Perspectives on Psychological Science最新文献_第3页

A Normative Framework for Assessing the Information Curation Algorithms of the Internet. 评估互联网信息管理算法的规范框架。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231186779

David Lazer, Briony Swire-Thompson, Christo Wilson

{"title":"A Normative Framework for Assessing the Information Curation Algorithms of the Internet.","authors":"David Lazer, Briony Swire-Thompson, Christo Wilson","doi":"10.1177/17456916231186779","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231186779","url":null,"abstract":"It is critical to understand how algorithms structure the information people see and how those algorithms support or undermine society's core values. We offer a normative framework for the assessment of the information curation algorithms that determine much of what people see on the internet. The framework presents two levels of assessment: one for individual-level effects and another for systemic effects. With regard to individual-level effects we discuss whether (a) the information is aligned with the user's interests, (b) the information is accurate, and (c) the information is so appealing that it is difficult for a person's self-regulatory resources to ignore (\"agency hacking\"). At the systemic level we discuss whether (a) there are adverse civic-level effects on a system-level variable, such as political polarization; (b) there are negative distributional or discriminatory effects; and (c) there are anticompetitive effects, with the information providing an advantage to the platform. The objective of this framework is both to inform the direction of future scholarship as well as to offer tools for intervention for policymakers.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"749-757"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138445669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AI Psychometrics: Assessing the Psychological Profiles of Large Language Models Through Psychometric Inventories. 人工智能心理测量学：通过心理测量问卷评估大型语言模型的心理特征。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231214460

Max Pellert, Clemens M Lechner, Claudia Wagner, Beatrice Rammstedt, Markus Strohmaier

{"title":"AI Psychometrics: Assessing the Psychological Profiles of Large Language Models Through Psychometric Inventories.","authors":"Max Pellert, Clemens M Lechner, Claudia Wagner, Beatrice Rammstedt, Markus Strohmaier","doi":"10.1177/17456916231214460","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231214460","url":null,"abstract":"We illustrate how standard psychometric inventories originally designed for assessing noncognitive human traits can be repurposed as diagnostic tools to evaluate analogous traits in large language models (LLMs). We start from the assumption that LLMs, inadvertently yet inevitably, acquire psychological traits (metaphorically speaking) from the vast text corpora on which they are trained. Such corpora contain sediments of the personalities, values, beliefs, and biases of the countless human authors of these texts, which LLMs learn through a complex training process. The traits that LLMs acquire in such a way can potentially influence their behavior, that is, their outputs in downstream tasks and applications in which they are employed, which in turn may have real-world consequences for individuals and social groups. By eliciting LLMs' responses to language-based psychometric inventories, we can bring their traits to light. Psychometric profiling enables researchers to study and compare LLMs in terms of noncognitive characteristics, thereby providing a window into the personalities, values, beliefs, and biases these models exhibit (or mimic). We discuss the history of similar ideas and outline possible psychometric approaches for LLMs. We demonstrate one promising approach, zero-shot classification, for several LLMs and psychometric inventories. We conclude by highlighting open challenges and future avenues of research for AI Psychometrics.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"808-826"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11373167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139080662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Human and Algorithmic Predictions in Geopolitical Forecasting: Quantifying Uncertainty in Hard-to-Quantify Domains. 地缘政治预测中的人工和算法预测：量化难以量化领域的不确定性。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231185339

Barbara A Mellers, John P McCoy, Louise Lu, Philip E Tetlock

引用次数: 0

Building Human-Like Artificial Agents: A General Cognitive Algorithm for Emulating Human Decision-Making in Dynamic Environments. 构建类人人工智能体：一种在动态环境中模拟人类决策的通用认知算法。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231196766

Cleotilde Gonzalez

{"title":"Building Human-Like Artificial Agents: A General Cognitive Algorithm for Emulating Human Decision-Making in Dynamic Environments.","authors":"Cleotilde Gonzalez","doi":"10.1177/17456916231196766","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231196766","url":null,"abstract":"One of the early goals of artificial intelligence (AI) was to create algorithms that exhibited behavior indistinguishable from human behavior (i.e., human-like behavior). Today, AI has diverged, often aiming to excel in tasks inspired by human capabilities and outperform humans, rather than replicating human cogntion and action. In this paper, I explore the overarching question of whether computational algorithms have achieved this initial goal of AI. I focus on dynamic decision-making, approaching the question from the perspective of computational cognitive science. I present a general cognitive algorithm that intends to emulate human decision-making in dynamic environments, as defined in instance-based learning theory (IBLT). I use the cognitive steps proposed in IBLT to organize and discuss current evidence that supports some of the human-likeness of the decision-making mechanisms. I also highlight the significant gaps in research that are required to improve current models and to create higher fidelity in computational algorithms to represent human decision processes. I conclude with concrete steps toward advancing the construction of algorithms that exhibit human-like behavior with the ultimate goal of supporting human dynamic decision-making.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"860-873"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71413406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editorial for the Special Issue on Algorithms in Our Lives. 为 "我们生活中的算法 "特刊撰写社论。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231214452

Sudeep Bhatia, Mirta Galesic, Melanie Mitchell

引用次数: 0

The Cognitive Architecture of Infant Attachment. 婴儿依恋的认知结构。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916241262693

