Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"First Trial of a Novel Caseous Lymphadenitis Inactivated Vaccine in South Korea: Experimental Evaluation across Various Animal Models","authors":"Gyeong-Seo Park, Somin Lee, Min A Jeong, So Young Lee, Dong-Geun Cho, WonIl Cho, Seung-Chai Kim, Hwan-Ju Kim, Taek Geun Lee, Chang-Gi Jeong, Won-Il Kim, Yeonsu Oh, Ho-Seong Cho, Byoung-Joo Seo, Chonghan Kim","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13090729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090729","url":null,"abstract":"Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic and subclinical bacterial disease of ruminants caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) infection. Until 2014, there were no reports of CLA outbreaks in South Korea; however, the prevalence of CLA cases has steadily increased. In this study, we used recently obtained field isolates to develop the first inactivated CLA vaccine in South Korea and evaluated it in various animal models. The inactivated vaccine was evaluated for virulence and effectiveness. Mice were tested for virulence and immunization challenges, and guinea pigs and Korean Native Black Goats (KNBGs) evaluated various vaccine concentrations to determine the optimal dose and effectiveness. In the case of KNBGs, clinical symptoms were not observed after vaccination. In addition, CLA-specific IgG was detected at a significantly (p < 0.05) high level and was maintained. In histopathological evaluations, inflammation was predominantly observed in the prefemoral lymph nodes in the non-vaccinated+CHAL group. The genetic diversity of C. pseudotuberculosis, which has become widespread in South Korea, is less than 0.5% our vaccine is expected to prevent infection by a wide range of strains effectively. In summary, our CLA vaccine can potentially prevent CLA and foster the growth of South Korea’s domestic KNBG industry.","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progression of HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis after Pregnancy: A Case Series and Review of the Literature","authors":"Frederique A. Jacquerioz, Mauricio La Rosa, Elsa González-Lagos, Carolina Alvarez, Martin Tipismana, Karen Luhmann, Eduardo Gotuzzo","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13090731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090731","url":null,"abstract":"HTLV-1-associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive non-remitting and incapacitating disease more frequently seen in women and with a patchy worldwide distribution. HAM/TSP develops in a small percentage of HTLV-1-infected individuals during their lifetime and etiologic factors for disease progression are still unclear. This study aims to describe the first case series of the progression of HAM/TSP in relation to pregnancy. Between January and March of 2012, we reviewed medical charts of women with HAM/TSP currently enrolled in the HTLV-1 cohort at the institute of tropical medicine of Cayetano Heredia University. Inclusion criteria included having a diagnosis of HAM/TSP according to the WHO guidelines and self-reported initial symptoms of HAM/TSP during pregnancy or within six months of delivery. Fifteen women reported having had symptoms compatible with HAM/TSP within four months of delivery. Among them, ten women had no symptoms before pregnancy and reported gait impairment after delivery. Five women with mild gait impairment before pregnancy noticed a worsening of their symptoms after delivery. Symptoms worsened after successive pregnancies. Recent studies have shown that HTLV-1 infection induces a strong T cell-mediated response and that the quality of this response plays a role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. The relative immunosuppression during pregnancy, including blunting of the T-cell response, might allowed in certain women enhanced replication of HTLV-1 and disease progression in the postpartum. This is the first study looking specifically at HAM/TSP and pregnancy and the number of cases is remarkable. Further prospective studies of HTLV-1-infected women assessing immune markers during pregnancy are warranted. Breastfeeding was the main route of transmission. Strategies to prevent vertical transmission need to be evaluated in HTLV-1 endemic countries of Latin America.","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematical Review on ART Use in HTLV Infection: Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Outcomes","authors":"Tatiana Fernandez, Cleyde Marconi, Iris Montaño-Castellón, Felice Deminco, Carlos Brites","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13090721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090721","url":null,"abstract":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection affects over ten million people worldwide, but there is no effective treatment so far. This review describes the virological, immunological, and clinical outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people with HTLV infection. This systematic review followed PRISMA reporting guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42022350076. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, adapted for cross-sectional studies, and Rob-2 were used to assess the methodological quality of these studies. Systematic searches were conducted in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus (Elsevier), Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) databases. We retrieved data from eight methodologically diverse articles on treatment of patients infected by HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 alone, or coinfected by HIV-1, who received Raltegravir, Tenofovir, Lamivudine, or Zidovudine. The proviral load decreased in three out of seven studies over 4 to 48 weeks of antiretroviral use. Cellular immune response (CD4, CD8, CD25, CD69, and CD71 cells) was evaluated in six studies. While no significant clinical improvement was observed, all studies reported clinical stability during treatment. Despite the demonstrated antiviral activity of ART, in vitro, clinical improvement was not proven. Most studies showed disease stability during ART use, suggesting potential clinical benefits. There is a need of larger, well-controlled trials to define the role of ART in the treatment of HTLV infection.","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Reveal® AST (SPECIFIC) for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing from Positive Blood Culture Spiked with Carbapenem-Resistant Isolates","authors":"Delphine Girlich, Agnès B. Jousset, Cécile Emeraud, Inès Rezzoug, Reece Burwell, Pragya Singh, Paul A. Rhodes, Thierry Naas, Rémy A. Bonnin, Laurent Dortet","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13090722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090722","url":null,"abstract":"As bloodstream infections and associated septic shock are common causes of mortality in hospitals, rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) performed directly on positive blood cultures is needed to implement an efficient therapy in clinical settings. We evaluated the Reveal® rapid AST system on a collection of 197 fully characterized carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, including 177 carbapenemase producers (CPE) spiked in blood culture bottles. The clinical categorization based on the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination of eighteen antimicrobial molecules was compared to the clinical categorization based on the disk diffusion assay as a reference. The Reveal AST system provided results within a mean time to result of 5 h. Overall, the categorical agreement (CA) between the two techniques was 94.1%. The rates of very major errors (VMEs), major errors (MEs) and minor errors (mEs) were 3.8%, 3.7% and 5.6%, respectively. Imipenem was the antimicrobial with the lowest CA rate (78.7%), with rates of 15% VMEs and 10.7% MEs, but the performances were better when considering only the non-CPE category (CA of 89%). On this resistant collection of Enterobacterales with numerous acquired β-lactamases, the Specific Reveal assay proved to be useful for a rapid determination of AST compatible with a quick adaptation of the patient’s antimicrobial treatment.","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142188797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structural Framework and Opening Appearance of the VP1-Pocket of Enteroviruses Correlated with Viral Thermostability.","authors":"Xiaojing Lin, Jianhong Gan, Qiang Sun, Zi Li, Kun Qin, Yong Zhang, Yang Cao, Jianfang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13080711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enteroviruses (EVs and RVs) are prevalent worldwide and cause various diseases in humans, of which the VP1-pocket is a target of antivirals, with a lipid molecule as a pocket factor to stabilize the virion. However, the characterization of the structure of the VP1-pocket in EVs is poor. Here, we compared the published capsid crystals of EVs and RVs and proposed a structural framework for the VP1-pocket: Frame 1-4, which is located at the CD loop, GH loop, and C-terminus, presenting with an outward opening appearance or not. The non-outward viral strains-CVB3, Echo 11, RV-A81, and RV-B70-are more thermally stable, with a breakpoint temperature (B.T.) of 51~62 °C for genome releasing, which is 4~10 °C higher than its outward temperature of 41~47 °C, and infectivity preservation when treated at 50 °C for 3 min. Its outward versus non-outward opening is correlated significantly with the B.T. for genome release (<i>r</i> = -0.90; <i>p</i> = 0.0004) and infectivity (<i>r</i> = -0.82, <i>p</i> = 0.0039). The energy of Frames 1, 2, and 4, including <i>Van der Waals</i> attractive and repulsive interactions and hydrogen bonds, showed significant correlations with the B.T. (r = -0.67, 0.75, and -0.8; <i>p</i> = 0.034, 0.013, and 0.006, respectively). These characters of the VP1-pocket could be predictors for virion thermostability and aid in the development of vaccines or antivirals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11357065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of Sepigel-Based Meglumine Antimoniate and Amphotericin B for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment.","authors":"Atteneri