Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"A New Approach for Phage Cocktail Design in the Example of Anti-Mastitis Solution.","authors":"Daria Królikowska, Marta Szymańska, Marta Krzyżaniak, Arkadiusz Guziński, Rafał Matusiak, Agnieszka Kajdanek, Edyta Kaczorek-Łukowska, Agnieszka Maszewska, Ewelina A Wójcik, Jarosław Dastych","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The studies on phage therapy have shown an overall protective effect of phages in bacterial infections, thus providing an optimistic outlook on the future benefits of phage-based technologies for treating bacterial diseases. However, the therapeutic effect is highly affected by the proper composition of phage cocktails. The rational approach to the design of bacteriophage cocktails, which is the subject of this study, allowed for development of an effective anti-mastitis solution, composed of virulent bacteriophages acting on <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Based on the in-depth bioinformatic characterization of bacteriophages and their in vitro evaluation, the cocktail of five phages against <i>E. coli</i> and three against <i>S. aureus</i> strains was composed. Its testing in the milk model experiment revealed a reduction in the number of <i>S. aureus</i> of 45% and 30% for <i>E. coli</i> strains, and in the study of biofilm prevention, it demonstrated 99% inhibition of biofilm formation for all tested <i>S. aureus</i> strains and a minimum of 50% for 50% of <i>E. coli</i> strains. Such insights justify the need for rational design of cocktails for phage therapy and indicate the potential of the developed cocktail in the treatment of diseased animals, but this requires further investigations to evaluate its in vivo efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis E and Potential Public Health Implications from a One-Health Perspective: Special Focus on the European Wild Boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>).","authors":"Fabio Castagna, Giovanna Liguori, Renato Lombardi, Roberto Bava, Anna Costagliola, Antonio Giordano, Massimiliano Quintiliani, Denise Giacomini, Francesco Albergo, Andrea Gigliotti, Carmine Lupia, Carlotta Ceniti, Bruno Tilocca, Ernesto Palma, Paola Roncada, Domenico Britti","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become increasingly important in recent years in terms of risk for public health, as the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis. It is a foodborne disease transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated water or contaminated food. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic and is linked to transfusions or transplants. The main reservoirs of the hepatitis E virus are domestic pigs and wild boars, although, compared to pigs, wild boars represent a lesser source of risk since their population is smaller and the consumption of derived products is more limited. These peculiarities often make the role of the wild boar reservoir in the spread of the disease underestimated. As a public health problem that involves several animal species and humans, the management of the disease requires an interdisciplinary approach, and the concept of \"One Health\" must be addressed. In this direction, the present review intends to analyze viral hepatitis E, with a particular focus on wild boar. For this purpose, literature data have been collected from different scientific search engines: PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google scholar, and several keywords such as \"HEV epidemiology\", \"Extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis E\", and \"HEV infection control measures\", among others, have been used. In the first part, the manuscript provides general information on the disease, such as epidemiology, transmission methods, clinical manifestations and implications on public health. In the second part, it addresses in more detail the role of wild boar as a reservoir and the implications related to the virus epidemiology. The document will be useful to all those who intend to analyze this infectious disease from a \"One-Health\" perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Jeilongvirus from Florida, USA, Has a Broad Host Cell Tropism Including Human and Non-Human Primate Cells.","authors":"Emily DeRuyter, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Samantha M Wisely, J Glenn Morris, John A Lednicky","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel jeilongvirus was identified through next-generation sequencing in cell cultures inoculated with spleen and kidney extracts. The spleen and kidney were obtained from a <i>Peromyscus gossypinus</i> rodent (cotton mouse) found dead in the city of Gainesville, in North-Central Florida, USA. Jeilongviruses are paramyxoviruses of the subfamily <i>Orthoparamyxovirinae</i> that have been found in bats, cats, and rodents. We designated the virus we discovered as Gainesville rodent jeilong virus 1 (GRJV1). Preliminary results indicate that GRJV1 can complete its life cycle in various human, non-human primate, and rodent cell lines, suggesting that the virus has a generalist nature with the potential for a spillover event. The early detection of endemic viruses circulating within hosts in North-Central Florida can significantly enhance surveillance efforts, thereby bolstering our ability to monitor and respond to potential outbreaks effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next Generation Sequencing and Genetic Analyses Reveal Factors Driving Evolution of Sweetpotato Viruses in Uganda.","authors":"Joanne Adero, Godfrey Wokorach, Francesca Stomeo, Nasser Yao, Eunice Machuka, Joyce Njuguna, Denis K Byarugaba, Jan Kreuze, G Craig Yencho, Milton A Otema, Benard Yada, Mercy Kitavi","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sweetpotato (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i> L.) is an essential food crop globally, especially for farmers facing resource limitations. Like other crops, sweetpotato cultivation faces significant production challenges due to viral infections. This study aimed to identify and characterize viruses affecting sweetpotato crops in Uganda, mostly those associated with sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD). Infected leaf samples were collected from farmers' fields in multiple districts spanning three regions in Uganda. MiSeq, a next-generation sequencing platform, was used to generate reads from the viral nucleic acid. The results revealed nine viruses infecting sweetpotato crops in Uganda, with most plants infected by multiple viral species. Sweet potato pakakuy and sweet potato symptomless virus_1 are reported in Uganda for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that some viruses have evolved to form new phylogroups, likely due to high mutations and recombination, particularly in the coat protein, P1 protein, cylindrical inclusion, and helper component proteinase regions of the potyvirus. The sweet potato virus C carried more codons under positive diversifying selection than the closely related sweet potato feathery mottle virus, particularly in the P1 gene. This study provides valuable insights into the viral species infecting sweetpotato crops, infection severity, and the evolution of sweet potato viruses in Uganda.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orbital Myositis after Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Case Report and a Narrative Review of the Literature.","authors":"Edoardo Pace, Guido Accardo, Tommaso Lupia, Maria Felice Brizzi, Silvia Corcione, Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes zoster ophthalmicus results from the reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus, affecting the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. In 20-70% of cases, Zoster Ophthalmicus can lead to ocular involvement, affecting various orbital structures. Orbital myositis is a rare but severe complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. We present a case of a 52-year-old man with no significant medical history who developed zoster-associated right ocular myositis and dacryocystitis. He was treated with intravenous acyclovir and oral steroids. A review of the literature identified 29 patients across 19 studies. The median age was 61 years, with a slight female predominance. In 55% of cases, the patients had no notable medical history. The most common presentation of myositis involved all oculomotor muscles. There were 22 cases who were treated with intravenous antiviral therapy and 19 received steroids. A full resolution of symptoms was achieved in 51.7% of patients. Zoster-related orbital myositis is a rare complication that should be considered even in immunocompetent individuals. It may occur either before or after the appearance of a vesicular rash. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred radiological exam for assessing orbital involvement. Intravenous antiviral therapy should be started within 72 h of symptom onset, and its combination with systemic corticosteroids appears to be an effective treatment for zoster-related ocular myositis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of ROS Production by Catechin Is a Primary Effect of Increased Azole Efficacy in <i>Nakaseomyces glabratus</i> (<i>Candida glabrata</i>) Cells Lacking the <i>ERG6</i> Gene.","authors":"Nora Tóth Hervay, Daniel Eliaš, Lucia Černáková, Juraj Jacko, Marcela Habová, Natália Chovancová, Yvetta Gbelská","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal infections have become an important public health problem. Currently, there are only three available classes of antifungals for the treatment of invasive infections. Two of them, azoles and polyenes, target the synthesis of ergosterol or bind to sterols. A promising strategy to improve current therapies is the use of natural compounds in combinational therapies with the existing