Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"A Study of Immunohistochemical Expression of p63 in Colorectal Carcinoma.","authors":"Aishwarya Prasad Nair, Thanka Johnson, Sai Sudha Muddha","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_297_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_297_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A key player in the development of colorectal carcinoma is p63, a protein belonging to the p53 family. Tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis are linked to its elevated expression in certain malignancies.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In this study, we aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of p63 in colorectal carcinoma along with its correlation to clinicopathological parameters and its precursor lesion colorectal adenoma.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study used 49 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections: 16 surgically resected (14 carcinomas and 2 adenomas) and 33 colonoscopy biopsies (28 carcinomas and 5 adenomas). Tumour characteristics (size and location) and demographic data (age and sex) were obtained from the archive system. Haematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections were reassessed for histological grade, subtype, lymphovascular invasion, invasion depth, lymph nodes and metastasis. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test, Microsoft Excel and SPSS Version 21. H-Score was used for immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>P63 expression was absent in normal mucosa, while P63 immunohistochemistry was positive in 43 (88%) cases. Forty-two (86%) out of 49 cases showed cytoplasmic expression of p63, of which 35 cases (83.3%) were carcinomas. P63 expression revealed a significant correlation with histological subtype (P < 0.001), histological grade (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P = 0.033), tumour, node and metastasis/American Joint Committee on Cancer (TNM/AJCC) stage (P = 0.049) and between colorectal carcinoma and adenoma (P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Moderate-to-strong cytoplasmic p63 expression was seen only in malignancy, suggesting its role in carcinogenesis. Increased p63 staining intensity from low- to high-grade tumours indicates p63 as a marker of poor differentiation. The correlation between metastasis and stronger p63 expression with higher TNM/AJCC stages confirms elevated p63 in aggressive tumours.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles and the Vaginal Microbiota: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovations in Human Papilloma Virus-associated Cervical Cancer - A Systematic Review.","authors":"Saranya Velmurugan, Karthikeyan Ganesan, Archana Rajasundaram, C Thangam, Rozario Cyril, Gowtham Kumar Subbaraj","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_265_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_265_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer (CC) remains a significant global health challenge, with the interplay between microbiome and cancer progression becoming increasingly evident. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including Embase, NCBI, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct and PubMed, utilising the specific keywords such as 'cervical cancer', 'cervical microbiome', 'vaginal microbiome', 'Human papillomavirus', 'nanoparticles', 'drug delivery' and 'dysbiosis'. Studies published over the past 15 years were reviewed. A total of 400 articles were identified and 65 research articles were finally included. This systematic approach identified relevant studies, enabling an in-depth analysis of microbial species, such as Parabacteroides, Escherichia, Shigella, Gardnerella and Fusobacterium which are recognised as the potential biomarkers for CC diagnosis and progression. Dysbiosis is characterised by a reduction in helpful bacteria and a proliferation of harmful ones. It is linked to chronic inflammation and human papillomavirus infection, both of which facilitate the CC progression. Advanced nanotechnology presents innovative therapeutic options for CC treatment, enhancing drug delivery systems and targeting tumour cells more effectively. Moreover, incorporating nanocarriers into treatment regimens aims to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of existing therapies, potentially transforming the clinical approaches to CC management. This review highlights the dual role of the microbiome as both a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and elucidates the potential of nanotechnology in optimising treatment strategies, advocating for further research on microbial interactions in cancer pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Low-salt Food Preparation Demonstration Compared to Routine Health Education on Salt Intake and Blood Pressure among Patients with Hypertension Seeking Care from a Selected Urban Primary Health Centre, Puducherry.","authors":"Shefali Gupta, Swaroop Kumar Sahu, Arivarasan Barathi, Roopmala Gupta, Sharbari Basu","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_272_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_272_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Daily salt consumption is one of the causal factors for hypertension. As per the World Health Organization estimates, 1.28 billion people aged 30-79 years have hypertension worldwide.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a low-salt food preparation demonstration (FPD) in reducing salt intake and blood pressure amongst patients with hypertension.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>It was a pilot parallel-arm non-randomised controlled trial conducted in Puducherry, South India. Eligible participants were patients with hypertension, aged 30-59 years, seeking care at JIPMER Urban Health Centre and involved in home cooking. The data were collected through house-to-house visits. The intervention group (IG) received a low-salt FPD and routine health education (RHE), whereas RHE was given to the control group (CG). Differences-in-difference analysis was performed to assess the mean changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), daily salt intake and household salt consumption (HSC) across the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 130 patients enrolled, 101 (77.6%) were included in the final analysis. Post-intervention, results were statistically significant in both IG and CG for SBP, DBP and HSC. However, the IG showed greater mean reduction in SBP of 2.1 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.0, -0.92), DBP of 2.2 mmHg (95% CI: -3.0, -1.4) and HSC of 112.7 g/day (95% CI: -169.4, -56.1).