López-Arencibia, Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella, Diana Berenguer, Angélica Domínguez-de-Barros, M Magdalena Alcover, Marcella Sessa, Lyda Halbaut, Roser Fisa, Ana Cristina Calpena-Campmany, A Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanús, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Cristina Riera, José E Piñero","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13080712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) poses a significant public health concern in endemic regions due to its increasing prevalence and substantial impact on affected individuals. This disease is primarily caused by the <i>Leishmania</i> protozoa, which are transmitted through insect bites, and it manifests as a range of symptoms, from self-healing lesions to severe disfigurement. Current treatments, which often involve the parenteral administration of antimonials, face challenges such as poor compliance and adverse effects. This study investigates the efficacy of topical formulations containing meglumine antimoniate (MA) and amphotericin B (AmB), using Sepigel as an excipient, for treating CL. In the <i>in vivo</i> study, BALB/c mice infected with <i>L. amazonensis</i> developed lesions at the injection site five weeks post-infection. Subsequently, the mice were divided into eight groups: untreated mice, mice treated orally with miltefosine, mice treated intraperitoneally with MA, and mice treated topically with 15%, 22.5%, and 30% MA-Sepigel, as well as those treated with AmB-Sepigel. Treatments were applied daily for two weeks, and the results revealed a significant reduction in lesion size and parasite burden following topical application, particularly with the AmB-Sepigel formulations and 30% MA-Sepigel. Additionally, Sepigel-based treatments demonstrated improved patient compliance and reduced toxicity compared to systemic therapies. These findings underscore the potential of Sepigel-based formulations as a promising alternative for CL treatment. They offer enhanced efficacy and tolerability, while reducing the systemic toxicity associated with conventional therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11357575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Control of Microscopic Diagnosis of Malaria in Healthcare Facilities and Submicroscopic Infections in Mossendjo, the Department of Niari, the Republic of the Congo.","authors":"Grâce Petula Urielle Fila-Fila, Felix Koukouikila-Koussounda, Fabien Roch Niama, Lauriate Prudencie Bissombolo Madingou, Jordy Exaucé Demboux, Aldi Fred Mandiangou, Stéphane Vembe Mahounga, Ahmed Jordy Doniama, Louis Régis Dossou-Yovo, Prisca Nadine Casimiro, Pembe Issamou Mayengue","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13080709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The control and management of malaria are linked to the quality of diagnosis. We sought to estimate the performance of routine microscopy for malaria diagnosis and assess the prevalence of submicroscopic <i>Plasmodium</i> (<i>P.</i>) <i>falciparum</i> infection among febrile patients in two healthcare facilities in Mossendjo, the Republic of the Congo. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and December 2022. A total of 650 and 234 patients with signs of uncomplicated malaria were enrolled at the Centre de Sante Intégré (CSIMSJ) and Hôpital de Base (HBMSJ), respectively. Two thick blood smears were performed for each patient, one analyzed by routine microscopists and the other by an expert. The <i>msp-1</i> and <i>msp-2</i> genes were genotyped to detect submicroscopic <i>P. falciparum</i> infection. At the CSIMSJ, the sensitivity was 49.5% and the specificity was 88.6%. The positive and negative predictive values were 77.7% and 68.7%, respectively. At the HBMSJ, the sensitivity was 32.9% and the specificity was 79.4%. The positive and negative predictive values were 44.8% and 69.5%, respectively. <i>P. falciparum</i> was the only species detected by routine microscopists, while experts identified some cases with <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. ovale</i>. The proportion of submicroscopic infections was 35.75%. Children under 5 years old had higher rates of parasitemia. However, submicroscopic infections were more pronounced in the adult group. The performance of routine malaria microscopists at Mossendjo was inaccurate at both sites. With the large proportion of submicroscopic infection, malaria management at Mossendjo requires the improvement of microscopists' skills and the concomitant use of RDTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11357559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>S. mutans</i> Antisense <i>vicK</i> RNA Over-Expression Plus Antibacterial Dimethylaminohexadecyl Methacrylate Suppresses Oral Biofilms and Protects Enamel Hardness in Extracted Human Teeth.","authors":"Shuang Yu, Mengmeng Xu, Zheng Wang, Yang Deng, Hockin H K Xu, Michael D Weir, Negar Homayounfar, Guadalupe Garcia Fay, Hong Chen, Deqin Yang","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13080707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (<i>S. mutans</i>) antisense <i>vicK</i> RNA (AS<i>vicK</i>) is a non-coding RNA that regulates