Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Immunohistochemical Profiling of Immune Checkpoints in Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Tissue.","authors":"João Panão-Costa, Rui Caetano Oliveira, Paulo Teixeira, Francisco Caramelo, Maria Augusta Cipriano, Olga Borges, Armando Carvalho","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060596","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a significant global health concern due to complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Immune cell exhaustion, characterized by increased suppressive molecules and inhibitory receptors, represents a critical feature of CHB. Understanding the mechanisms of hepatic immune exhaustion in CHB patients is imperative for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. In this study, we investigated the expression levels and histological distribution of various immune checkpoint receptors and ligands in liver biopsies obtained from CHB patients. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate potential concurrent overexpression of specific receptors and their association with clinical parameters such as ALT levels. Our analysis revealed that PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, GAL-9, CD272, TIGIT, and 2B4 exhibited predominant localization in portal tracts and sinusoids. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between the expression of PD-1, TIM-3, and GAL-9 with ALT levels in CHB patients. Additionally, a strong relationship was identified between the expression of CD272 and TIGIT, as well as between GAL-9 and CTLA-4 within the studied population. Our findings underscore the significance of the TIM-3:GAL-9 pathway in the immunopathogenesis of CHB. This detailed analysis sets the stage for future combined immunotherapy strategies aimed at leveraging checkpoint receptors to enhance clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bat Influenza M2 Shows Functions Similar to Those of Classical Influenza A Viruses.","authors":"Wenyu Yang, Liping Wang, Lei Shi, Jialin Zhang, Heidi Liu, Jun Wang, Wenjun Ma","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060599","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel bat influenza viruses show different features in contrast to classical influenza A viruses (IAVs). The M2 of IAVs functions as an ion channel that plays an important role in virus entry, viral assembly, and release and also serves as the antiviral target. To date, whether bat influenza M2 functions as the ion channel like classical IAV M2 remains unknown. Here, we show that the bat influenza M2 amino acid at position 31 (N/S) is critical for sensitivity to antivirals targeting the ion channel such as amantadine and other tested antivirals and that the amino acids at position 37 (H/G) and 41 (W/A) are crucial for virus replication and survival. The results indicate that bat influenza M2 functions similarly to conventional IAVs despite the low identity between the two.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children with Neonatal Parechovirus CNS Infections.","authors":"Anna Piwowarczyk, Julia Śladowska, Agata Lipiec, Ernest Kuchar, Elżbieta Stawicka","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060600","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human parechoviruses, officially known as Parechovirus A (PeV-A), are more frequently reported as a significant cause of serious infections in newborns and young infants. We aimed to describe the clinical features and neurological outcomes of PeV-A encephalitis cases identified in Warsaw. Infants with suspected encephalitis were retrospectively identified in three hospitals in the summer of 2022. Cases of confirmed PeV-A infection had their comprehensive demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, and outcome data reviewed. The psychomotor development of the children up to the age of 2 years was assessed by using the standardized tools. We identified 18 cases of confirmed encephalitis with a PeV-A infection. Their median age was 16 days. Fourteen cases were included in the analysis, while one patient dropped out after the first visit. Most were boys (9/14), and one patient was born preterm. Three patients had white matter alterations on brain MRI at discharge. No significant neurologic sequelae were observed after acute illness. At the 24-month follow-up, based on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-IV) and the Brunet-Lézine Scale, the children showed no neurodevelopmental sequelae. Brain MRIs were obtained in all of the participants up to 12 months of age and revealed no significant lesions. Neurodevelopmental complications are not frequent in children after PeV-A encephalitis at 24 months of age. Continued follow-up in larger cohorts is needed to explore the predictors of long-term morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the Regulatory Roles of miRNAs in the Salivary Glands of the Soft Ticks <i>Ornithodoros moubata</i> and <i>Ornithodoros erraticus</i>.","authors":"Ana Laura Cano-Argüelles, Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez, Cristian Gallardo-Escárate, Rocío Vizcaíno-Marín, María González-Sánchez, Ana Oleaga","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060595","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting or degrading messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In ticks, salivary miRNAs are proposed to play key roles in modulating host-vector interactions during blood feeding. Previously, we identified salivary miRNAs in <i>Ornithodoros moubata</i> and <i>Ornithodoros erraticus</i>, major vectors of African swine fever and tick-borne human relapsing fever. In this study, we investigated the regulatory roles of salivary miRNAs in tick biology. Salivary miRNA datasets were re-analysed to identify conserved miRNAs, and putative target genes were predicted using the sialotranscriptomes of both species. In silico predictions were validated through experimental inhibition of specific miRNAs using antagomirs. Knockdown of miR-375 and miR-1 significantly reduced blood intake, oviposition, and