Perspectives on Psychological Science最新文献_第2页

The State of Cognitive Control in Language Processing. 语言加工中的认知控制状态。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231197122

Tal Ness, Valerie J Langlois, Albert E Kim, Jared M Novick

{"title":"The State of Cognitive Control in Language Processing.","authors":"Tal Ness, Valerie J Langlois, Albert E Kim, Jared M Novick","doi":"10.1177/17456916231197122","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231197122","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding language requires readers and listeners to cull meaning from fast-unfolding messages that often contain conflicting cues pointing to incompatible ways of interpreting the input (e.g., \"The cat was chased by the mouse\"). This article reviews mounting evidence from multiple methods demonstrating that cognitive control plays an essential role in resolving conflict during language comprehension. How does cognitive control accomplish this task? Psycholinguistic proposals have conspicuously failed to address this question. We introduce an account in which cognitive control aids language processing when cues conflict by sending top-down biasing signals that strengthen the interpretation supported by the most reliable evidence available. We also provide a computationally plausible model that solves the critical problem of how cognitive control \"knows\" which way to direct its biasing signal by allowing linguistic knowledge itself to issue crucial guidance. Such a mental architecture can explain a range of experimental findings, including how moment-to-moment shifts in cognitive-control state-its level of activity within a person-directly impact how quickly and successfully language comprehension is achieved.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"219-240"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding Sensory-Motor Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorders by Extending Hebbian Theory: Formation of a Rigid-Autonomous Phase Sequence. 通过扩展Hebbian理论理解自闭症谱系障碍中的感觉运动障碍：刚性自主相序的形成。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231202674

Eiichi Nojiri, Kenkichi Takase

{"title":"Understanding Sensory-Motor Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorders by Extending Hebbian Theory: Formation of a Rigid-Autonomous Phase Sequence.","authors":"Eiichi Nojiri, Kenkichi Takase","doi":"10.1177/17456916231202674","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231202674","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms invariably appear in early childhood and cause significant impairment in social, occupational, and other important functions. Various abnormalities in the genetic, neurological, and endocrine systems of patients with autism spectrum disorder have been reported as the etiology; however, no clear factor leading to the onset of the disease has been identified. Additionally, higher order cognitive dysfunctions, which are represented by a lack of theory of mind, sensorimotor disorders, and memory-related disorders (e.g., flashbacks), have been reported in recent years, but no theoretical framework has been proposed to explain these behavioral abnormalities. In this study, we extended Hebb's biopsychology theory to provide a theoretical framework that comprehensively explains the various behavioral abnormalities observed in autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, we propose that a wide range of symptoms in autism spectrum disorder may be caused by the formation of a rigid-autonomous phase sequence (RAPS) in the brain. Using the RAPS formation theory, we propose a biopsychological mechanism that could be a target for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"276-289"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Memory of Fictional Information: A Theoretical Framework. 小说信息记忆：一个理论框架。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231202500

Pierre Gander, Kata Szita, Andreas Falck, Robert Lowe

{"title":"Memory of Fictional Information: A Theoretical Framework.","authors":"Pierre Gander, Kata Szita, Andreas Falck, Robert Lowe","doi":"10.1177/17456916231202500","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231202500","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the information people encounter in everyday life is not factual; it originates from fictional sources, such as movies, novels, and video games, and from direct experience such as pretense, role-playing, and everyday conversation. Despite the recent increase in research on fiction, there is no theoretical account of how memory of fictional information is related to other types of memory or of which mechanisms allow people to separate fact and fiction in memory. We present a theoretical framework that places memory of fiction in relation to other cognitive phenomena as a distinct construct and argue that it is an essential component for any general theory of human memory. We show how fictionality can be integrated in an existing memory model by extending Rubin's dimensional conceptual memory model. By this means, our model can account for explicit and implicit memory of fictional information of events, places, characters, and objects. Further, we propose a set of mechanisms involving various degrees of complexity and levels of conscious processing that mostly keep fact and fiction separated but also allow information from fiction to influence real-world attitudes and beliefs: content-based reasoning, source monitoring, and an associative link from the memory to the concept of fiction.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"308-324"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Loneliness of the Odd One Out: How Deviations From Social Norms Can Help Explain Loneliness Across Cultures. 奇怪的孤独：偏离社会规范如何帮助解释跨文化的孤独。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231192485

