Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Diarrheic Shelter Dogs in Romania: First Molecular and Phylogenetic Evidence.","authors":"Mirela Imre, Gheorghe Dărăbuș, Sorin Morariu, Krisztián Szabó, Marius-Stelian Ilie, Tiana Florea, Alexandra Pocinoc, Reem Awwad, Kálmán Imre","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> is one of the most common microsporidian parasites, primarily infecting the intestinal epithelial cells of a broad range of animal species, including humans. To date, no scientific reports have documented <i>Enterocytozoon</i> spp. in animal hosts in Romania. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and genetic characteristics of <i>E. bieneusi</i> in shelter dogs, as well as its potential public health relevance. Between December 2022 and May 2025, a total of 112 freshly voided diarrheal fecal samples were collected from dogs housed in a shelter near Timișoara Municipality, Romania. The samples were subjected to molecular analysis using a two-step nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank^® and analyzed phylogenetically. PCR analysis revealed <i>E. bieneusi</i> DNA in 11 (9.8%) samples, identifying two genotypes, with PtEb IX (n = 10) as the dominant genotype and BEB4 (n = 1), which has zoonotic potential. A significant difference in prevalence was found between juvenile (23.1%) and adult (5.8%) dogs (<i>p</i> = 0.026). Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences showed that the isolates clustered into two distinct clades alongside reference sequences from the GenBank^® database. This is the first report of <i>E. bieneusi</i> infection in animals in Romania, providing essential baseline data and highlighting the need for broader surveillance into its prevalence and genetic diversity in other potential hosts. These results reflect the prevalence and genetic diversity of <i>E. bieneusi</i> exclusively among symptomatic (diarrheic) dogs and should not be generalized to the broader shelter dog population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory Activity of Compounds Obtained from <i>Streptomyces</i> Against <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>.","authors":"Jorge Andrés Delgado-Garduño, Lucio Galaviz-Silva, Ma Guadalupe Rojas-Verde, Joel Horacio Elizondo-Luevano, Lidia Baylón-Pacheco, José Luis Rosales-Encina, Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Soto, Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease (ChD) caused by <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> remains a major public health concern, affecting approximately 8 million people worldwide. However, the number of undiagnosed cases is likely much higher. Existing treatments rely on benznidazole and nifurtimox which, despite their efficacy during the acute phase of infection, are often associated with severe side effects that can be life-threatening. As a promising alternative, actinomycetes-which are renowned for producing pharmacologically and industrially relevant metabolites-have demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties; however, their antiparasitic potential remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the anti-trypanocidal activities of extracellular metabolites produced by <i>Streptomyces thermocarboxydus</i> strain Chi-43 (ST-C43) and <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. strain Chi-104 (S-C104) against epimastigote, trypomastigote, and amastigote forms of <i>T. cruzi</i>. The strains were cultured in ISP2 broth, and their extracellular metabolites were assessed via antiparasitic diffusion assays in microplates. The 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values ranged from 102 to 116 μg/mL against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. The antiparasitic activity was confirmed through 3-(4,5-dimetiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based spectrophotometric assays and optical microscopy. Toxicity assays revealed that the extracellular metabolites were non-toxic to <i>Artemia salina</i>, non-cytotoxic to Huvecs, and non-hemolytic to human erythrocytes. Dose-response regression analysis showed statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). LC-MS/MS analysis identified amphomycin and K-252c aglycone staurosporine as the active antiparasitic compounds. These findings highlight the potential of <i>Streptomyces</i>-derived extracellular metabolites as novel, selective, and safe anti-<i>T. cruzi</i> agents. Nevertheless, further studies in murine or preclinical models are needed to validate their efficacy and support future clinical applications for the treatment of ChD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 and 3 in Mahottari and Adjacent Areas of Southern