fertility, indicating their involvement in feeding and reproductive processes. Silencing miR-252b in <i>O. moubata</i> led to increased mortality, suggesting a critical role in survival. Notably, Metis1 was identified as a likely target of miR-252b, and its dysregulation may underlie the observed lethality in miR-252b-silenced ticks. These findings highlight the functional relevance of salivary miRNAs in tick physiology and host interaction, offering new perspectives for the development of innovative tick control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Markers in Goats Naturally Infected with <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i>.","authors":"Merve Ozturk, Muhammet Bahaeddin Dortbudak, Bayram Bekmez, Lucia Biagini, Nuri Altuğ, Giacomo Rossi, Yasin Ozturk, Alessandro Di Cerbo","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060593","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paratuberculosis, caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis with significant implications for ruminant health, economic productivity, and potential zoonotic risk. This study investigated the expression of biomarkers of oxidative stress and apoptosis in goats naturally infected with MAP, focusing on three biological matrices: serum, intestinal mucosa, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Twenty MAP-positive goats and ten healthy controls were included. Serum and tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), and caspase-3 were quantitatively assessed using ELISA tests. Gross and histopathological analyses confirmed MAP infection. Infected animals showed significantly elevated serum levels of MDA and caspase-3 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), along with decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (GSR, GST, GPX, SOD). Tissue analysis revealed increased MDA and caspase-3 levels, particularly in the intestinal mucosa compared to mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting localized oxidative damage and apoptosis. Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in mesenteric lymph nodes, indicating a compensatory response and a pronounced involvement of the intestinal tract. These findings demonstrate that MAP infection induces marked oxidative stress and apoptotic processes, especially in the intestinal mucosa. The imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems may play a key role in the pathogenesis and chronic progression of the disease. Caspase-3 and MDA, in particular, have been identified as promising diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for MAP infection. This study highlights the importance of developing improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress pathways in paratuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Incidence and Trends of Yellow Fever from 1990 to 2021 in Major Endemic Regions: A Systematic Analysis Based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study.","authors":"Xinwei Wang, Bin Li, Baoren He, Xipeng Yan, Linbin Huang, Jinlian Li, Rongji Lai, Mingshuang Lai, He Xie, Qiuhong Mo, Limin Chen","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060594","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a re-emerging disease, the worldwide burden and trends of yellow fever (YF) remain inadequately quantified. This study aims to assess the incidence of YF both globally and in major endemic regions from 1990 to 2021. Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, we evaluated the burden of YF. We employed an age-period-cohort model to assess the influence of age, period, and cohort on the incidence of YF from 1992 to 2021. A secondary data analysis based on GBD database showed the following: in 2021, there were 86,509 incident cases of YF. Between 1990 and 2021, the number of incident cases decreased by 74.7%, while the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) declined at an EAPC of -4.76% (95% confidence interval: -5.10 to -4.42). In 2021, the highest ASIRs of YF were observed in Western Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Sub-Saharan Africa, and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis of age effects indicates that children aged 5-10 years old exhibit the highest incidence rate. Both period and cohort effects demonstrated a decline in morbidity risk. The decomposition analysis identified epidemiological changes as the primary factor contributing to the global reduction in the YF burden. Despite considerable reduction in incidence, YF remains a significant public health threat in Sub-Saharan Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"M72 Fusion Proteins in Nanocapsules Enhance BCG Efficacy Against Bovine Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model.","authors":"Federico Carlos Blanco, Renée Onnainty, María Rocío Marini, Laura Inés Klepp, Elizabeth Andrea García, Cristina Lourdes Vazquez, Ana Canal, Gladys Granero, Fabiana Bigi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060592","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> is the causative pathogen of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a disease that affects cattle and other mammals, including humans. Currently, there is no efficient vaccine against bTB, underscoring the need for novel immunization strategies. The M72 fusion protein, composed of three polypeptides derived from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and <i>M. bovis</i>, has demonstrated protective efficacy against <i>M. tuberculosis</i> in clinical trials when combined with the AS01E adjuvant. Given the established efficacy of nanocapsule formulations as vaccine delivery systems, this study evaluated a novel immunization strategy combining BCG with either full-length M72 or a truncated M72 fused to a streptococcal albumin-binding domain (ABDsM72). Both antigens were encapsulated in chitosan/alginate nanocapsules and assessed in a murine <i>M. bovis</i> challenge model. Priming with BCG followed by an M72 boost significantly improved splenic protection compared to BCG alone, but it did not enhance pulmonary