Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Neurological Complications Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: A Scoping Review of Prospective Clinical Trials Conducted in Populations up to 17 Years of Age.","authors":"Aikaterini S Stravoravdi, Xanthippi Topalidou, Georgios Papazisis","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050503","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to review the neurologic and cognitive complications of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections through studies involving infants, children, and adolescents up to 17 years of age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases were comprehensively searched for prospective clinical trials written in the English language that assess the neurologic and/or cognitive complications of RSV. This review was conducted according to the recommendations of the PRISMA-ScR checklist.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The vast majority of studies have concentrated on younger children, with limited investigation into long-term cognitive outcomes. While data on adolescents are sparse, this likely reflects the lower incidence of RSV-related neurological complications in this age group, rather than a critical gap in the research. The key findings from the 11 included studies highlighted a range of neurologic complications, which are particularly prevalent in children under six years of age. One study reported delayed language development and potential memory impairments, highlighting the virus's potential impact on early cognitive processes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this review highlight the need for more clinical studies focusing on the impact of RSV on the central nervous system and potential complications that may arise, particularly in groups at high risk of acquiring this infection. Future investigations should focus on longitudinal assessments to elucidate long-term effects and standardize methodologies for enhanced comparability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP), a Novel Antigen of <i>Babesia bovis</i>, Participates in the Establishment of Acute Infection and Contains Neutralizing B-Cell Epitopes.","authors":"Chyntia Pérez-Almeida, Diego Josimar Hernández-Silva, Edwin Esaú Hernández-Arvizu, Masahito Asada, Shin-Ichiro Kawazu, Massaro W Ueti, José Guadalupe Gomez-Soto, Urso Martín Dávila-Montero, Carlos A Vega Y Murguía, Juan Mosqueda","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050502","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Babesia bovis</i> is a protozoan parasite that causes babesiosis in cattle. It has been hypothesized that in apicomplexan parasites, translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) interferes with the host immune response by inhibiting B cell proliferation. The aim of this study was the characterization of <i>B. bovis</i> TCTP (BboTCTP) and the evaluation of its expression, immunogenicity and role in infection. The <i>tctp</i> gene was identified and sequenced from <i>B. bovis</i> isolates and revealed a high conservation. Expression was confirmed in intraerythrocytic stages by Western blot and confocal microscopy. Synthetic peptides containing predicted B cell epitopes were used to immunize cattle, followed by a challenge with a virulent <i>B. bovis</i> strain. Immunized animals showed milder clinical signs and faster recovery compared to controls. Sera from non-immunized animals exhibited lower total IgG levels after challenge (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while sera from immunized animals induced significant in vitro invasion inhibition (32-33%). These results suggest that BboTCTP is immunogenic and may play a role in modulating the host immune response. The results provide novel insights into <i>B. bovis</i> biology and support BboTCTP as a promising candidate for further evaluation as a vaccine antigen. Future studies should explore its immunomodulatory mechanisms and potential use in combined vaccine formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red Fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) and Wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) as a Reservoir of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> in Poland.","authors":"Dorota Dwużnik-Szarek, Ewa Julia Mierzejewska, Korneliusz Kurek, Małgorzata Krokowska-Paluszak, Patrycja Opalińska, Łukasz Stańczak, Grzegorz Górecki, Anna Bajer","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050500","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections with zoonotic pathogens have received increasing attention in recent years, as reflected in the literature of both veterinary and human medicine. <i>Cryptosporidium</i> and <i>Giardia</i> are recognised as the principal causes of waterborne outbreaks worldwide, but there is still limited data on the role of wild carnivores, such as red foxes and wolves, as reservoir hosts and in disseminating these pathogens in the environment. The aim of the current project was to analyse the prevalence and abundance