Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"A Review of Nonhuman Primate Models of Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection: Progress, Challenge Strains, and Future Directions.","authors":"Kimimuepigha Ebisine, Darcy Quist, Stephen Findlay-Wilson, Emma Kennedy, Stuart Dowall","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that primarily affects animals, especially ruminants, but has the capacity to infect humans and result in outbreaks. Infection with the causative agent, RVF virus (RVFV), causes severe disease in domestic animals, especially sheep, resulting in fever, anorexia, immobility, abortion, and high morbidity and mortality rates in neonate animals. Humans become infected through exposure to infected animals and, less frequently, directly via a mosquito bite. A greater awareness of RVFV and its epidemic potential has resulted in increased investment in the development of interventions, especially vaccines. There is currently no substitute for the use of animal models in order to evaluate these vaccines. As outbreaks of RVF disease are difficult to predict or model, conducting Phase III clinical trials will likely not be feasible. Therefore, representative animal model systems are essential for establishing efficacy data to support licensure. Nonhuman primate (NHP) species are often chosen due to their closeness to humans, reflecting similar susceptibility and disease kinetics. This review covers the use of NHP models in RVFV research, with much of the work having been conducted in rhesus macaques and common marmosets. The future direction of RVF work conducted in NHP is discussed in anticipation of the importance of it being a key element in the development and approval of a human vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Fasciola hepatica</i> Excretory-Secretory Products (<i>Fh</i>-ES) Either Do Not Affect miRNA Expression Profile in THP-1 Macrophages or the Changes Are Undetectable by a Microarray Technique.","authors":"Piotr Bąska, Alicja Majewska, Wojciech Zygner, Ewa Długosz, Marcin Wiśniewski","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fasciola hepatica</i> is a liver fluke that resides in the bile ducts of various mammals. The parasitosis leads to economic losses in animal production estimated at USD 3.2 billion annually. It is also considered a zoonosis of great significance and a problem for public health affecting 2.4 million people worldwide. Nevertheless, besides the negative aspects of infestation, the antigens released by the fluke, <i>F. hepatica</i> Excretory-Secretory Products (<i>Fh</i>-ES) contain several immunomodulatory molecules that may be beneficial during the course of type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, or septic shock. This phenomenon is based on the natural abilities of adult <i>F. hepatica</i> to suppress proinflammatory responses. To underline the molecular basis of these mechanisms and determine the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the process, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with <i>Fh</i>-ES, followed by miRNA microarray analyses. Surprisingly, no results indicating changes in the miRNA expression profile were noted (<i>p</i> < 0.05). We discuss potential reasons for these results, which may be due to insufficient sensitivity to detect slight changes in miRNA expression or the possibility that these changes are not regulated by miRNA. Despite the negative data, this work may contribute to the future planning of experiments by other researchers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Adequacy of Current Legionnaires' Disease Diagnostic Practices in Capturing the Epidemiology of Clinically Relevant <i>Legionella</i>: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Ryan Ha, Ashley Heilmann, Sylvain A Lother, Christine Turenne, David Alexander, Yoav Keynan, Zulma Vanessa Rueda","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Legionella</i> is an underdiagnosed and underreported etiology of pneumonia. <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> serogroup 1 (LpSG1) is thought to be the most common pathogenic subgroup. This assumption is based on the frequent use of a urinary antigen test (UAT), only capable of diagnosing LpSG1. We aimed to explore the frequency of <i>Legionella</i> infections in individuals diagnosed with pneumonia and the performance of diagnostic methods for detecting <i>Legionella</i> infections. We conducted a scoping review to answer the following questions: (1) \"Does nucleic acid testing (NAT) increase the detection of non-<i>pneumophila</i> serogroup 1 <i>Legionella</i> compared to non-NAT?\"; and (2) \"Does being immunocompromised increase the frequency of pneumonia caused by non-<i>pneumophila</i> serogroup 1 <i>Legionella</i> compared to non-immunocompromised individuals with Legionnaires' disease (LD)?