Perspectives on Psychological Science最新文献_第4页

A Challenge to Orthodoxy in Psychology: Thomas Sowell and Social Justice. 心理学对正统的挑战：托马斯·索威尔与社会正义。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231203204

William O'Donohue, Nina C Silander, Craig L Frisby, Jane E Fisher

{"title":"A Challenge to Orthodoxy in Psychology: Thomas Sowell and Social Justice.","authors":"William O'Donohue, Nina C Silander, Craig L Frisby, Jane E Fisher","doi":"10.1177/17456916231203204","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231203204","url":null,"abstract":"Psychologists address social-justice problems in their research and applied work, and their scholarly efforts have been influenced by assumptions, constructs, and hypotheses from the political left. Recently, some psychologists have called for increased intellectual and political diversity in psychology, particularly as such diversity may lead to improved problem-solving. As an attempt to increase intellectual diversity in psychology, we review here the scholarship of Thomas Sowell. His work represents a rich source of hypotheses for psychologists' future research. We focus on his views on the importance of freedom; the extent to which reforms can reduce freedom; the importance of free markets to human flourishing; the role of free markets in producing costs for discrimination; the way spontaneously ordered systems can contain knowledge that can be overlooked in reforms; and the importance of culture and cultural capital. We will also discuss Sowell's more thoroughgoing economic analyses of problems and solutions and his analyses of contingencies operating on politicians and reformers, as well as his views on conflicts in fundamental visions about human nature and the pivotal role of improvements in minority education.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"290-307"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Repositioning Construct Validity Theory: From Nomological Networks to Pragmatic Theories and Their Evaluation by Explanatory Means. 重新定位构效理论：从名词网络到语用理论及其解释性评价。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231195852

Brian D Haig

{"title":"Repositioning Construct Validity Theory: From Nomological Networks to Pragmatic Theories and Their Evaluation by Explanatory Means.","authors":"Brian D Haig","doi":"10.1177/17456916231195852","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231195852","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I argue for a number of important changes to the conceptual foundations of construct validity theory. I begin by suggesting that construct validity theorists should shift their attention from the validation of constructs to the process of evaluating scientific theories. This shift in focus is facilitated by distinguishing construct validation (understood as theory evaluation) from test validation, thereby freeing it from its long-standing focus on psychological measurement. In repositioning construct validity theory in this way, researchers should jettison the outmoded but superficially popular notion that theories are nomological networks in favor of a more plausible pragmatic view of their natures, such as the idea that theories are explanatorily coherent networks. Consistent with this shift in understanding the nature of theories, my recommendation is that construct validation should embrace an explanationist perspective on the theory evaluation process to complement its focus on hypothetico-deductive theory testing. On this view, abductive research methods have an important role to play. The revisionist perspective on construct validity proposed here is discussed in light of relevant developments in scientific methodology and is applied to an influential account of the validation process that has shaped research practice.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"340-356"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71522299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The State of Cognitive Control in Language Processing. 语言加工中的认知控制状态。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231197122

Tal Ness, Valerie J Langlois, Albert E Kim, Jared M Novick

{"title":"The State of Cognitive Control in Language Processing.","authors":"Tal Ness, Valerie J Langlois, Albert E Kim, Jared M Novick","doi":"10.1177/17456916231197122","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231197122","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding language requires readers and listeners to cull meaning from fast-unfolding messages that often contain conflicting cues pointing to incompatible ways of interpreting the input (e.g., \"The cat was chased by the mouse\"). This article reviews mounting evidence from multiple methods demonstrating that cognitive control plays an essential role in resolving conflict during language comprehension. How does cognitive control accomplish this task? Psycholinguistic proposals have conspicuously failed to address this question. We introduce an account in which cognitive control aids language processing when cues conflict by sending top-down biasing signals that strengthen the interpretation supported by the most reliable evidence available. We also provide a computationally plausible model that solves the critical problem of how cognitive control \"knows\" which way to direct its biasing signal by allowing linguistic knowledge itself to issue crucial guidance. Such a mental architecture can explain a range of experimental findings, including how moment-to-moment shifts in cognitive-control state-its level of activity within a person-directly impact how quickly and successfully language comprehension is achieved.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"219-240"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding Sensory-Motor Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorders by Extending Hebbian Theory: Formation of a Rigid-Autonomous Phase Sequence. 通过扩展Hebbian理论理解自闭症谱系障碍中的感觉运动障碍：刚性自主相序的形成。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231202674

