i> R. principis, <i>R. japonica</i>, and <i>R. raoultii</i>), 3.49% <i>Anaplasma</i> (<i>A. bovis</i> and <i>A. capra</i>), 1.16% <i>Ehrlichia</i>, 1.83% <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, and 3.49% protozoa (<i>Theileria. capreoli</i>, <i>T. orientalis</i>, <i>T. luwenshuni</i>, and <i>Babesia</i> sp.) in ticks. Notably, Ca. R. principis was identified for the first time in <i>I. ovatus</i> and <i>Ha. longicornis</i>. These findings underscore the significant prevalence and diversity of ticks and their associated pathogens within the Chongqing Ta-pa Mountain region. This study accordingly provides an extensive dataset that contributes to the epidemiological understanding and disease prevention strategies for tick-borne illnesses in the local area.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Role of Microorganisms of the <i>Mollicutes</i> Class in the Etiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease.","authors":"Katarzyna Dudek, Robin A J Nicholas","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110951","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) inflicts significant losses in cattle farming worldwide and is caused by the co-occurrence of various infectious agents which is often compounded by environmental factors. It is well known that microorganisms of the <i>Mollicutes</i> class are responsible for respiratory disorders in cattle, including BRD. This review highlights the current role of these microorganisms, in particular <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> and <i>Mycoplasma dispar</i>, in the etiology of this disease complex, which has recently shifted toward a primary or predominant cause of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the Micro-Agar Larval Development Test to Differentiate Resistant and Susceptible <i>Cooperia</i> spp. Isolates in Cattle Within the Context of Parasite Population Replacement.","authors":"Mariana Elisabet Fuentes, Mercedes Lloberas, Gisele Bernat, Eliana Riva, Milagros Junco, Silvina Fernández","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110952","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal nematode infections are a global concern in grazing cattle production systems, even more so due to the widespread problem of anthelmintic resistance. In response, early anthelmintic resistance detection methods, such as the micro-agar larval development test (MALDT), and parasite management strategies, such as the replacement of resistant parasite populations with susceptible ones, have been developed. This study aimed to characterize ivermectin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of <i>Cooperia</i> spp. using MALDT in the context of a parasite population replacement strategy. Three <i>Cooperia</i> spp. field isolates were evaluated: a susceptible one (<i>Coop-S</i>), a resistant one (<i>Coop-R</i>), and a post-replacement one (<i>Coop-PR</i>). The MALDT was performed in 96-well plates with 12 known concentrations of eprinomectin (EPR) on an agar base. Each test was performed in quadruplicate. Data analysis included nonlinear regression to determine EC50, EC90, and EC99 values, resistance ratios (RRs), and R². The results showed clear differentiation between the isolates, with RR values of 5.78 and 1.28 for <i>Coop-R</i> and <i>Coop-PR</i>, respectively, compared to <i>Coop-S</i>. The MALDT proved to be a reliable tool for differentiating ivermectin-susceptible from ivermectin-resistant isolates of <i>Cooperia</i> spp., and future evaluations of this test in mixed nematode populations are recommended for routine diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Utilizing Hydroxy Naphthol Blue (LAMP-HNB) for the Detection of <i>Treponema pallidum</i> Subspp. <i>pallidum</i>.","authors":"Saranthum Phurijaruyangkun, Pongbun Tangjitrungrot, Pornpun Jaratsing, Suphitcha Augkarawaritsawong, Khurawan Kumkrong, Sawanya Pongparit, Pawita Suwanvattana, Supatra Areekit, Kosum Chansiri, Somchai Santiwatanakul","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110949","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Treponema pallidum</i> subspp. <i>pallidum</i> is a spirochaete bacterium that causes syphilis, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Syphilis progresses through four distinct stages, each characterized by specific symptoms, namely primary, secondary, latent, and late (tertiary) syphilis. Serology has been considered the primary diagnostic approach. However, it is plagued by problems such as the limited specificity of nontreponemal tests and the inadequate correlation of treponemal tests with disease activity. In this study, we focused on the development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay utilizing hydroxy naphthol blue (LAMP-HNB) for the diagnosis of <i>T. pallidum</i> subspp. <i>pallidum</i>. Specifically, this study seeks to determine the analytical sensitivity (limit of detection; LOD) and analytical specificity. Four hundred clinical serum samples were analyzed for diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value, and each technique's 95% confidence intervals (95% CI, <i>p</i> < 0.05) were evaluated. The limit of detection for polymerase chain reaction with agarose gel electrophoresis (PCR-AGE), the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay combined with agarose gel electrophoresis (LAMP-AGE), and LAMP-HNB were 116 pg/µL, 11.6 pg/µL, and 11.6 pg/ µL, respectively. Analytical specificity examinations indicated the absence of cross-reactivity with <i>Leptospira interrogans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,</i> human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and healthy human serum in PCR-AGE, LAMP-AGE, and LAMP-HNB. The diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for PCR-AGE were 100.00 (100.00)%, 94.50 (94.40-94.60)%, 94.79 (94.69-94.88)%, and 100.00 (100.00)%, respectively. While, for LAMP-AGE and LAMP-HNB, they were 100.00 (100.00)%, 91.00 (90.87-91.13)%, 91.74 (91.63-91.86)%, and 100.00 (100.00)%, respectively. The LAMP-HNB test is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and highly specific, without requiring expensive equipment. In the future, the LAMP-HNB assay may develop into a single-step diagnostic process, enabling the use as point-of-care testing for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of syphilis infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i>: Current Practices and Novel Diagnostic Methods.","authors":"Damian Pietrzak, Julia Weronika Łuczak, Marcin Wiśniewski","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110950","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nematode <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> is responsible for a vector-borne disease affecting canines and humans worldwide, known as cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis. An accurate