protection. Notably, boosting with ABDsM72 further increased the proportion of CD4+KLRG1-CXCR3+ T cells in the lungs of <i>M. bovis</i>-challenged mice, a key correlate of protective immunity. These findings demonstrate that chitosan/alginate-encapsulated antigens enhance BCG-induced immunity, supporting their potential as next-generation vaccine candidates for bTB control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) Promotes Ferroptosis by Suppressing Nrf2/GPX4 and Upregulating MDM2.","authors":"Yuejia Cao, Shihan Shao, Yingying Zhang, Dandan Song, Fei Gui, Xinyi Chen, Yu Hong, Rong Chen, Yang Song, Dongmei Li, Xiaohua Tan, Chunhong Di","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060590","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, is regulated by key mediators including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), a multifunctional protein critical for viral persistence. Although studies reported that KSHV infection enhanced cellular resistance to ferroptosis, the specific role of LANA in this process remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that LANA unexpectedly promotes ferroptosis. In KSHV-positive iSLK.219 cells, LANA knockdown significantly attenuated RSL-3-induced ferroptosis, whereas LANA overexpression sensitized HeLa cells to ferroptotic death. Quantitative analysis revealed that LANA-depleted cells exhibited significantly elevated ROS accumulation (<i>p</i> < 0.01), whereas LANA-overexpressing cells maintained reduced ROS levels during challenge with the ferroptosis inducer RSl-3. Mechanistically, LANA suppressed glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, reduced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and impaired its nuclear translocation, and upregulated mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) expression. Pharmacological inhibition of Nrf2 (ML385) or MDM2 (nutlin3a) reversed the ferroptotic effects of LANA knockdown or overexpression, respectively. These findings reveal a pro-ferroptotic role of LANA via Nrf2/GPX4 suppression and MDM2 activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Antischistosomal Drug Targets: Identification of Alkaloid Inhibitors of SmTGR via Integrated In Silico Methods.","authors":"Valéria V M Paixão, Yria J A Santos, Adriana O Fernandes, Elaine S Conceição, Ricardo P Rodrigues, Daniela A Chagas-Paula, Silvio S Dolabella, Tiago B Oliveira","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060591","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis mansoni is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>, affecting approximately 200 million people annually. Currently, treatment relies primarily on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ), which shows limited efficacy against the parasite's immature forms. As a result, Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase from <i>S. mansoni</i> (SmTGR) has emerged as a promising target for novel drug development. This study presents the development of integrated in silico methods to identify alkaloids from medicinal plants with potential activity against <i>S. mansoni</i>. Fourteen alkaloids were identified, with predicted activity ranging from 61.3 to 85.2%. Among these, lindoldhamine and daibucarboline A demonstrated, for the first time, potential SmTGR inhibition, with probabilities of 85.2% and 75.8%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of these alkaloids as promising candidates for the development of new therapies against schistosomiasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Neonates with Sepsis Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance and Mortality in a Tertiary Hospital in Mexico: A Retrospective Observational Study.","authors":"Uriel A Angulo-Zamudio, Maria Luisa Velazquez-Meza, Jesus J Martinez-Garcia, Nidia Leon-Sicairos, Jorge Velazquez-Roman, Hector Flores-Villaseñor, Claudia Leon-Sicairos, Francisco A Martínez-Villa, Adrian Canizalez-Roman","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14060588","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14060588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of newborns with sepsis in northwestern Mexico, identify the microorganisms causing early- and late-onset sepsis, and assess antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, it sought to associate neonatal characteristics with antimicrobial resistance or mortality. A retrospective study was conducted from August 2021 to April 2023, during which 8382 neonatal clinical records were analyzed to collect epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics, as well as microorganisms isolated from neonates and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Of these, 314 neonates with sepsis were included. The incidence of neonatal sepsis was 4% (314/8382), and the mortality was 12.7% (40/314); late-onset sepsis (65.3%) was more frequent than early-onset sepsis (34.7%). <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> was the most frequently isolated bacterium in neonates with sepsis (both early- and late-onset). Gram-positive bacteria, such as <i>Staphylococcus hominis</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, were associated with early-onset sepsis, whereas fungi, particularly <i>Candida albicans</i>, were associated with late-onset sepsis. Of the microorganisms, 52.6% were multidrug resistant (MDR), 10.8% were extensively drug resistant (XDR), and 5.5% were pan-drug resistant (PDR). Low birth weight, prematurity, cesarean section, mechanical ventilation, tachycardia, and low hemoglobin and platelet levels, among others, were associated with XDR or MDR microorganisms. In contrast, low birth weight, mechanical ventilation, stroke, unexpected delivery, respiratory distress, tachycardia, convulsive crisis, high procalcitonin, urea, and AST/TGO levels, among others, were associated with mortality. The incidence, types of sepsis, antimicrobial resistance, and associations identified in this study will aid in diagnosing neonatal sepsis earlier and may reduce mortality in our region.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}