Nepal.","authors":"Sabin Shrestha, Sandesh Rimal, Anjana Kharbuja, Manoj Kumar Ray, Susmita Shrestha, Anjali Dulal, Suprabha Subedi, Ashma Khadka, Nabaraj Adhikari, Meghnath Dhimal, Basu Dev Pandey, Takeshi Urano, Kouichi Morita, Mya Myat Ngwe Tun, Shyam Prakash Dumre","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue has been a serious public health concern in Nepal since the past few years, with concurrent big outbreaks occurring in 2022-2024. This cross-sectional study was conducted among febrile patients visiting hospitals in Mahottari district in southern Nepal. A total of 2141 dengue-suspected patients were investigated by routine laboratory assays and serological and molecular techniques, including real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Among them, 455 (21.3%) were confirmed as dengue cases. The majority of dengue cases (435, 95.6%) had a primary dengue infection. The total bilirubin level was significantly higher in secondary dengue infection than in primary (<i>p</i> = 0.032). The major dengue virus (DENV) serotypes responsible for this outbreak were DENV-1 (45.5%) and DENV-2 (40.9%), while 13.6% patients had DENV-3 infection. DENV-3 infection showed a significantly higher viral load (median: 7.71 Log₁₀ copies/mL; range: 6.48-7.94) compared to DENV-1 (6.72 Log₁₀ copies/mL; 5.49-7.17) and DENV-2 (4.76 Log₁₀ copies/mL; 2.32-6.96). Adult patients exhibited a significantly higher viral load than children (<i>p</i> = 0.035). NS1- and IgM-positive as well as admitted patients had a higher viral load (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Co-circulation of multiple serotypes (DENV-1, -2, -3) was confirmed with the first introduction of DENV-1 and DENV-3 in Mahottari and surrounding areas in the 2023 outbreak. Identification of the circulating DENV serotypes is crucial to understanding the epidemiological trend and dynamics of population immunity. These findings underscore the need of nation-wide integrated surveillance, including genomic data generation, in Nepal for disease control, prevention, and potential vaccine implication.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cases of Lungworm in Cats from Southern Poland in the Autopsy and Cytological Material.","authors":"Stanisław Dzimira, Małgorzata Kandefer-Gola, Rafał Ciaputa, Marta Demkowska-Kutrzepa","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lungworms in carnivorous domestic animals are infestations that are relatively uncommon. However, in felines, especially wild ones, they are not at all rare. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of respiratory parasite infections (lung nematodes) in domestic cats based on necropsy and cytological examinations and to highlight the cytological examination of respiratory material as a practical and straightforward diagnostic method. For the presence of lung parasites, necropsy material (cadavers of cats) and samples submitted for cytological examinations from 2005 to 2022 were analyzed. In total, 730 cat samples from southern and southwestern Poland were examined-420 autopsied and 310 cats whose samples were examined cytologically. The material was collected using the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and submitted for cytological examination. Out of 420 cat autopsies, larvae and eggs of <i>Aelurostrongylus abstrusus</i> were found in 4 individuals (0.95%). In cytological material obtained from BAL, out of 310 samples analyzed, larvae and eggs of <i>A. abstrusus</i> and <i>Capillaria aerophila</i> were found in only 2 cases (0.64%). Respiratory parasitic infections in cats can pose a serious health risk, especially with high intensity, in young animals. Considering that such cases present a diagnostic challenge, it is advisable to encourage cat owners to limit their pets' contact with intermediate and paratenic hosts and use anthelmintics to combat lung parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Diversity and Prevalence of Potentially Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae in Water Sources from Castilla y León, Spain.","authors":"Patricia Pérez-Pérez, Iván Rodríguez-Escolar, José E Piñero, Rodrigo Morchón, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free-living amoebae (FLA) such as <i>Acanthamoeba</i> spp., <i>Balamuthia mandrillaris</i>, <i>Naegleria fowleri</i>, <i>Sappinia pedata</i>, <i>Vermamoeba vermiformis</i> and <i>Vahlkampfia</i> spp. are causal agents of deadly and/or disabling infections in humans. Despite recent data showing an increase in infection cases worldwide, studies on the prevalence of these emerging pathogens in water sources are scarce. Moreover, climate change is believed to facilitate the expansion and persistence of these environmental