Luzia Cassis Heu

{"title":"The Loneliness of the Odd One Out: How Deviations From Social Norms Can Help Explain Loneliness Across Cultures.","authors":"Luzia Cassis Heu","doi":"10.1177/17456916231192485","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231192485","url":null,"abstract":"Loneliness is an important health risk, which is why it is important to understand what can cause persistent or severe loneliness. Previous research has identified numerous personal or relational risk factors for loneliness. Cultural predictors, however, have been considered less. The new framework of norm deviations and loneliness (NoDeL) proposes that social norms, which are defining features of culture, can help explain loneliness within and across cultural contexts. Specifically, people who deviate from social norms are suggested to be at an increased risk for feeling lonely because they are more likely to experience alienation, inauthenticity, lower self-worth, social rejection, relationship dissatisfaction, and/or unfulfilled relational needs. Given that social norms vary by social, geographical, and temporal context, they can furthermore be considered cultural moderators between individual-level risk factors and loneliness: Personal or relational characteristics, such as shyness or being single, may increase the risk for loneliness particularly if they do not fit social norms in a specific environment. Integrating previous quantitative and qualitative findings, I hence offer a framework (NoDeL) to predict loneliness and cultural differences in risk factors for it. Thus, the NoDeL framework may help prepare culture-sensitive interventions against loneliness.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"199-218"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Shared Intentionality Account of Uniquely Human Social Bonding. 人类独特社会关系的共同意向性描述。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201795

Wouter Wolf, Michael Tomasello

引用次数: 0

Social Preferences Toward Humans and Machines: A Systematic Experiment on the Role of Machine Payoffs. 对人类和机器的社会偏好：关于机器收益作用的系统实验。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231194949

Alicia von Schenk, Victor Klockmann, Nils Köbis

{"title":"Social Preferences Toward Humans and Machines: A Systematic Experiment on the Role of Machine Payoffs.","authors":"Alicia von Schenk, Victor Klockmann, Nils Köbis","doi":"10.1177/17456916231194949","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231194949","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing interest in the field of cooperative artificial intelligence (AI), that is, settings in which humans and machines cooperate. By now, more than 160 studies from various disciplines have reported on how people cooperate with machines in behavioral experiments. Our systematic review of the experimental instructions reveals that the implementation of the machine payoffs and the information participants receive about them differ drastically across these studies. In an online experiment (N = 1,198), we compare how these different payoff implementations shape people's revealed social preferences toward machines. When matched with machine partners, people reveal substantially stronger social preferences and reciprocity when they know that a human beneficiary receives the machine payoffs than when they know that no such \"human behind the machine\" exists. When participants are not informed about machine payoffs, we found weak social preferences toward machines. Comparing survey answers with those from a follow-up study (N = 150), we conclude that people form their beliefs about machine payoffs in a self-serving way. Thus, our results suggest that the extent to which humans cooperate with machines depends on the implementation and information about the machine's earnings.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"165-181"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41127905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Between-Level Incongruences in Human Positivity. 人类积极性的层次间不一致。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190824

Shi Yu

{"title":"Between-Level Incongruences in Human Positivity.","authors":"Shi Yu","doi":"10.1177/17456916231190824","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231190824","url":null,"abstract":"Humans now understand the world as multilevel in nature. For example, societies emerge from individuals, and general experiences of life consist of specific aspects and momentary episodes. A critical feature of multilevel phenomena is between-level incongruences. Applied to human positivity, this means that positive higher-level units are not simply composed of positive lower-level units and that what is good for lower-level units may not be good for higher-level units (and vice versa). For example, killjoys may improve societal well-being, personal achievement may require giving up on certain goals, and a happy life may not arise from simply happy moments. In this article, I provide examples (organized by the positive outcome of well-being and performance and by the social, structural, and temporal forms of multilevel phenomena) to show that such between-level incongruences are ubiquitous. Next, I analyze a few mechanisms that may govern the diverse instantiations of between-level incongruences in positivity. Finally, I discuss implications of this perspective, such as why positivity claims should always qualify their level of analysis; how psychological science may benefit from a multilevel, dynamical, and computational perspective; and how to improve human positivity in light of between-level incongruences.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10152566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social Psychological Perspectives on Political Polarization: Insights and Implications for Climate Change. 政治两极分化的社会心理学视角：对气候变化的洞察和影响。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231186409

Jennifer C Cole, Ash J Gillis, Sander van der Linden, Mark A Cohen, Michael P Vandenbergh