antifungals. In this work, we analyzed the changes in the susceptibility of the mutant strain of <i>Nakaseomyces glabratus</i> (<i>Candida glabrata</i>) lacking the <i>ERG6</i> gene (encoding the sterol C-24 methyltransferase in ergosterol biosynthesis) in the presence of catechin and antifungal azoles. The reduced content of ergosterol in the <i>Cgerg6</i>Δ mutant resulted in the increased tolerance of the mutant cells to both azoles and polyenes. The combination of catechin with fluconazole or miconazole led to the growth inhibition of the azole-resistant <i>Cgerg6</i>Δ mutant strain. In the presence of catechin and miconazole, the <i>Cgerg6</i>Δ mutant fails to properly activate the expression of genes encoding the transcription factors <i>Cg</i>Yap1p and <i>Cg</i>Msn4p, as well as the gene expression of <i>CgCTA1</i>, which are involved in oxidative stress response and lead to the intracellular accumulation of ROS. Finally, we show that catechin administration reduces mortality in a <i>Galleria mellonella</i> model infected with <i>C. glabrata</i>. Our work thus supports the use of catechin in combination therapies for fungal infections and shows that the <i>CgERG6</i> gene could be a potential new drug target.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular Polymerase Synthesis and Internal Protein Domain Swapping via Dual Opposed Frameshifts in the Ebola Virus L Gene.","authors":"David B Stubbs, Jan A Ruzicka, Ethan W Taylor","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sequence analysis of the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) polymerase (L gene) mRNA, using online tools, identified a highly ranked -1 programmed ribosomal frameshift (FS) signal including an ideal slippery sequence heptamer (UUUAAAA), with an overlapping coding region featuring two tandem UGA codons, immediately followed by an RNA region that is the inverse complement (antisense) to a region of the mRNA of the selenoprotein iodothyronine deiodinase II (DIO2). This antisense interaction was confirmed in vitro via electrophoretic gel shift assay, using cDNAs at the EBOV and DIO2 segments. The formation of a duplex between the two mRNAs could trigger the ribosomal frameshift, by mimicking the enhancing role of a pseudoknot structure, while providing access to the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element contained in the DIO2 mRNA. This process would allow the -1 frame UGA codons to be recoded as selenocysteine, forming part of a C-terminal module in a low abundance truncated isoform of the viral polymerase, potentially functioning in a redox role. Remarkably, 90 bases downstream of the -1 FS site, an active +1 FS site can be demonstrated, which, via a return to the zero frame, would enable the attachment of the entire C-terminal of the polymerase protein. Using a construct with upstream and downstream reporter genes, spanning a wildtype or mutated viral insert, we show significant +1 ribosomal frameshifting at this site. Acting singly or together, frameshifting at these sites (both of which are highly conserved in EBOV strains) could enable the expression of several modified isoforms of the polymerase. The 3D modeling of the predicted EBOV polymerase FS variants using the AI tool, AlphaFold, reveals a peroxiredoxin-like active site with arginine and threonine residues adjacent to a putative UGA-encoded selenocysteine, located on the back of the polymerase \"hand\". This module could serve to protect the viral RNA from peroxidative damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Lasting, Fine-Tuned Anti-Tumor Activity of Recombinant <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Vaccine Is Controlled by Pyroptosis and Necroptosis Regulatory and Effector Molecules.","authors":"Abolaji S Olagunju, Andrew V D Sardinha, Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the main objectives of developing new anti-cancer vaccine strategies is to effectively induce CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Live recombinant vectors, notably <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, have been shown to elicit a robust in vivo CD8+ T-cell response in preclinical settings. Significantly, it has been demonstrated that <i>Listeria</i> induces inflammatory/immunogenic cell death mechanisms such as pyroptosis and necroptosis in immune cells that favorably control immunological responses. Therefore, we postulated that the host's response to <i>Listeria</i>-based vectors and the subsequent induction of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity would be compromised by the lack of regulatory or effector molecules involved in pyroptosis or necroptosis. To test our hypothesis, we used recombinant <i>L. monocytogenes</i> carrying the ovalbumin gene (LM.OVA) to vaccinate wild-type (WT), <i>caspase-1/11</i>^-/-, <i>gsdmd</i>^-/-, <i>ripk3</i>^-/-, and <i>mlkl</i>^-/- C57Bl/6 mice. We performed an in vivo cytotoxicity assay to assess the efficacy of OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in eliminating target cells in wild-type and genetically deficient backgrounds. Furthermore, we evaluated the specific anti-tumor immune response in mice inoculated with the B16F0 and B16F0.OVA melanoma cell lines. Our findings demonstrated that while caspase-1/11 and GSDMD deficiencies interfere with the rapid control of LM.OVA infection, neither of the KOs seems to contribute to the early activation of OVA-specific CTL responses. In contrast, the individual deficiency of each one of these proteins positively impacts the generation of long-lasting effector CD8+ T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of New Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Potentially Related to Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Susceptibility in Goats Based on Data Selected from High-Throughput Sequencing.","authors":"Magdalena Materniak-Kornas, Katarzyna Ropka-Molik, Katarzyna Piórkowska, Joanna Kowalik, Tomasz Szmatoła, Jacek Sikora, Aldona Kawęcka, Jacek Kuźmak","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are spread in the flocks of sheep and goats all over the world, causing economic loss. Although only a fraction of infected animals develop disease symptoms, all of them may shed the virus, causing uncontrolled spread of the infection. Antibodies against the virus can be detected in the blood of infected animals and are the main marker of infection. Additionally, in most infected animals, proviral DNA can also be detected, but at different levels. Due to the lack of treatment or vaccines, the most effective strategy to prevent SRLV infections are control programmes introduced by several countries based on the elimination of seropositive individuals from the flock. An alternative approach, which has currently become the rationale, is an identification of host factors which may predispose certain individuals or breeds to resistance or susceptibility to small ruminant lentivirus infection. In our work, attention was paid to goats of the Carpathian breed infected with SRLV. Available RNA-seq results from the blood of 12 goats with a determined level of SRLV proviral load were used to analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by the variant calling method. Six SNPs within five genes (<i>POU2AF1</i>, <i>BCAT2</i>, <i>TMEM154</i>, <i>PARP14</i>, <i>UBASH3A</i>) were selected for genotyping to determine their association with the level of small ruminant lentivirus proviral DNA in a group of 60 goats. Interestingly, in seronegative individuals, only the TT genotype of the <i>PARP14</i> gene was observed, while the <i>TMEM154</i> CC genotype was found only in seropositive goats. Both genes may be considered potential markers for resistance/susceptibility to SRLV infection. In contrast, polymorphisms identified in <i>POU2AF1</i> and <i>UBASH3A</i> genes seemed to be deleterious for respective protein functions; therefore, these genes are less likely to be recognised as resistance/susceptibility markers of SRLV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic Activity of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Hospitalised Patients.","authors":"Ewa Szczuka, Dominika Rolnicka, Maria Wesołowska","doi":"10.3390/pathogens13100827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are considered one of the main nosocomial pathogens due to their increasing antibiotic resistance and ability to cause life-threatening infections in humans. This study included VRE isolates obtained from various specimens including urine, blood, faeces, wounds, sputum, and oral cavity wash. Of the 37 strains, 30 (81.1%) and 7 (18.9%) were identified by MALDI TOF as <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, respectively. The clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococci exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). Apart from vancomycin, the enterococci exhibited resistance to penicillins (89.1 to 100%), fluoroquinolones (100%), rifampicin (86.5%), tetracycline (27%), aminoglycosides (56.8 to 86.5%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (35.1%), and chloramphenicol (10.8%). Moreover, resistance to linezolid and tigecycline emerged among the tested vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The analysis of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme (AME) genes showed the presence of bifunctional <i>aac(6</i>'<i>)-Ie-aph(2</i>″<i>)-Ia</i> genes contributed to high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) in the <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>E. faecium</i> isolates. The other AME gene, i.e., <i>aph(3</i>'<i>)-IIIa</i>, was also found in the VRE isolates. All strains carried the <i>vanA</i> gene. Enterococci from colonised gastrointestinal tracts (1/2.7%) and from infection (6/16.2%) showed cytotoxic activity against the human epithelial cell line HEp-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}