pathogens, further emphasizing the need for comprehensive surveillance. Therefore, the current study investigates the variety and abundance of free-living amoebae in different water sources in the autonomous community of Castilla y León, Spain, during different seasons of the year. <i>Vermamoeba vermiformis</i> was the most prevalent species and was detected in rivers, swamps, irrigation waters, swimming pools and recreational fountains. Moreover, genera such as <i>Acanthamoeba</i> and <i>Naegleria</i> and <i>Vahlkampfia</i> were also identified. This study highlights the diversity of FLA in the region and their relationship with local water characteristics. Given that certain FLA species are opportunistic pathogens, these results emphasize the necessity of monitoring this area and water sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3-Bromopyruvate Impairs Mitochondrial Function in <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>.","authors":"Rafaella Oliveira da Costa, Davi Barreto-Campos, Juliana Barbosa-de-Barros, Giovanna Frechiani, Luiz Fernando Carvalho-Kelly, Ayra Diandra Carvalho-de-Araújo, José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes, Claudia Fernanda Dick","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> is a kinetoplastid parasite and etiological agent of Chagas disease. Given the significant morbidity and mortality rates of this parasitic disease, possible treatment alternatives need to be studied. 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) is a synthetic analog of pyruvate that was introduced in the early 21st century as an anticancer agent, affecting the proliferation and motility of certain microorganisms. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the role of 3-BrPA in the energy metabolism, proliferation, and infectivity of <i>T. cruzi</i>, with a primary focus on the mitochondrial state, ATP production, and the key glycolytic pathway enzymes. It was observed that mitochondrial function in 3-BrPA cells was impaired compared to control cells. Accordingly, cells maintained in control conditions have a higher intracellular ATP content than cells maintained with 3-BrPA and higher ecto-phosphatase activity. However, the 3-BrPA reduced ecto-nuclease activity and was capable of hydrolyzing 5'-AMP, ADP, and ATP. When we evaluated two key glycolytic pathway enzymes, glucose kinase (GK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), we observed that 3-BrPA induced higher GAPDH activity but did not alter GK activity. The compensatory energy mechanisms presented in <i>T. cruzi</i> may influence the process of cell metabolism and, consequently, the functional infectious process, suggesting the potential use of 3-BrPA in future clinical applications for Chagas disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut-Vaginal Microbiome Crosstalk in Ovarian Cancer: Implications for Early Diagnosis.","authors":"Hao Lin, Zhen Zeng, Hong Zhang, Yongbin Jia, Jiangmei Pang, Jingjing Chen, Hu Zhang","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ovarian cancer remains a formidable global health burden, characterized by frequent late-stage diagnosis and elevated mortality rates attributable to its elusive pathogenesis and the critical lack of reliable early-detection biomarkers. Emerging investigations into the gut-vaginal microbiome axis have unveiled novel pathogenic mechanisms and potential diagnostic targets in ovarian carcinogenesis. This comprehensive review systematically examines the compositional alterations in and functional interplay between vaginal and intestinal microbial communities in ovarian cancer patients. We elucidate three principal mechanistic pathways through which microbial dysbiosis may drive oncogenesis: (1) estrogen-mediated metabolic reprogramming via β-glucuronidase activity; (2) chronic activation of pro-inflammatory cascades (particularly NF-κB and STAT3 signaling); (3) epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes through DNA methyltransferase modulation. We propose an integrative diagnostic framework synthesizing multi-omics data-incorporating microbial profiles, metabolic signatures, pathway-specific molecular alterations, established clinical biomarkers, and imaging findings-within a multifactorial etiological paradigm. This innovative approach aims to enhance early-detection accuracy through machine learning-enabled multidimensional pattern recognition. By bridging microbial ecology with tumor biology, this review provides novel perspectives for understanding ovarian cancer etiology and advancing precision oncology strategies through microbiome-targeted diagnostic innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD4/CD8 Ratio Increase in Female Living with