Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Microbial Quality of Leafy Greens Grown Under Soilless Production Systems.","authors":"Robert Korir Cheruiyot, Abraham Fikru Mechesso","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090943","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review examines the microbiological diversity and food safety implications of soilless production systems, particularly aquaponics and hydroponics, which are gaining popularity as efficient methods for producing fresh produce in controlled environments. Despite their advantages, a limited understanding of the microbiological quality and potential food safety risks associated with leafy greens grown in these systems remains. By analyzing published studies, we summarize evidence of microbial contamination in aquaponic and hydroponic environments and their crops, noting that various factors may facilitate pathogen survival and spread to edible plant parts. The operational practices and environmental conditions can promote pathogen introduction through multiple routes, including contaminated fingerlings, fish feed, recirculating contaminated water, pest intrusion, improper handling, and poor worker hygiene. The studies reviewed detected pathogens that pose public health risks, including <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7, as well as various molds. These potentially contaminated fresh produces are often consumed raw, presenting significant food safety and public health risks that demand further investigation and mitigation strategies to ensure consumer protection while maintaining the benefits of soilless agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SFTSV Prevalence in Ticks and Livestock in an SFTSV-Endemic Area in Central China.","authors":"Hui-Ya Lu, Guan-Du Wu, Meng Peng, Li-Bang Wu, Yi-Ming Luo, Bin Xia, Dan Xiong, Xiang-Rong Qin, Fang Guo, Xue-Jie Yu","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090944","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus that causes a severe viral hemorrhagic fever (SFTS), with a very high case mortality rate, expanding epidemic areas, and increasing incidence. Due to the lack of an effective drug or vaccine for SFTS, reducing the incidence and mortality of SFTS primarily relies on decreasing the density of ticks and the number of their host animals. However, which tick species and vertebrate animal serve as the major reservoir and animal host of SFTSV are not clearly understood. In May of 2023 and June of 2024, we collected 2437 ticks from domesticated animals and grassland in Suizhou City, a prefecture of Hubei Province in central China. A total of 195 domesticated animal blood samples were collected, including 152 goats, 26 cattle, and 17 dogs. Ticks were grouped for RNA extraction according to their life stages and feeding status. RNA from each animal's blood and each group of ticks was extracted with an RNA extraction kit and tested for SFTSV with RT-PCR. Ticks were classified according to morphology, and representative ticks of each stage were confirmed with PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial 16S RNA gene. Among the collected ticks, the majority were from goats (72.7%, 1772/2437), and <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> was predominant, accounting for 99.47% (2425/2437), and other tick species were very rare, with 0.45% (11/2437) <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i>, and 0.04% (1/2437) <i>H. flava</i> and <i>Ixodes sinensis</i>, respectively. We found SFTSV RNA in <i>H. longicornis</i> ticks with a minimum infection rate of 0.17% (4/2424) and in one goat (0.66%,1/152). In summary, we demonstrated that the <i>H. longicornis</i> tick is positive for SFTSV and that the goat is the major host of <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> in Suizhou, central China. Our study suggests that controlling ticks on goats may play an important role in preventing SFTSV infection in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Fluid Sampling in Group-Housed Sows: Field Observations.","authors":"Grzegorz Tarasiuk, Joseph F Connor, Danyang Zhang, Jeffrey J Zimmerman","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090942","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral fluid sampling is a well-established, non-invasive method for disease surveillance in growing pigs; however, its application in group-housed gestating sows is under-researched. This study (1) characterized sow behaviors associated with oral fluid sampling and (2) documented the transfer of an environmental target into pen-based oral fluid samples. Field observations were conducted on a commercial sow farm in 12 pens of gestating sows sorted by parity (gilts, parity one, and multiparous sows). Sow oral fluid sampling behaviors were quantified by recording interactions with rope samplers using video cameras and then analyzing the recorded footage. All oral fluid sampling attempts were successful. Unlike growing pigs, experience with rope samplers (\"training\") did not increase sow participation, but participation in oral fluid collection did increase as sampling time increased. The transfer of environmental components into oral fluid samples was demonstrated by introducing a fluorescent tracer into the pen and then detecting specific fluorescence in the samples (8 of 12 pens). These findings support the implementation of oral fluid sampling in group-housed sows and provide practical recommendations for optimizing surveillance protocols, including extended sampling times and use of at least two ropes per pen.