cariogenic virulence and metabolic activity. Dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), a quaternary ammonium methacrylate used in dental materials, has strong antibacterial activity. This study examined the effects of <i>S. mutans</i> AS<i>vicK</i> on DMAHDM susceptibility and their combined impact on inhibiting <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm formation and protecting enamel hardness. The parent <i>S. mutans</i> UA159 and AS<i>vicK</i> overexpressing <i>S. mutans</i> (AS<i>vicK</i>) were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations for planktonic bacteria (MBC-P) and biofilms (MBC-B) were measured. As the AS<i>vicK</i> MBC-B was 175 μg/mL, live/dead staining, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFUs), biofilm biomass, polysaccharide, and lactic acid production were investigated at 175 μg/mL and 87.5 μg/mL. The MIC, MBC-P, and MBC-B values for DMAHDM for the AS<i>vicK</i> strain were half those of the UA159 strain. In addition, combining <i>S. mutans</i> AS<i>vicK</i> with DMAHDM resulted in a significant 4-log CFU reduction (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with notable decreases in polysaccharide levels and lactic acid production. In the in vitro cariogenic model, the combination achieved the highest enamel hardness at 67.1% of sound enamel, while UA159 without DMAHDM had the lowest at 16.4% (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Thus, <i>S. mutans</i> AS<i>vicK</i> enhanced DMAHDM susceptibility, and their combination effectively inhibited biofilm formation and minimized enamel demineralization. The <i>S. mutans</i> AS<i>vicK</i> + DMAHDM combination shows great potential for anti-caries dental applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11356802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Chemical and Biological Products for Control of Crown Gall on Rose.","authors":"Cansu Oksel, Prabha Liyanapathiranage, Madhav Parajuli, Farhat A Avin, Christina Jennings, Terri Simmons, Fulya Baysal-Gurel","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13080708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crown gall is a soil-borne bacterial disease caused by <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>, leading to significant economic losses in many plant species. For the assessment of the biological and chemical products on crown gall, each plant's crown region and roots were wounded, and then were dipped into their respective treatments. After the treatments, the plants were inoculated with a suspension of pathogenic <i>A. tumefaciens</i> isolate FBG1034 and maintained in a greenhouse for six months to assess them for gall formation. A quantitative real-time PCR assay was performed to quantify the <i>A</i>. <i>tumefaciens</i> using the <i>chvE</i> gene. Biological products such as the <i>Agrobacterium radiobacter</i> strain K1026, and strains 1 and 2, resulted in the lowest average root gall diameter and significantly reduced the crown gall diameter to stem diameter ratio, and the chemical product copper octanoate reduced the number of crown and root galls as well as the crown and root gall diameter compared to the inoculated, non-treated control. Moreover, both the <i>A. radiobacter</i> strain K1026 and strain 1 treatments resulted in an approximately 85% and 65% reduction in crown and root gall incidence, respectively, in both of the trials compared to the inoculated, non-treated plants. The findings of this study indicate that the use of biological and chemical products could help to suppress crown and root gall disease in rose plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11357299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement in the Antigenic Epitopes and Vaccine Adjuvants of African Swine Fever Virus.","authors":"Qiong Wu, Chang Li, Bo Zhu, Jiajia Zhu, Keli Yang, Zewen Liu, Wei Liu, Ting Gao, Fangyan Yuan, Rui Guo, Yongxiang Tian, Danna Zhou","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13080706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly virulent double-stranded DNA virus, poses a significant threat to global pig farming, with mortality rates in domestic pigs reaching up to 100%. Originating in Kenya in 1921, ASFV has since proliferated to Western Europe, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and most recently China in 2018, resulting in substantial global agricultural losses. Antigenic epitopes, recognized by the immune system's T cells and B cells, are pivotal in antiviral immune responses. The identification and characterization of these antigenic epitopes can offer invaluable insights into the immune response against ASFV and aid in the development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. Vaccine adjuvants, substances that amplify the body's specific immune response to antigens, also play a crucial role. This review provides an overview of the progress in studying T/B-cell epitopes in ASFV proteins and ASFV vaccine adjuvants, highlighting their role in the immune response and potential use in new vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11357537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}