HIV Switching to Cabotegravir-Rilpivirine: A Real-Life 24 Weeks Evaluation.","authors":"Serena Spampinato, Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo, Giuseppe Nicolò Conti, Andrea De Vito, Andrea Marino, Teresa Cirelli, Viviana Coco, Alessia Mirabile, Rossella Fontana Del Vecchio, Antonina Franco, Arturo Montineri, Chiara Frasca, Chiara Gullotta, Michele Salvatore Paternò Raddusa, Ylenia Russotto, Aakash Fugooah, Sarah Pulvirenti, Sonia Sofia, Grazia Pantò, Claudia Calì, Roberto Bruno, Eugenia Pistarà, Nunziatina Villari, Carmelo Iacobello, Bruno Cacopardo, Benedetto Maurizio Celesia, Giovanni F Pellicanò, Francesco P Antonucci, Giordano Madeddu, Sergio Lo Caputo, Giuseppe Nunnari","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2022, 20 million women globally were living with HIV, yet they remain underrepresented in clinical trials, including those for antiretroviral treatments (ART). This study assesses the safety and efficacy of the long-acting cabotegravir-rilpivirine (CAB-RPV) regimen in a cohort of 54 women living with HIV (WLWH) over 24 weeks. A retrospective cohort study from the Sardinian HIV Network and Sicilian HIV Cohort (SHiNe-SHiC) included WLWH who switched to CAB-RPV. Primary objectives were achieving and maintaining HIV RNA levels <50 copies/mL at 24 weeks. Secondary objectives included treatment safety, durability, and reasons for discontinuation. Data on demographics, viro-immunological markers, lipid profiles, and treatment interruptions were analyzed. Of 54 WLWH, 46 reached 24 weeks. The median age was 50 years. A total of 71.8% transitioned from dolutegravir (DTG) regimens. Virological suppression was 97.8% at baseline and 95.5% at 24 weeks. Significant increases in the CD4/CD8 ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.0076) and decreases in serum creatinine levels (<i>p</i> = 0.0109) were observed. Cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, and AST levels remained unchanged. The CAB-RPV regimen demonstrated significant virological and immunological efficacy and safety in women living with HIV over 24 weeks. Notably, the improvement in the CD4/CD8 ratio and the increase in the percentage of women achieving target not detected (TND) status highlight the regimen's effectiveness. These findings emphasize the importance of gender-focused research in HIV treatment and the need for equitable access to effective treatment options for women, which is crucial for global efforts to eliminate HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogeographic Analysis of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in Serbia Reveals Repeated Introductions and Spread Across the Balkans.","authors":"Sofija Šolaja, Dimitrije Glišić, Ljubiša Veljović, Ivan Milošević, Emilija Nićković, Jakov Nišavić, Vesna Milićević","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 continues to pose a major threat to animal and public health. Since its emergence, clade 2.3.4.4b has become the dominant global lineage, associated with widespread outbreaks in Europe. This study aimed to characterise the H5N1 strains detected in backyard chickens in Serbia and investigate their phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships with historical and currently circulating strains in Serbia and the broader region. Samples collected in 2024 were tested by qRT-PCR, and positive samples were propagated in MDCK cells. Whole genome sequencing of isolated virus was performed using the MinION Mk1C platform (ONT, Oxford, UK). Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were conducted using BEAST X and SPREAD3 v.9.6. The results revealed three independent introductions of H5N1 into Serbia between 2020 and 2024. The spatiotemporal diffusion patterns confirmed both north-south and west-east viral spread from Northern and Central Europe into the Balkans. Additionally, Serbia was identified as a critical transit and divergence point in the regional transmission network, highlighting its role in the spread of H5N1 between Western and Eastern Europe. These findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance in both domestic and wild bird populations to better understand and reduce HPAI spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne Pathogens: The Antimicrobial Resistance from Farm to Fork.","authors":"Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi, Laryssa Freitas Ribeiro, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foodborne diseases pose a major threat to global public health and contribute substantially to economic losses, increased healthcare expenses, negative effects on child development, reduced productivity, and losses in international trade [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}