\". Articles reporting various diagnostic methods (both NAT and non-NAT) for pneumonia were extracted from several databases. Of the 3449 articles obtained, 31 were included in our review. The most common species were found to be <i>L. pneumophila</i>, <i>L. longbeachae</i>, and unidentified <i>Legionella</i> species appearing in 1.4%, 0.9%, and 0.6% of pneumonia cases. Nearly 50% of cases were caused by unspecified species or serogroups not detected by the standard UAT. NAT-based techniques were more likely to detect <i>Legionella</i> than non-NAT-based techniques. The identification and detection of <i>Legionella</i> and serogroups other than serogroup 1 is hampered by a lack of application of broader pan-<i>Legionella</i> or pan-serogroup diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Kidney Injury and Post-Artesunate Delayed Haemolysis in the Course of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Malaria.","authors":"Alicja Kubanek, Małgorzata Sulima, Aleksandra Szydłowska, Katarzyna Sikorska, Marcin Renke","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria is a major international public health problem. The risk of acquiring malaria varies depending on the intensity of transmission and adherence to mosquito precautions and prophylaxis recommendations. Severe malaria can cause significant multiorgan dysfunction, including <b>acute kidney injury (AKI).</b> Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe malaria in non-endemic areas. One of the possible events connected with the lifesaving effects of artemisins is post-artesunate haemolysis (PADH), which may be potentially dangerous and under-recognised. We present a case of a seafarer with severe <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria complicated with AKI and PADH, with a good response to steroid treatment. This case highlights the need for malaria prophylaxis in business travellers, e.g., seafarers to malara-endemic regions, and close supervision of patients with malaria even after the completion of antimalarial treatment due to the possibility of late complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Castelan-Ramírez et al. Schwann Cell Autophagy and Necrosis as Mechanisms of Cell Death by <i>Acanthamoeba</i>. <i>Pathogens</i> 2020, <i>9</i>, 458.","authors":"Ismael Castelan-Ramírez, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Citlaltepetl Salinas-Lara, Carlos Sánchez-Garibay, Catalina Flores-Maldonado, Dolores Hernández-Martínez, Verónica Anaya-Martínez, María Rosa Ávila-Costa, Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz, Maritza Omaña-Molina","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a One-Step Multiplex qPCR Assay for Detection of Methicillin and Vancomycin Drug Resistance Genes in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.","authors":"Jiyoung Lee, Eunyoung Baek, Hyesun Ahn, Jinyoung Bae, Sangha Kim, Sohyeong Kim, Suchan Lee, Sunghyun Kim","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Korea are methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Pathogen identification in clinical laboratories can be divided into traditional phenotype- and genotype-based methods, both of which are complementary to each other. The genotype-based method using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid and accurate technique that analyzes material at the genetic level by targeting genes simultaneously. Accordingly, we aimed to develop a rapid method for studying the genetic characteristics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and to provide an experimental guide for the efficient antibiotic resistance gene analysis of <i>mecA</i> detection for MRSA and <i>vanA</i> or <i>vanB</i> detection for VRE using a one-step multiplex qPCR assay at an early stage of infection. As a result, the sensitivity and specificity of the <i>mecA</i> gene for clinical <i>S. aureus</i> isolates, including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible <i>S. aureus</i>, were 97.44% (95% CI, 86.82-99.87%) and 96.15% (95% CI, 87.02-99.32%), respectively. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve for the diagnosis of MRSA was 0.9798 (*** <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Therefore, the molecular diagnostic method using this newly developed one-step multiplex qPCR assay can provide accurate and rapid results for the treatment of patients with MRSA and VRE infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Workflow to Design Novel Vaccine Candidates and Small-Molecule Therapeutics for Schistosomiasis.","authors":"Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun, Gideon Ibrahim Joseph, Samuel Charles Olabode, Naziru Abdulkadir Dayaso, Ammar Usman Danazumi, Rachael Bashford-Rogers, James H Mckerrow, Ghulam Jeelani, Conor R Caffrey","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human schistosomiasis, caused by the <i>Schistosoma</i> trematode, is a neglected parasitic disease affecting over 250 million people worldwide. There is no vaccine, and the single available drug is threatened by drug resistance. This study presents a computational approach to designing multiepitope vaccines (MEVs) targeting the cercarial (CMEV) and schistosomular (SMEV) stages of schistosomes, and identifies potential schistosomicidal compounds from the Medicine for Malaria Ventures (MMV) and SuperNatural Database (SND) libraries. The designed vaccines (CMEV and SMEV) are engineered to provoke robust immune responses by incorporating a blend of T- and B-cell epitopes. Structural and immunoinformatics evaluations predicted robust interactions of CMEV and SMEV with key immune receptors and prolonged immune responses. In addition, molecular docking identified several compounds from the MMV and SND libraries with strong binding affinities to vital <i>Schistosoma</i> cathepsin proteases, indicating their potential as schistosomicidal agents. Our findings contribute to the potential development of effective vaccines and drugs against schistosomiasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rose by Any Other Name: The Long Intricate History of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis.","authors":"Daniel H Fine, Helen Schreiner, Scott