Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Pérez-Prieto et al. Are Hamstring Grafts a Predisposing Factor to Infection in R-ACL Surgery? A Comparative In Vitro Study. <i>Pathogens</i> 2023, <i>12</i>, 761.","authors":"Daniel Pérez-Prieto, Svetlana Karbysheva, Andrej Trampuz, Oscar Fariñas, Joan C Monllau, Ferran Corcoll","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040447","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulbactam-Durlobactam for Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus</i> Complex.","authors":"Francesco Nappi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040449","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> infections pose a significant challenge due to their severity and the poor prognoses they often result in, particularly in cases where there are risk factors present. The United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (CRAB) infections as a threat to human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified it as a top priority for research. In 2023, the US FDA approved sulbactam-durlobactam for treating certain <i>A. baumannii</i> infections. As of 2024, this combination is designated as the preferred treatment strategy by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) for infections due to carbapenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>. In this therapeutic review, the preclinical and clinical data relevant to this regulatory decision were analyzed. This in-depth analysis will provide a comprehensive overview of the complex subject matter. It should be observed that carbapenem-based combination therapy is indicated for carbapenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transferrin Receptor Marks a Foxp3-Low Treg-like Inflammatory T Cell Subset Associated with Disease Severity in HAM/TSP.","authors":"Shinsuke Nakajima, Masaki Hino, Norihiro Takenouchi, Yoshihisa Yamano, Makoto Yamagishi, Tokifumi Odaka, Fhahira Rizkhika Admadiani, Cecile Faye, Kaoru Uchimaru, Jun-Ichi Fujisawa, Kazu Okuma","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040450","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by HTLV-1-infected CD4⁺ T cells; however, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of disease-associated T-cell subsets remain incompletely understood. We analyzed samples using flow cytometry (<i>n</i> = 3-5 per group) and RNA-seq (<i>n</i> = 13), focusing on CADM1^highCD4⁺ T cells enriched for HTLV-1-infected cells to evaluate a transferrin receptor (TfR)-expressing subset. TfR⁺CADM1^highCD4⁺ T cells were detected in both asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM, but their frequency among CD4⁺ T cells was higher in HAM patients. These cells exhibited a Treg-like phenotype with higher Foxp3 and CTLA-4 expression than TfR^- cells and showed increased Ki-67 positivity, consistent with proliferation. Despite this phenotype, they produced interferon-γ, indicating inflammatory potential, while Foxp3 expression was lower in HAM patients than in asymptomatic carriers, suggesting a more inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, TfR transcript levels (RNA-seq TPM) correlated with clinical indicators of disease activity, including neopterin and CXCL10 protein levels, and the Osame motor disability score. Collectively, these findings suggest that TfR identifies a proliferative, Foxp3-low, Treg-like inflammatory CD4⁺ T-cell subset that is associated with disease activity in HAM.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and Stable Subcellular Protein Labeling in <i>Leishmania mexicana</i> Using a Re-Engineered mNeonGreen Integration Vector.","authors":"Tianyu Lei, Mengtao Yu, Panjing Lv, Hui Deng, Di Yang, Kaijie Li, Yan Li","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040448","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The protozoan parasite <i>Leishmania mexicana</i> serves as a widely used model for studying trypanosomatid biology, yet the demand for stable, high-intensity fluorescent tools for precise subcellular protein localization remains unmet. In this study, we developed a versatile molecular toolbox by re-engineering the <i>pLEXSY-hyg2.1</i> vector to express mNeonGreen (mNG), a next-generation fluorophore with superior brightness and photostability. Using a modular cloning strategy, we introduced a customized multiple cloning site (MCS) upstream of the mNG sequence to facilitate seamless N-terminal tagging of target proteins. The construct was integrated into the 18S rRNA locus via homologous recombination to ensure stable, constitutive expression. As a proof-of-concept, we fused a flagellar marker to the mNG reporter, resulting in a transgenic line exhibiting robust and specific subcellular fluorescence without compromising cellular fitness. Our results demonstrate that this integration-based system provides a highly efficient and stable platform for visualizing protein distribution within <i>Leishmania</i>. This tool significantly simplifies the generation of reporter strains and will facilitate high-resolution imaging studies of parasite organelle dynamics and functional genomics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Microbiota and Fecal Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.","authors":"Isabel Lagos, Edith Pérez de Arce, Ilaria Faggiani, Ferdinando D'Amico, Alessandra Zilli, Federica Furfaro, Sara Massironi, Clelia Cicerone, Virginia Solitano, Tommaso Lorenzo Parigi, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Silvio Danese, Mariangela Allocca","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040451","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are consistently associated with alterations in gut microbial communities, although the extent and characteristics of these alterations vary across studies, supporting a potential role of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic modulation. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize current evidence on microbiota alterations in IBD and the clinical application of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). A total of 118 studies were included (76 focused on microbiota profiling and 42 evaluated FMT as therapy). Across heterogeneous study designs and microbial characterization methods, reduced microbial diversity was the most consistently reported alteration, generally more pronounced in CD than in UC. Depletion of <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>-a key butyrate producer with anti-inflammatory properties-was commonly reported, often accompanied by functional impairment in short-chain fatty acid production. Microbial patterns were frequently associated with mucosal inflammation and varied across disease phenotypes; these patterns have been increasingly explored as predictors of treatment response and relapse, although mechanistic interpretation remains limited and causal relationships are difficult to establish. Evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests potential efficacy of FMT in UC, particularly with intensive or repeated protocols, whereas data in CD remain limited and heterogeneous, with signals of benefit often appearing transient. FMT was generally well tolerated, but long-term safety data remain scarce. Emerging multi-omic approaches are reshaping the field by integrating taxonomic and functional insights, with potential implications for risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic optimization. Further standardized, longitudinal, and mechanistically oriented studies are required to translate microbiome research into clinically actionable strategies in IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147818528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nipah Virus Encephalitis: Pathogenetic Aspects and Current Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Gaetano Scotto, Vincenzina Fazio, Ali Muhammed Moula, Sri Charan Bindu Bavisetty, Alessia Franza, Salvatore Massa","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040443","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus responsible for sporadic outbreaks of severe disease with high case fatality rates in South and Southeast Asia. Human infection occurs through spillover from natural reservoirs, primarily fruit bats, or via human-to-human transmission, and is characterized by a broad clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis. Following entry via ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptors, NiV exhibits marked endothelial and neuronal tropism, leading to systemic vasculitis, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and direct infection of the central nervous system. Disease progression is driven by a complex interplay between viral replication strategies and host immune responses. NiV effectively counteracts innate immunity through multiple viral proteins that inhibit interferon signaling, while simultaneously inducing dysregulated inflammatory responses that contribute to tissue damage and multi-organ failure. Neurological involvement represents the most severe manifestation, often resulting in acute or relapsing encephalitis with long-term sequelae among survivors. Despite the severity of the disease, no licensed antiviral therapies or human vaccines are currently available. Therapeutic development has focused on neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting viral glycoproteins and small-molecule antivirals that inhibit viral RNA synthesis, both of which show promising results in preclinical models, but remain limited by timing and translational challenges. In parallel, several vaccine platforms-including viral vectors, mRNA-based constructs, and recombinant protein subunits-have advanced to early-phase clinical trials, demonstrating encouraging immunogenicity. Beyond biomedical interventions, effective outbreak containment relies on integrated public health strategies. The \"Kerala model\" highlights the importance of rapid case identification, isolation, contact tracing, and community engagement within a One Health framework to mitigate transmission and reduce mortality. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on NiV pathogenesis, immune evasion, clinical manifestations, and emerging therapeutic and vaccine strategies, while highlighting critical gaps and future directions for improving the preparedness and response to this high-consequence emerging pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subverting Host Defense from Within: Innate Immune Modulation by <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>.","authors":"Anna O Busbee, Aryashree Arunima, James E Samuel, Erin J van Schaik","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040444","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>C. burnetii</i> (Cb) is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates within alveolar macrophages following aerosol infection. Unlike most intracellular bacteria, Cb establishes a lysosome-derived replicative niche (<i>Coxiella</i>-containing vacuole or CCV) through the action of its Type IVB secretion system (T4BSS). This system translocates a large repertoire of effector proteins into the host cytoplasm after phagosome acidification. These effectors interfere with diverse signaling pathways to co-opt host processes, such as vesicle trafficking, ubiquitylation, gene expression and lipid metabolism, promoting pathogen survival without triggering robust proinflammatory signaling or host cell death pathways. This effector-triggered immune silencing is particularly unique given the central role of macrophages as innate immune sentinels. In this review, we examine Cb T4BSS effectors that have been characterized as central determinants of innate immunity modulation. We discuss innate immune sensing pathways potentially engaged during infection, including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, inflammasomes, and interferon signaling pathways, and highlight evidence indicating that these pathways are actively suppressed. Emphasis is placed on effector-mediated regulation of NF-κB signaling, type I interferon responses, and inflammasome activation. Finally, we address unresolved questions related to effector-triggered immunity, redundancy in immune suppression, and discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo infection models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of <i>Kalmusia variispora</i> Causing Bark Necrosis and Branch Dieback of Horse Chestnut (<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> L.).","authors":"Miłosz Tkaczyk, Katarzyna Sikora","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040445","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Horse chestnut (<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> L.) is a widely planted ornamental and urban tree valued for its aesthetic and ecological functions. In recent years, declining health of horse chestnut in urban environments has been increasingly reported, often associated with a complex of biotic and abiotic stressors. During a health survey of <i>A. hippocastanum</i> trees growing along an urban road corridor in Warsaw, Poland, extensive bark necrosis and branch dieback were observed. The aim of this study was to identify the causal agent of these symptoms using morphological, cultural, molecular (ITS rDNA), and pathogenicity tests under controlled conditions. Fungal isolates were obtained from necrotic tissues and were consistently identified as <i>Kalmusia variispora</i> based on ITS sequence analysis (99.0-99.6% similarity to GenBank references) and characteristic morphology. Pathogenicity tests fulfilled Koch's postulates, reproducing necrotic lesions and cambial damage similar to those observed in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report worldwide of <i>K. variispora</i> infecting <i>A. hippocastanum</i>. The findings expand the known host range of this opportunistic Didymosphaeriaceae species and highlight its potential role in bark and wood disease complexes of urban trees. Further research is needed to assess its distribution, genetic diversity, and epidemiological significance in urban forest ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Patterns of Human Rhinovirus Activity and Epidemic Duration, 2016-2025: Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Alessandra Picelli, Emma Papini, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, Angela Bechini, Fabiola Berti, Sara Boccalini, Paolo Bonanni, Manuela Chiavarini, Claudia Cosma, Chiara Lorini, Cristina Salvati, Valentina Saviozzi, Patrizio Zanobini, Marco Del Riccio, Saverio Caini","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040446","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) exhibit a global circulation characterized by prolonged epidemics and a less concentrated seasonal distribution compared with other respiratory viruses. In this study, we describe the timing, amplitude and duration of HRV epidemics on a global scale, analyzing seasonal patterns in relation to geographic latitude.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HRV surveillance data reported to WHO FluNet from 2016 to 2025 were analyzed. Epidemic peak timing, amplitude and duration were estimated as a function of geographic latitude using harmonic analyses, with a comparison between the pre-pandemic (2016-2019) and post-pandemic (2021-2025) periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, 432,399 HRV detections were reported to WHO FluNet across 50 countries. Among these, 24 countries met the predefined criteria for seasonal analysis. Epidemic peak timing showed differences consistent with latitude, with peaks occurring in late autumn and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, during the central months of the year in the Southern Hemisphere, and greater temporal variability in the intertropical belt. Peak amplitude showed marked heterogeneity across countries (median 68.2%, range 28.1-96.7%), while epidemic duration indicated prolonged circulation (median 31 weeks, range 5-48 weeks). A secondary seasonal peak was identifiable in most countries, further supporting the relatively diffuse seasonal profile of HRV circulation. Comparison between the pre- and post-pandemic periods showed largely stable peak timing in most countries, alongside heterogeneous changes in peak amplitude.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HRV is characterized by prolonged and weakly concentrated seasonal activity, with epidemic circulation often extending over several months. Despite major epidemiological perturbations during the COVID-19 pandemic, the timing of seasonal peaks remained largely stable across countries, highlighting the epidemiological resilience of HRV and the need for continuous, pathogen-specific surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen Reduction of Transfused Blood Components-The End of the Beginning Rather than the Beginning of the End.","authors":"Albert Farrugia, Laurence Corash, Raymond Goodrich, Leni von Bonsdorff","doi":"10.3390/pathogens15040442","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens15040442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutics derived from donated blood or its constituents are classifiable into blood components and plasma derivatives. The latter are defined as medicines/drugs/pharmaceuticals produced from the industrial fractionation of thousands of pooled plasma donations and characterised with relative precision to a pre-defined specification through sampling of a homogenous pharmaceutical batch. The former are defined as components/biologicals produced using relatively simple (but increasingly complex) technologies in blood centres from single or small pools of isolated components from whole blood and are pre-specified through regulatory standards with relatively wide limits because of the inherent biologic variability of individual donors. This review discusses the evolution of technology to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission by blood-derived therapeutics, assess the state of the approved technologies for pathogen-reduced blood components, and examine the features of the blood-provider and regulatory framework globally that have shaped, and in some instances impeded, the implementation of component pathogen reduction to an extent equivalent to that achieved for plasma derivatives. The ensuing risks to the public's confidence in the blood supply are discussed, and remedial actions are proposed. The features of a new paradigm for blood safety are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}