of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> and <i>Giardia</i> infections in foxes from seven voivodeships and in wolves from the Warmia-Masuria Voivodeship in Poland and to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of the detected parasites. For the detection of both parasites, we used the commercial immunofluorescent assay MeriFluor <i>Cryptosporidium</i>/<i>Giardia</i>. For <i>Cryptosporidium</i> detection we also applied modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining of faecal smears and, following PCR amplification, sequenced the <i>18S</i> rDNA locus. For <i>Giardia</i> detection, we sequenced the glutamate dehydrogenase (<i>gdh</i>) gene. In total, 117 and 69 faecal samples obtained from red foxes and wolves, respectively, were screened for the presence of <i>Cryptoporidium</i>/<i>Giardia</i>. In red foxes, prevalence was 38.5% and 15.4% for <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>G. intestinalis</i>, respectively. In wolves, the prevalence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. was 14.5%, and only one sample was <i>Giardia</i>-positive. <i>Cryptosporidium canis</i>, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> sp. vole genotype, <i>C. baileyi</i> and <i>Cryptosporidium</i> sp. were identified in red foxes, while <i>C. canis</i> and <i>Cryptosporidium</i> sp. were detected in wolves. Our results indicate that red foxes and grey wolves act as reservoir hosts of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>G. intestinalis</i> in natural areas in Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Mo, J.; Mo, J. Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Avian Metapneumovirus: A Comprehensive Review. <i>Pathogens</i> 2025, <i>14</i>, 55.","authors":"Jongsuk Mo, Jongseo Mo","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050497","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There was an error in the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp., <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in Food Handlers: A Global Review of Persistence, Transmission, and Mitigation Challenges.","authors":"Gustavo Guimarães Fernandes Viana, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo, Juliano Gonçalves Pereira, Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050496","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens represents a critical global health challenge, with food handlers serving as key contributors in their transmission. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence on the prevalence, transmission dynamics, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of three major pathogens, <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp., <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Salmonella</i> spp., among food handlers worldwide. Analysis of studies across diverse geographical regions reveals considerable variation in colonization rates, with <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. prevalence ranging from 19.5% to 95.0%, <i>Escherichia coli</i> from 2.8% to 89.3%, and <i>Salmonella</i> spp. from 0.07% to 9.1%. Resistance profiles demonstrate alarming trends, including widespread β-lactam resistance and emerging resistance to last-resort antibiotics like carbapenems. Particularly concerning is the high occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers in low- and middle-income countries. This review identified inadequate handwashing, poor hygiene infrastructure, and asymptomatic carriage as critical factors facilitating the transmission of antimicrobial resistant strains. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance systems, targeted decolonization strategies, improved hygiene protocols, and food handler education to mitigate the spread of resistant pathogens through the food chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations.","authors":"Mayara Macêdo Barrozo, Haile Dean Figueiredo Chagas, Gabrielly Bernardes Rodrigues Damaceno, Emilly Faria Santos, Rafael Assunção Carvalho, Isabela Santos Silva, Francisca Letícia Vale, Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa, Hermes Ribeiro Luz, Lorena Lopes Ferreira, Caio Monteiro","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050495","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the repellent activity of DEET, eugenol, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and their combinations against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> nymphs through laboratory and field tests. Initially, the botanical compounds were tested individually in Petri dish assays to assess repellent activity over various intervals (1 min to 168 h) at concentrations of 2%. Eugenol and methyl eugenol exhibited the highest average repellent percentages (60 to 90%), with significant effects (<i>p</i> < 0.05) across most evaluation periods, in contrast to 1,8-cineole. Therefore, eugenol and methyl eugenol were selected for combination testing with DEET. The combinations of 7% DEET + 1% eugenol and 7% DEET + 2% methyl eugenol showed the best results, with