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants who received FPD reported greater reductions in blood pressure compared to those who received only RHE. Further studies with longer follow-up periods may confirm these findings and provide a better understanding of the impact of such interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Efficacy of a Modified Posteromedial Oblique Incision in the Treatment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Avulsion Fractures: A Single-centre, Single-arm, Prospective Study.","authors":"Zeming Li, Chuanliang Chen, Xifan Zheng, Junling Luo, Hongtao Wang, Jun Yao","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_257_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_257_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a modified posteromedial oblique incision (POI) in the treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fractures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single-centre, single-arm, prospective study. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were collected between September 2022 and June 2024 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. Patients were followed up to the study endpoint, and the safety and efficacy of the POI were inferred by analysing the follow-up data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The angle was 67.20 ± 3.16°, the |OM| was 2.48 ± 0.13 cm, the |ON| was 1.33 ± 0.12 cm. The incision length was statistically significant when compared with the two classic incisions, the 'S' and the inverted 'L' (P < 0.05). The difference in the comparison of KT-1000, Lysholm scores, International Knee joint Documentation Committee scores and posterior drawer test negative rate in pre-surgery and 3 months post-surgery were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The KT-1000 of the normal knee, the normal calf circumference, and the pre-surgery calf circumference were compared with the knee 3 months post-surgery, respectively, and the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Gastrocnemius strength in all patients was determined to be grade 5, which is normal strength.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study has shown that using POI to treat PCL tibial avulsion fractures is safe and effective, because it avoids nearby nerves and blood vessels. Therefore, I believe that the modified POI technique is worthy of being considered for use and has a great potential for application.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Candidates' Performance Pre- and Post-Adoption of Standard Setting in College Examinations between 2016 and 2023.","authors":"Titilope Oyinlola Charles-Eromosele, Oyenike Oyeronke Ekekezie, Patrick Ayodeji Akinyemi, Fatiu Abiola Arogundade","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_180_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_180_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assessment drives candidates' learning and focuses on the main goals and objectives of the course. Over the years, determination of pass scores in medical education has evolved from the arbitrary 50% to the actual determination of the cut-off scores in the standard setting process in order to make a decision to pass/fail candidates presenting for licensure or credentialing purposes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study aimed at assessing and comparing candidates' performance pre- and post-adoption of standard setting in the college. This was a comparative cross-sectional study with a time trend. Examination results of all candidates who registered and sat for examinations in the years 2016-2023 were included in the study. Secondary data from approved results of the various faculties from 2016 to 2023 were used. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 26.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant difference in the mean pass rates pre- and post-adoption of standard setting in the primary examinations (P < 0.001), Part I examinations (P = 0.002) and Part II examinations (P < 0.001) with a higher mean pass rate post-adoption of standard setting.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The increased pass rates in the primary, Part I and Part II examinations post-adoption of standard setting may suggest improved examination performance. There is, however, the need to assess the acquired competencies and skills of the candidates post-certification. The significantly higher mean pass rates post-adoption of standard setting are consequent on improvement in the quality and robustness of items/questions and of the examination processes, brought about by the training and retraining of faculty examiners which preceded the implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"25-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming Oncology: Advancing Cancer Management with Three-dimensional Technology.","authors":"Ankit K Badge, Madhukar Tulshiram Tikas, Nandkishor J Bankar, Obaid Noman","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_11_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_11_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"77-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional Study to Determine the Diagnostic Accuracy of Cytokeratin-19 Immunomarker in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Malignancy with Histopathology as Gold Standard.","authors":"Helena Laishram, Kunda Jagadale, Parineeta Shelke, Reena Bharadwaj","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_3_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_3_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), is the most common endocrine malignancy, with a growing incidence worldwide. Accurate differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules is crucial for appropriate treatment and management. Histopathological analysis is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, but immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers such as cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) have shown potential as valuable diagnostic aids in some cases with equivocal morphological appearances and have diagnostic dilemmas. CK-19 is known to be expressed in higher levels in malignant thyroid lesions, especially PTC.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To study the diagnostic accuracy of CK-19 immunomarker in the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy with histopathology as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present study was carried out in Pathology Department, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Bharati Hospital and Research Centre, Pune. It is a cross sectional, analytical, prospective and retrospective study. A total of 42 cases of thyroid nodules were included. IHC staining for CK-19 was performed on the paraffin-embedded tissue sections of these nodules. CK-19 expression levels were evaluated and compared between malignant and benign lesions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy of CK-19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that CK-19 expression was significantly stronger in malignant thyroid nodules, particularly in PTC, compared to benign nodules. Among the 42 cases included in the analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of CK-19 for detecting malignancy were both 92.9%. The ROC curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.971, indicating excellent diagnostic accuracy (P < 0.0001) with a 95% confidence interval of 0.922-1.000.