{"title":"Social Psychological Perspectives on Political Polarization: Insights and Implications for Climate Change.","authors":"Jennifer C Cole, Ash J Gillis, Sander van der Linden, Mark A Cohen, Michael P Vandenbergh","doi":"10.1177/17456916231186409","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231186409","url":null,"abstract":"Political polarization is a barrier to enacting policy solutions to global issues. Social psychology has a rich history of studying polarization, and there is an important opportunity to define and refine its contributions to the present political realities. We do so in the context of one of the most pressing modern issues: climate change. We synthesize the literature on political polarization and its applications to climate change, and we propose lines of further research and intervention design. We focus on polarization in the United States, examining other countries when literature was available. The polarization literature emphasizes two types of mechanisms of political polarization: (1) individual-level psychological processes related to political ideology and (2) group-level psychological processes related to partisan identification. Interventions that address group-level processes can be more effective than those that address individual-level processes. Accordingly, we emphasize the promise of interventions leveraging superordinate identities, correcting misperceived norms, and having trusted leaders communicate about climate change. Behavioral interventions like these that are grounded in scientific research are one of our most promising tools to achieve the behavioral wedge that we need to address climate change and to make progress on other policy issues.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"115-141"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10308934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reference-Point Theory: An Account of Individual Differences in Risk Preferences. 参考点理论：风险偏好个体差异的解释。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190393

Barbara A Mellers, Siyuan Yin

{"title":"Reference-Point Theory: An Account of Individual Differences in Risk Preferences.","authors":"Barbara A Mellers, Siyuan Yin","doi":"10.1177/17456916231190393","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231190393","url":null,"abstract":"We propose an account of individual differences in risk preferences called \"reference-point theory\" for choices between sure things and gambles. Like most descriptive theories of risky choice, preferences depend on two drivers-hedonic sensitivities to change and beliefs about risk. But unlike most theories, these drivers are estimated from judged feelings about choice options and gamble outcomes. Furthermore, the reference point is assumed to be the less risky option (i.e., sure thing). Loss aversion (greater impact of negative change than positive change) and pessimism (belief the worst outcome is likelier) predict risk aversion. Gain seeking (greater impact of positive change than negative change and optimism (belief the best outcome is likelier) predict risk seeking. But other combinations of hedonic sensitivities and beliefs are possible, and they also predict risk preferences. Finally, feelings about the reference point predict hedonic sensitivities. When decision makers feel good about the reference point, they are frequently loss averse. When they feel bad about it, they are often gain seeking. Three studies show that feelings about reference points, feelings about options and feelings about outcomes predict risky choice and help explain why individuals differ in their risk preferences.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"99-114"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10232586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Body as First Teacher: The Role of Rhythmic Visceral Dynamics in Early Cognitive Development. 身体作为第一老师：节律性内脏动力在早期认知发展中的作用。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231185343

Andrew W Corcoran, Kelsey Perrykkad, Daniel Feuerriegel, Jonathan E Robinson

{"title":"Body as First Teacher: The Role of Rhythmic Visceral Dynamics in Early Cognitive Development.","authors":"Andrew W Corcoran, Kelsey Perrykkad, Daniel Feuerriegel, Jonathan E Robinson","doi":"10.1177/17456916231185343","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231185343","url":null,"abstract":"Embodied cognition-the idea that mental states and processes should be understood in relation to one's bodily constitution and interactions with the world-remains a controversial topic within cognitive science. Recently, however, increasing interest in predictive processing theories among proponents and critics of embodiment alike has raised hopes of a reconciliation. This article sets out to appraise the unificatory potential of predictive processing, focusing in particular on embodied formulations of active inference. Our analysis suggests that most active-inference accounts invoke weak, potentially trivial conceptions of embodiment; those making stronger claims do so independently of the theoretical commitments of the active-inference framework. We argue that a more compelling version of embodied active inference can be motivated by adopting a diachronic perspective on the way rhythmic physiological activity shapes neural development in utero. According to this visceral afferent training hypothesis, early-emerging physiological processes are essential not only for supporting the biophysical development of neural structures but also for configuring the cognitive architecture those structures entail. Focusing in particular on the cardiovascular system, we propose three candidate mechanisms through which visceral afferent training might operate: (a) activity-dependent neuronal development, (b) periodic signal modeling, and (c) oscillatory network coordination.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"45-75"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10203830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0