R Diehl","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review addresses the recent World Workshop Consensus Conference (WWCC) decision to eliminate Localized Aggressive Periodontitis (LAgP) in young adults as a distinct form of periodontitis. A \"Consensus\" implies widespread, if not unanimous, agreement among participants. However, a significant number of attendees were opposed to the elimination of the LAgP classification. The substantial evidence supporting a unique diagnosis for LAgP includes the (1) incisor/molar pattern of disease, (2) young age of onset, (3) rapid progression of attachment and bone loss, (4) familial aggregation across multiple generations, and (5) defined consortium of microbiological risk factors including <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</i>. Distinctive clinical signs and symptoms of LAgP are presented, and the microbial subgingival consortia that precede the onset of signs and symptoms are described. Using Bradford-Hill guidelines to assess causation, well-defined longitudinal studies support the unique microbial consortia, including <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> as causative for LAgP. To determine the effects of the WWCC elimination of LAgP on research, we searched three publication databases and discovered a clear decrease in the number of new publications addressing LAgP since the new WWCC classification. The negative effects of the WWCC guidelines on both diagnosis and treatment success are presented. For example, due to the localized nature of LAgP, the practice of averaging mean pocket depth reduction or attachment gain across all teeth masks major changes in disease recovery at high-risk tooth sites. Reinstating LAgP as a distinct disease entity is proposed, and an alternative or additional way of measuring treatment success is recommended based on an assessment of the extension of the time to relapse of subgingival re-infection. The consequences of the translocation of oral microbes to distant anatomical sites due to ignoring relapse frequency are also discussed. Additional questions and future directions are also presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence, Management and Outcomes of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteraemia: Experience in a Spanish Hospital.","authors":"Elizabeth Lorenzo-Hernández, Francisco Rivas-Ruiz, Alfonso Del Arco-Jiménez","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mortality and incidence of complications in patients with bacteraemia due to <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (BSA). All episodes of BSA at the Costa del Sol University Hospital (Marbella, Spain) were recorded during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-March 2022) and compared with those in a previous period (February 2018-February 2020). Demographic, clinical and prognostic variables were recorded. The outcomes were measured as 14- and 30-day mortality and the incidence of complications/death. Mortality during the pandemic was 28.7% at 14 days and 35% at 30 days, while in the pre-pandemic group, it was 18.9% and 23.3%, respectively. For overall complications/deaths, the incidence rate was higher in the pandemic group, with 42.7%. No significant differences were observed between groups. Seventeen patients with COVID-19 were identified, with mortality rates of 64.7% and 70.6% at 14 and 30 days. Multivariate analysis established the presence of sepsis at diagnosis as a predictor of mortality, but not BSA, during the pandemic phase. In conclusion, BSA is a disease with high mortality, which was slightly higher during the pandemic phase. No differences were found in adherence to the bundle in our centre.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superficial Zoonotic Mycoses in Humans Associated with Cattle.","authors":"Marcin Piorunek, Honorata Kubisiak-Rzepczyk, Tomasz Trafas, Tomasz Piorunek","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermatophytosis in cattle is most often caused by infection with <i>Trichophyton verrucosum</i> (<i>T. verrucosum</i>), but also with <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> (<i>T. rubrum</i>), <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i> (<i>T. mentagrophytes</i>) and others, regardless of the geographical zone. The infection is transmitted through direct contact between animals as well as infected environmental elements. The human-to-human transmission of fungal infection is also possible.. This retrospective study was conducted based on a detailed analysis of the results of the mycological examination and medical documentation of 40 patients from Greater Poland, diagnosed with cattle-to-human dermatophytoses from March 2017 to November 2023. <i>T. verrucosum</i> accounted for 97.5% of infections and <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> for 2.5%; no other species of dermatophytes from cattle were found. Superficial skin mycosis in humans associated with cattle was more often diagnosed in small children and men directly engaged in cattle breeding. The dominant etiological factor of the superficial fungal skin infection was <i>T. verrucosum</i>, which mainly affected the scalp in children and upper limbs in adult men. In relation to the cattle population in Greater Poland, the number of cases of superficial skin mycoses among cattle breeders and their family members over the period of more than six and a half years of observation does not seem to be high.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}