Yuyan Luo, Kristy vanMarle, Ashley M Groh

{"title":"The Cognitive Architecture of Infant Attachment.","authors":"Yuyan Luo, Kristy vanMarle, Ashley M Groh","doi":"10.1177/17456916241262693","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916241262693","url":null,"abstract":"Meta-analytic evidence indicates that the quality of the attachment relationship that infants establish with their primary caregiver has enduring significance for socioemotional and cognitive outcomes. However, the mechanisms by which early attachment experiences contribute to subsequent development remain underspecified. According to attachment theory, early attachment experiences become embodied in the form of cognitive-affective representations, referred to as internal working models (IWMs), that guide future behavior. Little is known, however, about the cognitive architecture of IWMs in infancy. In this article, we discuss significant advances made in the field of infant cognitive development and propose that leveraging insights from this research has the potential to fundamentally shape our understanding of the cognitive architecture of attachment representations in infancy. We also propose that the integration of attachment research into cognitive research can shed light on the role of early experiences, individual differences, and stability and change in infant cognition, as well as open new routes of investigation in cognitive studies, which will further our understanding of human knowledge. We provide recommendations for future research throughout the article and conclude by using our collaborative research as an example.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"17456916241262693"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Managing Fear During Pandemics: Risks and Opportunities. 在大流行病期间管理恐惧：风险与机遇。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178720

Gaëtan Mertens, Iris M Engelhard, Derek M Novacek, Richard J McNally

引用次数: 0

Cooperation in the Time of COVID. COVID 时代的合作。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178719

Jade Butterworth, David Smerdon, Roy Baumeister, William von Hippel

{"title":"Cooperation in the Time of COVID.","authors":"Jade Butterworth, David Smerdon, Roy Baumeister, William von Hippel","doi":"10.1177/17456916231178719","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231178719","url":null,"abstract":"Humans evolved to be hyper-cooperative, particularly when among people who are well known to them, when relationships involve reciprocal helping opportunities, and when the costs to the helper are substantially less than the benefits to the recipient. Because humans' cooperative nature evolved over many millennia when they lived exclusively in small groups, factors that cause cooperation to break down tend to be those associated with life in large, impersonal, modern societies: when people are not identifiable, when interactions are one-off, when self-interest is not tied to the interests of others, and when people are concerned that others might free ride. From this perspective, it becomes clear that policies for managing pandemics will be most effective when they highlight superordinate goals and connect people or institutions to one another over multiple identifiable interactions. When forging such connections is not possible, policies should mimic critical components of ancestral conditions by providing reputational markers for cooperators and reducing the systemic damage caused by free riding. In this article, we review policies implemented during the pandemic, highlighting spontaneous community efforts that leveraged these aspects of people's evolved psychology, and consider implications for future decision makers.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"640-651"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10311366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9742818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do COVID-19 Vaccination Policies Backfire? The Effects of Mandates, Vaccination Passports, and Financial Incentives on COVID-19 Vaccination. COVID-19疫苗接种政策会适得其反吗?授权、接种护照和财政激励措施对COVID-19疫苗接种的影响。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178708

Bita Fayaz-Farkhad, Haesung Jung

{"title":"Do COVID-19 Vaccination Policies Backfire? The Effects of Mandates, Vaccination Passports, and Financial Incentives on COVID-19 Vaccination.","authors":"Bita Fayaz-Farkhad, Haesung Jung","doi":"10.1177/17456916231178708","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231178708","url":null,"abstract":"Faced with the challenges of motivating people to vaccinate, many countries have introduced policy-level interventions to encourage vaccination against COVID-19. For example, mandates were widely imposed requiring individuals to vaccinate to work and attend school, and vaccination passports required individuals to show proof of vaccination to travel and access public spaces and events. Furthermore, some countries also began offering financial incentives for getting vaccinated. One major criticism of these policies was the possibility that they would produce reactance and thus undermine voluntary vaccination. This article therefore reviews relevant empirical evidence to examine whether this is indeed the case. Specifically, we devote separate sections to reviewing and discussing the impacts of three major policies that were implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic: vaccination mandates, vaccination passports, and the provision of financial incentives. A careful analysis of the evidence provides little support that these policies backfire but instead can effectively promote vaccination at the population level. The policies are not without limitations, however, such as their inability to mobilize those that are strongly hesitant to vaccines. Finally, we discuss how policy-level interventions should be designed and implemented to address future epidemics and pandemics.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"660-674"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11295420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138478327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Health Communication and Behavioral Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID-19 大流行期间的健康传播和行为改变。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231215272

Dolores Albarracin, Daphna Oyserman, Norbert Schwarz

{"title":"Health Communication and Behavioral Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Dolores Albarracin, Daphna Oyserman, Norbert Schwarz","doi":"10.1177/17456916231215272","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231215272","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the public health system to respond to an emerging, difficult-to-understand pathogen through demanding behaviors, including staying at home, masking for long periods, and vaccinating multiple times. We discuss key challenges of the pandemic health communication efforts deployed in the United States from 2020 to 2022 and identify research priorities. One priority is communicating about uncertainty in ways that prepare the public for disagreement and likely changes in recommendations as scientific understanding advances: How can changes in understanding and recommendations foster a sense that \"science works as intended\" rather than \"the experts are clueless\" and prevent creating a void to be filled by misinformation? A second priority concerns creating a culturally fluent framework for asking people to engage in difficult and novel actions: How can health messages foster the perception that difficulties of behavior change signal that the change is important rather than that the change \"is not for people like me?\" A third priority entails a shift from communication strategies that focus on knowledge and attitudes to interventions that focus on norms, policy, communication about policy, and channel factors that impair behavior change: How can we move beyond educating and correcting misinformation to achieving desired actions?","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"612-623"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11295396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139697938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0