Eiichi Nojiri, Kenkichi Takase

{"title":"Understanding Sensory-Motor Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorders by Extending Hebbian Theory: Formation of a Rigid-Autonomous Phase Sequence.","authors":"Eiichi Nojiri, Kenkichi Takase","doi":"10.1177/17456916231202674","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231202674","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms invariably appear in early childhood and cause significant impairment in social, occupational, and other important functions. Various abnormalities in the genetic, neurological, and endocrine systems of patients with autism spectrum disorder have been reported as the etiology; however, no clear factor leading to the onset of the disease has been identified. Additionally, higher order cognitive dysfunctions, which are represented by a lack of theory of mind, sensorimotor disorders, and memory-related disorders (e.g., flashbacks), have been reported in recent years, but no theoretical framework has been proposed to explain these behavioral abnormalities. In this study, we extended Hebb's biopsychology theory to provide a theoretical framework that comprehensively explains the various behavioral abnormalities observed in autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, we propose that a wide range of symptoms in autism spectrum disorder may be caused by the formation of a rigid-autonomous phase sequence (RAPS) in the brain. Using the RAPS formation theory, we propose a biopsychological mechanism that could be a target for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"276-289"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Memory of Fictional Information: A Theoretical Framework. 小说信息记忆：一个理论框架。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231202500

Pierre Gander, Kata Szita, Andreas Falck, Robert Lowe

{"title":"Memory of Fictional Information: A Theoretical Framework.","authors":"Pierre Gander, Kata Szita, Andreas Falck, Robert Lowe","doi":"10.1177/17456916231202500","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231202500","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the information people encounter in everyday life is not factual; it originates from fictional sources, such as movies, novels, and video games, and from direct experience such as pretense, role-playing, and everyday conversation. Despite the recent increase in research on fiction, there is no theoretical account of how memory of fictional information is related to other types of memory or of which mechanisms allow people to separate fact and fiction in memory. We present a theoretical framework that places memory of fiction in relation to other cognitive phenomena as a distinct construct and argue that it is an essential component for any general theory of human memory. We show how fictionality can be integrated in an existing memory model by extending Rubin's dimensional conceptual memory model. By this means, our model can account for explicit and implicit memory of fictional information of events, places, characters, and objects. Further, we propose a set of mechanisms involving various degrees of complexity and levels of conscious processing that mostly keep fact and fiction separated but also allow information from fiction to influence real-world attitudes and beliefs: content-based reasoning, source monitoring, and an associative link from the memory to the concept of fiction.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"308-324"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Loneliness of the Odd One Out: How Deviations From Social Norms Can Help Explain Loneliness Across Cultures. 奇怪的孤独：偏离社会规范如何帮助解释跨文化的孤独。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231192485

Luzia Cassis Heu

{"title":"The Loneliness of the Odd One Out: How Deviations From Social Norms Can Help Explain Loneliness Across Cultures.","authors":"Luzia Cassis Heu","doi":"10.1177/17456916231192485","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231192485","url":null,"abstract":"Loneliness is an important health risk, which is why it is important to understand what can cause persistent or severe loneliness. Previous research has identified numerous personal or relational risk factors for loneliness. Cultural predictors, however, have been considered less. The new framework of norm deviations and loneliness (NoDeL) proposes that social norms, which are defining features of culture, can help explain loneliness within and across cultural contexts. Specifically, people who deviate from social norms are suggested to be at an increased risk for feeling lonely because they are more likely to experience alienation, inauthenticity, lower self-worth, social rejection, relationship dissatisfaction, and/or unfulfilled relational needs. Given that social norms vary by social, geographical, and temporal context, they can furthermore be considered cultural moderators between individual-level risk factors and loneliness: Personal or relational characteristics, such as shyness or being single, may increase the risk for loneliness particularly if they do not fit social norms in a specific environment. Integrating previous quantitative and qualitative findings, I hence offer a framework (NoDeL) to predict loneliness and cultural differences in risk factors for it. Thus, the NoDeL framework may help prepare culture-sensitive interventions against loneliness.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"199-218"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Shared Intentionality Account of Uniquely Human Social Bonding. 人类独特社会关系的共同意向性描述。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201795