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Breastfeeding: Protective Effects Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and the Role of the Breast Microbiota.","authors":"Julia Sierra-Roca, Joan Climent","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090946","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-term breastfeeding is a modifiable, protective factor against breast cancer, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype with limited therapeutic options. Recent findings suggest that the protective effects of breastfeeding are mediated not only through hormonal regulation and epithelial differentiation but also via the modulation of the breast microbiota. This review examines epidemiological data on the association between breastfeeding duration and TNBC risk reduction, highlights the composition and functions of breast microbiota in health and disease, and discusses how dysbiosis may contribute to carcinogenesis. By examining the microbiome's role in maintaining breast health, we emphasize how breastfeeding contributes to a natural defense system against TNBC, offering a unique perspective on the intersection of maternal health, microbiology, and cancer prevention. Breastfeeding not only provides maternal and infant benefits but also emerges as a biological strategy that promotes cancer resistance through its influence on the breast microbiota. Integrating epidemiological, microbiological, and mechanistic evidence suggests that future research deliberately combining these domains will be essential to clarify causal pathways and translate findings into prevention and intervention strategies against TNBC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment: A Prospective Observational Study.","authors":"María Leonor Fernández-Murga, Lucía Serrano-García, Giuseppe D'Auria, María Portero Hernández, Llúcia Martínez-Priego, Loreto Ferrús-Abad, Griselda de Marco, María Victoria Domínguez-Márquez, Antonio Llombart-Cussac","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090947","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients remains a critical priority given their immunocompromised status. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated humoral and cellular immunity across three time points-baseline, post-second dose, and post-booster-in 23 breast cancer patients undergoing active treatment. IgG antibody levels showed a significant increase following vaccination, with a 300-fold rise after the second dose and a 2200-fold increase post-booster, indicating a strong humoral response. CD19⁺ B cells also increased significantly, supporting B cell-mediated activation. Although overall T cell frequencies remained stable, we observed a shift toward memory phenotypes, with decreased naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and increased central and peripheral memory subsets after the booster. Notably, CD8⁺ TEMRA cells expanded significantly, suggesting cytotoxic memory formation. Correlation analyses linked peripheral memory CD4⁺ T cells with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers, while CD8⁺ TEMRA cells showed an inverse association. Antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell response was evaluated using APC-labeled MHC I Dextramer reagents. After the booster, 55.5% of patients developed detectable antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells, whereas 44.5% did not. Importantly, one patient who failed to develop antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells experienced a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that the absence of this response may increase susceptibility despite high IgG levels. These findings indicate that antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses and antibody levels may act as complementary but not directly correlated arms of immunity. Microbiota profiling via sPLS-DA suggested weak but distinct microbial signatures associated with immune responsiveness, particularly enrichment of taxa such as <i>Alistipes</i> and <i>Romoutsia</i> among high-antibody responders. These findings emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is immunogenic and well tolerated in breast cancer patients under therapy and highlight the need to further explore microbiota-immune interactions to optimize vaccination strategies in oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis C (HCV) and Hepatitis Delta (HDV) Viruses in a Teaching Hospital in Southern Italy: What Is the Epidemiological Situation in the Era of New Drugs?","authors":"Nadia Marascio, Grazia Pavia, Chiara Mazzei, Michele Manno, Giorgio Settimo Barreca, Cinzia Peronace, Carmela Ciurleo, Francesca Trimboli, Marta Pantanella, Angelo Giuseppe Lamberti, Giovanni Matera, Angela Quirino","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090941","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If the number of viral hepatitis infections is to be decreased worldwide, and the World Health Organization (WHO) elimination targets are to be achieved by 2030, this requires determining the burden of infection according to the WHO's test-and-treat approach. In 2014, the introduction of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) revolutionized the management of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV); another improvement came in 2020, when the use of bulevirtide (BLV) was authorized as a treatment for chronic Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) infection, showing good efficacy. The present observational study was carried out between 2019 and 2024. The diagnosis of viral hepatitis was carried out by routine assays. HDV typing was performed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, the HCV antibody prevalence was 3.4% in the studied time span, and it was higher in males than in females (59% vs. 41%). In viremic patients, HCV1b (33%) and HCV2a/2c (25%) were the most common subtypes. The overall HCV viremic rate declined in 2022 (2.8%). Unlike HCV, 71.4% of HDV viremic patients were females, and they had a median age of 58 years. The viral load of HDV RNA ranged from 20 IU/mL to 8 million IU/mL. Viral genotypes were classified as HDV1c and HDV1e. In this study, we highlight the prevalence of HCV/HDV infections and their genotype evolution in Southern Italy, underscoring the urgent need to enhance screening and linkage to care. Finally, we quantify the burden of active infections in order to provide data from real-life settings, and we describe the virological status of people living with HCV or HBV/HDV, who may experience significant benefits in terms of liver-related mortality after DAA or BLV treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Herpesvirus Detection, Transmission, and Predictive Modeling: With a Special Focus on Marek's Disease Virus.","authors":"Haji Akbar","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090937","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpesvirus infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), present significant challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and transmission control. Despite advances in medical technology, managing these infections remains complex due to the viruses' ability to establish latency and their widespread prevalence. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in biomedical science, enhancing our ability to understand, predict, and manage infectious diseases. In veterinary virology, AI applications offer considerable potential for improving diagnostics, forecasting outbreaks, and implementing targeted control strategies. This review explores the growing role of AI in advancing our understanding of herpesvirus infection, particularly those caused by MDV, through improved detection, transmission modeling, treatment strategies, and predictive tools. Employing AI technologies such as machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP), researchers have made significant progress in addressing diagnostic limitations, modeling transmission dynamics, and identifying potential therapeutics. Furthermore, AI holds the potential to revolutionize personalized medicine, predictive analytics, and vaccine development for herpesvirus-related diseases. The review concludes by discussing ethical considerations, implementation challenges, and future research directions necessary to fully integrate AI into clinical and veterinary practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Surveillance and Farm-Level Risk Evaluation of African Swine Fever in Southern Nigeria.","authors":"Alhaji S Olono, Olusola A Ogunsanya, Ayotunde E Sijuwola, Femi M Saibu, Oluwatobi Adedokun, Akeemat O Ayinla, John Fadele, Harouna Soumare, Eugenie Y Tchokote, John O Abiola, Bonto Faburay, Corrie Brown, Christian T Happi, Anise N Happi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090934","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pig farms in Southern Nigeria face recurrent threats from enzootic viral infections, yet active surveillance remains limited. This study implemented an active surveillance approach targeting African swine fever virus (ASFV) to assess its circulation across four states. We sampled 40 pig farms and two abattoirs, collecting swine blood and ticks for molecular and serological analysis. Sampling was conducted during both African swine fever (ASF) outbreak (<i>n</i> = 27 pigs) and non-outbreak (<i>n</i> = 204 pigs) periods, resulting in 231 samples tested for ASFV DNA. Additionally, 46 plasma samples from the non-outbreak period were screened for ASFV-specific antibodies. ASFV was detected in all pigs sampled during outbreak periods (27/27; 100%), whereas none of the pigs sampled during non-outbreak periods tested positive (0/204). Of the 27 positives, sequencing generated 7 genomes characterized as genotype II. Serological testing of the 46 plasma samples from non-outbreak pigs revealed no ASFV seropositivity. All tick samples were negative for ASFV DNA. Farm-level risk evaluations revealed widespread biosecurity lapses, suggesting these deficiencies as potential drivers of ASFV circulation. These findings underscore the urgent need to strengthen farm-level biosecurity and demonstrate the pivotal role of active surveillance and genome sequencing in detecting and characterizing ASF outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flavescence Dorée and Grapevine Susceptibility: From Host-Pathogen Interaction to Cultivar Categorization.","authors":"Alessandro Bene, Marzia Vergine, Athos Pedrelli, Luigi De Bellis, Andrea Luvisi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090939","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flavescence dorée (FD) is a major grapevine disease in Europe with significant economic consequences. The objective of this review is to provide as much information as possible on the documented susceptibility or tolerance of different cultivars, both international and local within individual countries. Additionally, spontaneous recovery has been observed as a viable option for replanting injured vines, but its efficacy varies by cultivars. In this regard, a broad categorization was developed for several cultivars, particularly those examined in Europe, describing their higher or lower susceptibility and aptitude to recover. Future research, however, should not only address the geographic spread of FD, but also investigate how pathogen-host interactions may differ across cultivars. Such insights could be crucial for assessing the risk of FD introduction in new regions and understanding cultivar-specific susceptibility and epidemic dynamics, because present studies remain mostly concentrated in regions suffering significant FD pressure, resulting in a focus on a small number of cultivars that are often specific to a certain geographical area. Furthermore, the implementation of innovative strategies has the potential to give a comprehensive and long-term approach to managing and containing FD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating the Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Densely Populated Areas as Part of Contingency Plans to Establish the Best Control Options.","authors":"Silvia Bellini, Alessandra Scaburri, Marco Tironi, Veronica Cappa, Alessandro Mannelli, Giovanni Loris Alborali","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14090933","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14090933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock caused by the FMD virus (FMDV). It is not dangerous to humans but can cause severe disruption to the farming sector and hampers trade in animals and animal products. Given the characteristic of transmissibility of the virus, the legislation in force in the European Union requires that some control activities be initiated in peacetime: the so-called \"emergency preparedness\". As part of a research project on FMD, a dynamic transmission model was developed to test the effectiveness of the main control strategies in different livestock settings in Italy. This manuscript focuses on the control of the disease in densely populated livestock areas (DPLAs). Reduction in farm density was simulated to identify a threshold density compatible with disease control in the study area and to understand whether this was acceptable in terms of the sustainability of the livestock production system. Considering that in some municipalities the density of animals greatly exceeded the identified threshold, we adopted an original risk-based approach aimed at identifying farms which were most likely to play a central role in FMDV transmission. This approach has proven to be the most effective in controlling the spread of FMDV and can be proposed for practical applications where limited information on contacts between farms is available.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}