Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Distribution and Genotypic Landscape of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Ticks from Latvia from 2019 to 2023.","authors":"Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Gerhard Dobler, Daniel Lang, Antra Bormane, Renate Ranka, Sabine Schaper, Zane Freimane, Dace Zavadska","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090950","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks are important parasites of economic and public health because of their ability to transmit zoonotic diseases. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), now officially <i>Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis</i>, is a Flavivirus with five main subtypes of which three, the European (TBEV-EU), the Siberian (TBEV-Sib), and the Far-Eastern subtypes (TBEV-FE), are supposedly circulate in Latvia. Several hard tick species are involved in TBEV circulation and transmission in nature. This study set out to describe the genetic landscape of TBEV subtypes in Latvian tick populations. In 2019 and 2021 to 2023, a total of 3026 ticks were collected in three Latvian regions, with <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> as the dominant species (2822 specimens), followed by <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i> (200 specimens) and <i>Dermacentor reticulatus</i> (4 specimens). Ticks were morphologically identified, pooled, and screened for TBEV RNA by RT-qPCR. TBEV of positive tick pools were isolated and genetically characterized by genome sequencing. Our study demonstrates the prevalence of two TBEV subtypes in Latvia with specific spatial patterning. In the sympatric Vidzeme region, these subtypes display a preferential species association of TBEV-EU with <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> and TBEV-Sib with <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i>. Phylogeographic analysis suggests independent introductions of multiple genotypes from both subtypes. Further investigations are necessary to better understand the natural transmission and the medical importance of these TBEVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simple Deterministic Model of Protection and Cost Benefits from Vaccinating Indian Cattle Against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis.","authors":"Bhaskar Ganguly, Sarvesh Tayshete, Priyabrata Pattnaik, Nyayapati Sunil Narayana Bhargav, Anand Kumar Kanakasapapathy","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090955","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is endemic in India, causing significant losses to dairy enterprises. Until recently, the unavailability of an indigenously manufactured vaccine and the high cost of imported vaccines limited national vaccination efforts. However, an indigenously developed and manufactured inactivated DIVA vaccine has now become available. The exact strategies that other countries have employed for the successful control of IBR may not be applicable in India due to the differences in the production systems and the social values. Hence, we have employed linear deterministic modeling to study the benefits, both in terms of the protection of the animals from the disease and the costs, of vaccination against IBR towards proposing an optimal strategy for immunization-based control of the disease in India. Our findings emphasize the need for proper vaccination practices, appropriate farm biosecurity measures, and biannual re-vaccinations to achieve the desired endpoints in a vaccination program. Based on our findings, a vaccination program aiming for primary vaccination with two doses followed by continuing bi-annual re-vaccination with a single dose to achieve 70% vaccination coverage in the cattle population can be recommended for the control of IBR in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Ferrous Sulfate Enhances Resistance to <i>Vibrio splendidus</i>-Induced Skin Ulceration in <i>Apostichopus japonicus</i> via Immune and Antioxidant Modulation.","authors":"Ye Tian, Kaihao Zhao, Xiaonan Li, Lina Cao, Lingshu Han, Chong Zhao, Jun Ding","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090952","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sea cucumber (<i>Apostichopus japonicus</i>) is a commercially important marine species. However, its survival is increasingly threatened by frequent outbreaks of Skin Ulceration Syndrome caused by <i>Vibrio splendidus</i>. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) over short-term (21 days) and long-term (56 days) feeding periods on immune defense, antioxidant capacity, and resistance to <i>V. splendidus</i> infection. Key parameters measured included survival rate, cellular immune activity, antioxidant enzyme levels, and expression of immune-related genes. Long-term (56 days) supplementation with 1% FeSO₄ significantly improved survival after infection (90 ± 4.7%). Phagocytic activity and respiratory burst were enhanced by approximately ~1.9-fold and ~1.8-fold, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The expression of <i>sod</i>, <i>ferritin</i>, and <i>hsp70</i> genes was upregulated by ~2.1-fold, ~2.0-fold, and ~1.6-fold, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These results indicate strengthened cellular immunity and antioxidant capacity. Long-term (56 days) supplementation with 0.5% FeSO₄ increased lysozyme activity (~1.3-fold) and <i>c3</i> expression (~4-fold) (<i>p</i> < 0.05), thereby enhancing humoral immunity. In contrast, short-term (21 days) supplementation increased ACP and AKP activities by approximately ~2-fold each, and LZM activity by ~1.2-fold (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, it did not significantly improve survival, indicating limited protective effects. Overall, 56-day dietary supplementation with FeSO₄, particularly at 1%, effectively enhances immune and antioxidant responses in <i>A. japonicus.