and early diagnosis is of the utmost importance for effective disease management. While traditional microscopy-based methods remain invaluable, they have inherent limitations. Serological tests, in particular ELISA and immunochromatographic tests, are employed due to their capacity to detect <i>D. immitis</i> antigens, offering ease of use and diagnostic accuracy. The advent of molecular methods has the potential to enhance routine diagnostic approaches, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR) becoming the most prevalent techniques. Despite not yet being integrated into routine diagnostics, which are predominantly based on the Knott's test and serological methods, these techniques offer significant benefits in the context of scientific research. This article proceeds to examine the potential of advanced techniques, such as high-resolution melting qPCR (HRM-qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and microRNA (miRNA) detection, which are capable of enhanced sensitivity and early detection. The following work provides an in-depth analysis of the various diagnostic methods, emphasising the necessity of the continuous improvement and adaptation of these tools to effectively combat <i>D. immitis</i>. The findings underscore the importance of integrating these advanced methods into routine practice to improve detection rates and outcomes for infected animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Hepatitis C Viremic Donors to Expand the Pediatric Donor Pool.","authors":"Natasha Dilwali, Christopher Hartley, Paul K Sue, Wikrom Karnsakul","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110947","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive donors in organ transplantation has become increasingly viable due to advancements in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies, which offer high cure rates. This review aims to evaluate the current practices, benefits, and challenges of utilizing HCV-positive donors for organ transplantation. The recent data show that transplant centers are progressively accepting HCV-positive donors for various organs, including kidneys, livers, and hearts, given the efficacy of post-transplant antiviral treatment. Using these donors has helped mitigate the organ shortage crisis, increasing the donor pool and reducing waitlist times. Despite these advantages, the approach raises concerns about viral transmission, long-term outcomes, and the cost-effectiveness of post-transplant DAA therapy. Furthermore, this review highlights the ethical implications of informed consent and the monitoring of HCV-negative recipients following transplantation. The outcomes from recent studies suggest that with proper management, transplantations from HCV-positive donors to HCV-negative recipients can be safe and effective, leading to excellent graft function and patient survival. This review synthesizes existing research and offers insights into optimizing protocols for future transplants involving HCV-positive donors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Klebsiella</i> in Wildlife: Clonal Dynamics and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, a Systematic Review.","authors":"Micaela Quintelas, Vanessa Silva, Sara Araújo, Maria Teresa Tejedor-Junco, José Eduardo Pereira, Gilberto Igrejas, Patricia Poeta","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110945","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Klebsiella</i> spp. are a genus of Gram-negative, opportunistic bacteria frequently found in the flora of the mucosal membranes of healthy animals and humans, and in the environment. Species of this group can cause serious infections (meningitis, sepsis, bacteraemia, urinary tract infections, liver damage) and possible death in immunocompromised organisms (and even in immunocompetent ones in the case of hypervirulent <i>K. pneumoniae</i>) that are exposed to them. <i>K. pneumoniae</i> is part of the ESKAPE organisms, and so it is important to understand this genus in terms of multidrug-resistant bacteria and as a carrier of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. As it is a durable bacterium, it survives well even in hostile environments, making it possible to colonize all kinds of habitats, even the mucosal flora of wildlife. This systematic review explores the prevalence of <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. bacteria in wild animals, and the possibility of transmission to humans according to the One Health perspective. The isolates found in this review proved to be resistant to betalactams (<i>bla</i>_TEM, <i>bla</i>_OXA-48…), aminoglycosides (<i>strAB</i>, <i>aadA2</i>…), fosfomycin, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, phenicols (catB4), and polymyxins (<i>mcr4</i>).</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organ Tropism of <i>Angiostrongylus vasorum</i> Larval Stages in Infected African Giant Snails (<i>Lissachatina fulica</i>).","authors":"Alena Dusch, Lisa Segeritz, Manfred Henrich, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13110946","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens13110946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Angiostrongylus vasorum</i> is a metastrongyloid lungworm causing severe cardiovascular disease in domestic and wild animals. During its heteroxenous life cycle, <i>A. vasorum</i> requires obligate gastropod intermediate hosts. Little is known about <i>A. vasorum</i> larval organ tropism and development in gastropod intermediate hosts. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze in vivo development of <i>A. vasorum</i> larval stages in experimentally infected African giant snails (<i>Lissachatina fulica</i>). Adult <i>L. fulica</i> (<i>n</i> = 26) were orally infected with <i>A. vasorum</i>-L1 and thereafter continuously euthanized. Gastropod organs were artificially digested and microscopically analyzed for the presence of <i>A. vasorum</i> larvae. Moreover, paraffin-fixed organs were investigated histologically for snail-borne innate immune response. In the current study, the success of <i>L. fulica</i> oral infection was demonstrated, thereby reaching larval recovery rates of up to 49.7%. During snail infection, an organ tropism of <i>A. vasorum</i> larvae was detected for the lungs and the foot muscular tissue. Overall, <i>A. vasorum</i>-driven gastropod innate immune reactions against larvae varied greatly. In some specimens, larvae were found effectively ensnared by recruited hemocytes, resulting in granuloma formation, whilst in others, hemocyte-mediated reactions were barely observed. Nevertheless, these evidences demand more studies on hemocyte-derived effector mechanisms against <i>A. vasorum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"13 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11597215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}