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CK-19 is a highly sensitive and specific immunomarker for distinguishing malignant thyroid nodules from benign ones, particularly in cases of PTC. The findings support the use of CK-19 as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in routine clinical practice to enhance the accuracy of thyroid cancer diagnosis and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Evan's Index on Normal Brain Computed Tomography Scans of Adults in Delta State Nigeria.","authors":"Beryl Shitandi Ominde, Mamerhi Taniyohwo Enaohwo, Oghenetejiri Denise Ogholo, Joyce Ekeme Ikubor, Precious Oghenefejiro Onogbe, Ogheneyole Jeremiah","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_289_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_289_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The study aimed at establishing the normal Evans index (EI) in adults residing in Delta State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Researchers sought ethical authorisation from a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital in Delta State, where this cross-sectional study was conducted. Computed tomographic images of the brain were retrieved from the hospital's radiological database. Brain computed tomography images of 195 adults (102 males and 93 females) were selected, and their axial slices were retrospectively analysed to determine the maximum width of the frontal horns (MWFHs) and the maximum intracranial transverse diameter (MITD). The ratio of MWFH to MITD was computed as the EI. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27 was employed to evaluate the sex- and age-related differences in the quantitative variables and the association between them. These were regarded significant whenever P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Male patients had larger MITD and MWFH than females (P < 0.05). However, the EI lacked significant sexual variances (P = 0.051). As age increased, the mean EI also significantly increased, although, it did not exceed 0.3; the internationally recognised diagnostic cutoff value. The EI and MWFH showed a weak positive relationship with age, whereas the MITD and age had a weak negative association (P < 0.05). Both EI and MITD had a positive correlation with MWFH (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The normative EI values established in this study provide reliable references than will aid clinicians to accurately diagnose and monitor patients with ventriculomegaly associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus and neurodegenerative disorders, ensuring more effective management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological, Clinical and Paraclinical Profile of Paediatric Malaria at University Hospital Centre Amissa Bongo in Franceville, Gabon.","authors":"Roméo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou, Jean Claude Biteghe-Bi-Essone, Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui, Jean Jordan Ekogha-Ovono, D'Alva Noronha Ingrid Nascimento, Steede Seinnat Ontoua, Cherone Nancy Mbani Mpega Ntigui, Lady Charlène Kouna, Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_200_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_200_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria remains the deadliest parasitic disease and continues to cause more than half a million deaths across the world each year, mainly victims are sub-Saharan children. Malaria is a common reason for paediatric hospitalisation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to characterise malaria and describe the evolution after treatment in the paediatric department of the University Hospital Centre Amissa Bongo de Franceville.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 1 February 2023 to 15 May 2023. A clinical and biological diagnosis was made in febrile children aged from 6 months to 15 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 306 patients were included. The mean age was 50.4 ± 44.3 months, 94.3% had consulted within ≥48 h and self-medication was practiced by 83.3%. The prevalence of malaria was 17.3%. Fever ˃39°8C (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] = 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.32-5.48]; P < 0.01), chills (aOR = 2.14; 95% CI = [1.13-4.11]; P < 0.01) and nausea-vomiting (aOR = 2.03; 95% CI = [1.06-3.83]; P = 0.03) were the factors associated with the occurrence of malaria. The majority of children were treated for simple malaria with artemisinin-based combination therapy. A total of 16/53 was seen in post-therapeutic consultation. Of them, 2 patients had a positive thick drop.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Non-compliance with preventive measures and the misuse of antimalarials further complicate the clinical picture, requiring parenteral management for the most part.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"318-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Prevalence and Patterns of Violence against Healthcare Workers in Nigeria: A Multicentre Study.","authors":"Alphonsus Rukevwe Isara, Zara William Wudiri, Hadiza Abigail Agbo, Luret Albert Lar, Adesuwa Queen Aigbokhaode, Nyemike Simeon Awunor","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_221_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_221_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Nigeria, violence against healthcare has adversely affected the access to and delivery of healthcare services with serious consequences for healthcare workers (HCWs). This study assessed the prevalence and patterns of violence against HCWs in areas of armed conflict, areas of other situation of violence and areas not affected by conflict in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study utilising a mixed method approach comprising both quantitative survey and qualitative data collection methods. All the categories of HCWs in public healthcare facilities participated in the study. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the respective Health and Research Ethics Committees of the respective study sites.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,218 HCWs comprising Borno State, 407 (33.4%), Plateau State, 401 (32.9%) and the Federal Capital Territory 410 (43.7%) were interviewed. The overall prevalence of physical and psychological violence was 16.7% and 62.4%, respectively. Pushing and slapping were the predominant forms of physical violence. Weaponized violence with weapon was the highest in conflict areas. Verbal abuse, threats, bullying and harassment were the predominant forms of psychological violence. The major consequences of violent attacks on the HCWs were lack of job satisfaction, loss of confidence, low self-esteem, decreased productivity and post-traumatic stress disorder.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The overall prevalence of violent attacks on HCWs was high. The perpetrators of violent attacks were mainly patient relatives and patients/clients. The factors predisposing to violent attacks were patients-related issues, service delivery, working conditions of the hospitals, expectations of patient relatives and impatience of hospital staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"299-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}