Wouter Wolf, Michael Tomasello

引用次数: 0

Social Preferences Toward Humans and Machines: A Systematic Experiment on the Role of Machine Payoffs. 对人类和机器的社会偏好：关于机器收益作用的系统实验。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231194949

Alicia von Schenk, Victor Klockmann, Nils Köbis

{"title":"Social Preferences Toward Humans and Machines: A Systematic Experiment on the Role of Machine Payoffs.","authors":"Alicia von Schenk, Victor Klockmann, Nils Köbis","doi":"10.1177/17456916231194949","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231194949","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing interest in the field of cooperative artificial intelligence (AI), that is, settings in which humans and machines cooperate. By now, more than 160 studies from various disciplines have reported on how people cooperate with machines in behavioral experiments. Our systematic review of the experimental instructions reveals that the implementation of the machine payoffs and the information participants receive about them differ drastically across these studies. In an online experiment (N = 1,198), we compare how these different payoff implementations shape people's revealed social preferences toward machines. When matched with machine partners, people reveal substantially stronger social preferences and reciprocity when they know that a human beneficiary receives the machine payoffs than when they know that no such \"human behind the machine\" exists. When participants are not informed about machine payoffs, we found weak social preferences toward machines. Comparing survey answers with those from a follow-up study (N = 150), we conclude that people form their beliefs about machine payoffs in a self-serving way. Thus, our results suggest that the extent to which humans cooperate with machines depends on the implementation and information about the machine's earnings.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"165-181"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41127905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Between-Level Incongruences in Human Positivity. 人类积极性的层次间不一致。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190824

Shi Yu

{"title":"Between-Level Incongruences in Human Positivity.","authors":"Shi Yu","doi":"10.1177/17456916231190824","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231190824","url":null,"abstract":"Humans now understand the world as multilevel in nature. For example, societies emerge from individuals, and general experiences of life consist of specific aspects and momentary episodes. A critical feature of multilevel phenomena is between-level incongruences. Applied to human positivity, this means that positive higher-level units are not simply composed of positive lower-level units and that what is good for lower-level units may not be good for higher-level units (and vice versa). For example, killjoys may improve societal well-being, personal achievement may require giving up on certain goals, and a happy life may not arise from simply happy moments. In this article, I provide examples (organized by the positive outcome of well-being and performance and by the social, structural, and temporal forms of multilevel phenomena) to show that such between-level incongruences are ubiquitous. Next, I analyze a few mechanisms that may govern the diverse instantiations of between-level incongruences in positivity. Finally, I discuss implications of this perspective, such as why positivity claims should always qualify their level of analysis; how psychological science may benefit from a multilevel, dynamical, and computational perspective; and how to improve human positivity in light of between-level incongruences.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10152566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reference-Point Theory: An Account of Individual Differences in Risk Preferences. 参考点理论：风险偏好个体差异的解释。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190393

Barbara A Mellers, Siyuan Yin

{"title":"Reference-Point Theory: An Account of Individual Differences in Risk Preferences.","authors":"Barbara A Mellers, Siyuan Yin","doi":"10.1177/17456916231190393","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231190393","url":null,"abstract":"We propose an account of individual differences in risk preferences called \"reference-point theory\" for choices between sure things and gambles. Like most descriptive theories of risky choice, preferences depend on two drivers-hedonic sensitivities to change and beliefs about risk. But unlike most theories, these drivers are estimated from judged feelings about choice options and gamble outcomes. Furthermore, the reference point is assumed to be the less risky option (i.e., sure thing). Loss aversion (greater impact of negative change than positive change) and pessimism (belief the worst outcome is likelier) predict risk aversion. Gain seeking (greater impact of positive change than negative change and optimism (belief the best outcome is likelier) predict risk seeking. But other combinations of hedonic sensitivities and beliefs are possible, and they also predict risk preferences. Finally, feelings about the reference point predict hedonic sensitivities. When decision makers feel good about the reference point, they are frequently loss averse. When they feel bad about it, they are often gain seeking. Three studies show that feelings about reference points, feelings about options and feelings about outcomes predict risky choice and help explain why individuals differ in their risk preferences.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"99-114"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10232586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0