</i> This supplementation represents a promising strategy for preventing <i>V. splendidus</i>-induced skin ulceration in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Colorectal Cancer and Detection of Biomarkers.","authors":"Esra Saylam, Özben Özden, Fatma Hümeyra Yerlikaya, Abdullah Sivrikaya, Serdar Yormaz, Uğur Arslan, Mustafa Topkafa, Salih Maçin","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090953","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a significant global health issue. The human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem hosting numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, plays a crucial role. Increasing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is involved in CRC pathogenesis. In this study, the gut microbiota profiles, short-chain fatty acids, zonulin, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels of newly diagnosed CRC patients were analyzed along with healthy controls to elucidate the relationship between CRC and the gut microbiota. The study included 16 newly diagnosed CRC patients and 16 healthy individuals. For microbiota analysis, DNA isolation from stool samples was performed using the Quick-DNA™ Fecal/Soil Microbe Miniprep Kit followed by sequencing using the MinION device. Data processing was conducted using Guppy software (version 6.5.7) and the Python (3.12) programming language. ELISA kits from Elabscience were utilized for analyzing LBP and zonulin serum levels. Fecal short-chain fatty acids were analyzed using GC-MS/MS equipped with a flame ionization detector and DB-FFAP column. Microbial alpha diversity, assessed using Shannon and Simpson indices, was found to be lower in CRC patients compared to healthy controls (<i>p</i> = 0.045, 0.017). Significant differences in microbial beta diversity were observed between the two groups (<i>p</i> = 0.004). At the phylum level, <i>Bacteroidota</i> was found to be decreased in CRC patients (<i>p</i> = 0.027). Potential biomarker candidates identified included Enterococcus faecium, <i>Ruminococcus bicirculans</i>, <i>Enterococcus gilvus</i>, <i>Enterococcus casseliflavus</i>, <i>Segatella oris</i>, and <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i>. Serum zonulin levels were higher in CRC patients (CRC = 70.1 ± 26.14, Control = 53.93 ± 17.33, <i>p</i> = 0.048). There is a significant relationship between gut microbiota and CRC. A multifactorial evaluation of this relationship could shed light on potential biomarker identification and the development of new treatment options for CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Dengue: A Global Perspective, History, Role, and Challenges.","authors":"Flora Miranda Ulgheri, Bruno Gaia Bernardes, Marcelo Lancellotti","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090954","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is rapidly expanding its geographical footprint, with increasing incidence not only in over 100 endemic countries in the southern hemisphere but also with more autochthonous transmissions now reported in the northern hemisphere, including regions of Europe and the United States. The clinical presentation of DENV infection ranges from mild febrile illness to severe and potentially fatal conditions, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS), and diverse neurological complications. While vaccine development efforts are underway, significant challenges remain, underscoring the urgent need for a deeper understanding of the virus. This urgency is particularly palpable in Brazil, which has faced an unprecedented surge in dengue cases during the 2024-2025 period. The country has recorded an alarmingly high number of infections and related deaths, stretching its public health infrastructure and highlighting the complex interplay of climate change, urbanization, and viral dynamics in disease propagation. This review provides a global perspective on dengue, systematically exploring its history, morphology, viral cycle, pathogenesis, and epidemiology. By integrating these critical aspects, this article aims to identify pivotal knowledge gaps and guide future research directions essential for developing improved public health interventions against this complex and evolving disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Demodex</i> Mite Infestation in Patients Suffering from Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis.","authors":"Agnieszka Borzęcka-Sapko, Magdalena Raszewska-Famielec, Aleksandra Sędzikowska, Alicja Buczek, Adam Wilmosz Borzęcki, Katarzyna Bartosik","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090956","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of <i>Demodex</i> mites in the pathogenesis of skin diseases still needs updating. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between <i>Demodex</i> sp. infestation and ocular and skin lesions in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PsO). The control group comprised subjects that had not been diagnosed with any inflammatory skin disease. Direct microscopic examination (DME) was applied to analyze eyelashes and skin scraping samples. <i>Demodex</i> mites were detected more often in the eyelash samples than in the skin in both the AD (16.7% vs. 6.7%) and PsO (18.5% vs. 7.4%) patients as well as in the control group (25.8% vs. 3%). The mean intensity of <i>Demodex</i> infestation was 4.25 in the AD patients, 3.4 in the PsO patients, and 2.8 in the control group. Emollients were used in the treatment by 76.7% of the AD patients and 64.8% of patients with PsO; however, this type of skin care did not significantly increase the risk of skin colonization by <i>Demodex</i>. AD and PsO do not seem to facilitate excessive <i>Demodex</i> sp. proliferation. Nevertheless, diagnosis of the presence of these mites should be considered in patients with facial skin and ocular lesions that do not respond to the treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Hokkaido, Japan, During Winter 2024-2025.","authors":"Norikazu Isoda, Lim Yik Hew, Kazuki Nishikawa, Fumihito Takaya, Yo Shimazu, Daiki Kobayashi, Kei Nabeshima, Hisako Honjyo, Mana Esaki, Kosuke Okuya, Kosuke Soda, Hiroshi Ito, Asuka Kumagai, Hayate Nishiura, Takahiro Hiono, Hiroki Takakuwa, Tatsufumi Usui, Makoto Ozawa, Yuko Uchida, Manabu Onuma, Yoshihiro Sakoda","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090951","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic and antigenic analyses were performed on highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Hokkaido, northern Japan, during the winter of 2024-2025. Ninety-eight HPAIVs were isolated from feces of waterfowl, tracheal swabs from dead wild birds, or lung homogenates from dead chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from 47 representative isolates revealed that all sequences belonged to the G2d subgroup of clade 2.3.4.4b H5HA, which has been the dominant lineage in Hokkaido since the winter of 2021-2022. These isolates were further divided into three major groups within the subgroup. The HPAIVs isolated in the Republic of Korea, China, and North America were genetically closely related to the Hokkaido isolates, whereas no HPAIVs genetically related to European strains or those detected in North American cattle were identified. Furthermore, HPAIVs isolated from seabirds were genetically closely related to those found in dead marine mammals along the eastern coast of Hokkaido in the spring of 2025. No apparent antigenic differences were observed between the HPAIVs isolated in this study and those from previous seasons. These findings highlight the wide distribution of HPAIVs in Hokkaido, particularly from Asian and North American lineages, and underscore the importance of continuous surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Helminths on Colorectal Cancer: From Infections to the Isolation of Biotherapeutics.","authors":"Cuauhtémoc Ángel Sánchez-Barrera, Karen V Fernandez-Muñoz, Mónica G Mendoza-Rodríguez, María T Ortiz-Melo, Jazmín A Carrillo-Pérez, Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa, Luis I Terrazas","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090949","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most common cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The inflammatory response initiated by pathogens, environmental and dietary factors, and inflammatory bowel diseases can promote the formation of colorectal tumors. The hygiene hypothesis proposes an inverse link between inflammatory diseases and early childhood exposure to pathogens, with a significant negative correlation between chronic inflammatory diseases and helminth infections. On the other hand, it is also known that several pathogens may influence or even cause the development of cancer, including helminth infections. How do helminth infections influence CRC outcomes? The existing literature presents two different perspectives. Experimental studies in CRC models suggest that helminths may accelerate disease progression and lead to worse outcomes (such as <i>Schistosoma</i> and <i>Trichuris</i> sp.), while others indicate that helminths could help reduce tumor burden (such as <i>Taenia</i> sp.). This review focuses on helminths' pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects and their derivatives, specifically in CRC. We provide a comprehensive understanding of how helminths impact the macroscopic, histopathological, immunological, and molecular aspects of CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and Functions of Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins in <i>Leishmania</i>.","authors":"Chhitar M Gupta, Saravanamuthu Thiyagarajan","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090948","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in fundamental eukaryotic processes such as morphogenesis, motility, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and cell division. However, our understanding of actin and its associated proteins in trypanosomatid parasites like <i>Leishmania</i> remains limited. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in elucidating the structure and functions of <i>Leishmania</i> actin and its core regulators. Notably, these findings are primarily derived from studies of the insect-stage promastigote form, while the roles of the actin machinery during the disease-causing amastigote stage within mammalian hosts remain largely unexplored. This review consolidates the current knowledge of actin and its interactors in <i>Leishmania</i> promastigotes, highlighting their potential roles in parasite development and stage-specific differentiation. Additionally, it explores the potential of targeting the cytoskeletal system as a strategy for novel therapeutic interventions against <i>Leishmaniasis</i>. The review concludes by identifying critical knowledge gaps and proposing future research directions to better understand actin-driven pathogenesis in this important human parasite.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of <i>Macavirus</i> and Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2 with Pneumonia in Beef Cattle from Mato Grosso, Brazil.","authors":"Julia Raisa Ximenes Figueiredo, Flavia Helena Pereira Silva, Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen, Beatriz Martins Machado, Fernanda Pinto Ferreira, Karina Rodrigues Gomes Ferreira, Sébastien Buczinski, Amauri Alcindo Alfieri, Selwyn Arlington Headley","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090945","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090945","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study investigated the possible occurrence of pulmonary disease in beef cattle from 13 municipalities within the State of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. The state of MT is a leading player in beef cattle production in Brazil, but with comparatively few data relative to the occurrence of pulmonary disease or ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2)-related infections in cattle. Pulmonary samples from 44 beef cattle, with ages ranging between 18 and 28 months, were collected during slaughter and processed to determine the patterns of pulmonary lesions. Additionally, duplicate fragments were used in immunohistochemical (IHC) assays designed to detect malignant catarrhal fever (MCFV) antigens and in molecular assays to amplify 10 agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Interstitial pneumonia (IP) was diagnosed in most of the lungs (98%; 43/44) evaluated from all municipalities. MCFV antigens were detected in 37% (16/43) of the animals with IP. Only four pathogens were amplified by molecular assays within the lungs of cattle with IP: OvGHV2 (23%; 10/43), bovine viral diarrhea virus (12%; 5/43), bovine coronavirus (7%; 3/43), and &lt;i&gt;Mannheimia haemolytica&lt;/i&gt; (2%; 1/43). The nucleic acids of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, &lt;i&gt;Pasteurella multocida&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Histophilus somni&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Mycoplasmopsis&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Mycoplasma&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;i&gt;bovis&lt;/i&gt; were not amplified. Singular infections in cattle from municipalities were associated with MCFV (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3) and OvGHV2 (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 2), while OvGHV2 occurred in all dual and triple infections. However, in four animals with IP, none of the disease pathogens identified were detected. Statistically, MCFV antigens were more frequently (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.048) detected in the lungs of female (75%; 12/16) cattle with IP relative to males (25%; 4/16). Additionally, there was a positive correlation (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) between the IHC detection of MCFV antigens within the bronchial epithelium and the epithelium of peribronchial glands of cattle with IP. This is the first study to statistically demonstrate that female cattle are at greater risk of developing MCFV-related infections as compared to male animals. The detection of OvGHV2 in singular and multiple infections during this investigation supports earlier studies that associate this pathogen with the development of pulmonary disease in cattle, indicating that OvGHV2 can contribute to the etiology of IP. Additionally, the detection of OvGHV2-induced infections in asymptomatic cattle suggests that all animals were subclinically infected, confirming that subclinically OvGHV2-induced infections may be widespread in ruminants from Brazil. Furthermore, the occurrence of atypical interstitial pneumonia cannot be discarded, particularly in animals with IP but without any associated pathogen. These initial findings suggest the need for a more elaborate investigation to understand the dynamics o","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}