average repellent efficacy exceeding 85%. The first combination was selected for field evaluation. In this test, volunteers wore treated socks and walked for two hours in a naturally infested area. A significant reduction (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the number of ticks recovered from the socks was observed in the 7% DEET and 7% DEET + 1% eugenol treatments, with efficacies of 82.5% and 88.5%, respectively, after 120 min. Isolated eugenol showed limited field efficacy, with significant repellent activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lasting only 20 min. The results highlight the potential of eugenol and methyl eugenol as repellent compounds, especially when combined with DEET. The field study confirmed the efficacy of the 7% DEET + 1% eugenol.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Acute Otitis Media Complicated with Otorrhea in a Children's Hospital in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines.","authors":"Irene Tzovara, Anastasios Doudoulakakis, Georgios Kalogeras, Emmanouil Koutouzis, Charilaos Dellis, Sophia Pasparakis, Marietta Charakida, Evangelia Lebessi, Elisavet Bozavoutoglou, Michael Tsakanikos, Vassiliki Syriopoulou, Maria Tsolia","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050494","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common disease among children and can be complicated by otorrhea (AOMO). In 2010, the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) replaced the 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) in Greece. We aimed to describe the microbiological profile of bacterial ΑOMO among children younger than 16 years across the two PCV periods in a tertiary children's hospital. Middle ear fluid cultures from 2418 children with AOMO were collected from 2007 to 2022. Otopathogens were isolated and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Data were compared between the PCV7- (2007-2011) and PCV13-period (2012-2019). The most common otopathogen over the 16-year period was <i>S. pyogenes</i> (35.4%), followed by <i>H. influenzae</i> (33.8%), <i>S. pneumoniae</i> (26.6%), and <i>M. catarrhalis</i> (4.1%). Pneumococcal resistance to cefotaxime and clindamycin significantly increased from 2% to 4.5% (<i>p</i> = 0.019) and 16.1% to 22.8% (<i>p</i> = 0.039), respectively. Resistance of <i>H. influenzae</i> to ampicillin increased from 6.3% to 13.9% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A significant reduction in cotrimoxazole-resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i> from 31% to 22.4% (<i>p</i> = 0.012), and in clindamycin-resistant and erythromycin-resistant <i>S pyogenes</i>, from 17.4% to 9.3% and 21.4% to 10.8%, respectively (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), was observed. During 2013-2022, 38 <i>S. pneumoniae</i> serotypes were identified among 250 isolates. Serotype 3 (27.2%) and 19A (13.2%) prevailed, followed by 19F (7%). The most common causes after the shift to PCV13 are <i>S. pyogenes</i> and <i>H. influenzae</i>. However, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> remains an important otopathogen with significant antimicrobial resistance. Serotype 3 was mostly detected, followed by 19A.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a High-Throughput Microfluidic Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Vector-Borne Agents in Wild Birds from the Brazilian Pantanal.","authors":"Amir Salvador Alabí Córdova, João Batista Pinho, Amanda Garcia Pereira, Clémence Galon, Tiago Valadares Ferreira, Lorena Freitas das Neves, Gabrielly de Oliveira Lopes, Rosangela Zacarias Machado, Sara Moutailler, Marcos Rogério André","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050491","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite numerous studies on haemosporidians in wild birds from Brazil, the presence of other vector-borne agents (VBA) such as <i>Anaplasma</i> spp., <i>Bartonella</i> spp., and Onchocercidae filariids in avian hosts remains largely unknown. The low occurrence of these VBAs might be due to the low sensitivity of traditional molecular techniques. The microfluidic real-time PCR assay, known for its high sensitivity, has emerged as a promising method to detect and study the occurrence and diversity of VBAs in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. To validate previously and standardize newly designed microfluidic real-time PCR protocols, selected positive avian blood DNA samples for <i>Anaplasma</i> spp., <i>Bartonella</i> spp., haemosporidians, and filariids were used. The molecular occurrence rates for the selected VBAs were 18.2% for <i>Anaplasma</i> spp., 0.36% for <i>Bartonella</i> spp., 6.2% for <i>Plasmodium</i> spp., 4.7% for <i>Haemoproteus</i> spp., and 6.5% for Onchocercidae filariids. The <i>Plasmodium</i> spp. <i>cyt</i>B sequence detected in a <i>Volatinia jacarina</i> clustered with <i>Plasmodium tejerai</i>, whereas the <i>Haemoproteus</i> spp. <i>cytB</i> sequence detected in a <i>Columbina squamata</i> clustered with <i>Haemoproteus columbae</i>. While Onchocercidae filariid <i>cox-</i>1 sequences were detected in specimens of <i>Ramphocelus carbo</i>, <i>Turdus amaurocalinus</i> and <i>Synallaxis albilora</i> grouped with <i>Aproctella</i> spp., one sequence detected in <i>R. carbo</i> was ancestral to the clade comprising <i>Splendidofilaria</i> spp. and <i>Eufilaria</i> spp. High-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR assay can be used for screening VBAs in avian hosts from South America, but new primers/probe sets should be designed for VBA genotypes present in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods of Controlling Microbial Contamination of Food.","authors":"Renata Urban-Chmiel, Jacek Osek, Kinga Wieczorek","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050492","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid growth of world population and increase in living standards have led to an increase in the demand for high-quality, safe food. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that by 2050 the demand for food will increase by 60%, and production of animal protein will increase by 1.7% a year, with meat production to increase by nearly 70%, dairy products by 55%, and aquaculture by as much as 90%. Microbial contamination of food is a significant problem for the accessibility of safe food which does not pose a threat to the life and health of consumers. Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia are responsible for thousands of food-borne infections in humans. Currently, numerous programs are being developed to combat pathogenic bacteria in the food supply chain, especially at the primary production stage. These approaches include physical, chemical, biological, and other strategies and methods used to inhibit the bacterial growth of bacteria or completely eliminate the pathogens from the food chain. Therefore, an extremely important goal is to provide safe food and control its quality by eliminating pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. However, the use of chemicals in food preservation has negative effects for both the consumption values of food and the natural environment. Therefore, it seems absolutely necessary to implement measures utilizing the most environmentally friendly and effective techniques for controlling microbial contamination in food. There is a great need to develop ecological methods in food production which guarantee adequate safety. One of these methods is the use of bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) naturally occurring in the environment. Given the above, the aim of this study was to present the most natural, ecological, and alternative methods of food preservation with regard to the most common foodborne zoonotic bacteria. We also present methods for reducing the occurrence of microbial contamination in food, thus to produce maximally safe food for consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis Following COVID-19 and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection: A Case Report.","authors":"Iryna Halabitska, Pavlo Petakh, Valentyn Oksenych, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14050488","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14050488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> This case is unique in demonstrating the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) following co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in an otherwise healthy young adult. It highlights a rare clinical scenario in which viral immune dysregulation likely facilitated TB progression. To date, few reports have explored the complex interplay between COVID-19, EBV reactivation, and TB in a single patient, particularly with isolated extrapulmonary involvement. <b>Case Presentation:</b> A 24-year-old woman presented with persistent low-grade fever, fatigue, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, and progressive cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. These symptoms emerged shortly after a moderate COVID-19 infection. Laboratory studies revealed elevated inflammatory markers and pronounced lymphopenia. EBV reactivation was confirmed via serology and PCR. Despite antiviral therapy, symptoms persisted, and imaging revealed necrotic lymphadenopathy. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was diagnosed through fine-needle aspiration cytology and PCR detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. The patient was treated with a standard anti-tuberculosis regimen, resulting in clinical, radiological, and immunological improvement. <b>Conclusions:</b> This case underscores the importance of considering latent TB reactivation in patients with persistent lymphadenopathy and recent viral infections, particularly in regions with high TB prevalence. It also emphasizes the need for thorough immunological and microbiological assessment in complex post-viral syndromes. The main clinical takeaway is that COVID-19 and EBV co-infection may create a permissive environment for TB reactivation through immune system compromise.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}