Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Domestic Resource Mobilisation for Sustainable Healthcare Financing in Nigeria: A Review.","authors":"Amina Idris Bello, Maryam Abimbola Jimoh, Abdul-Rasheed Olalekan Tijani, Hafsat Abolore Ameen","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_213_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_213_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) is vital for achieving sustainable healthcare financing in Nigeria, where dependence on external funding and oil revenues has long hindered health sector progress. The Nigerian healthcare system faces persistent challenges, including inadequate funding, inefficiencies and limited access to essential services, particularly in rural areas. This paper explores the challenges and prospects of DRM as a means of financing healthcare in Nigeria. A Medline search and a search of other internet search engines were carried out for published studies on healthcare financing in Nigeria, Africa and worldwide, we also examined policy documents and healthcare financing data to analyse the potential of DRM in Nigeria. A total of 38 publications were reviewed revealing that mechanisms such as general tax revenue, social insurance systems and community-based health insurance are central to DRM efforts. However, challenges such as inadequate budgetary allocations, corruption, poor database management and the emigration of health workers persist. Despite these obstacles, there are promising prospects, including increased tax revenue, development of the domestic capital market and the potential for sustainable and equitable healthcare financing through public-private partnerships. To harness these opportunities, the Nigerian government must implement effective policies, strengthen governance structures and promote transparency and accountability. DRM offers a promising path towards reducing dependency on external aid and achieving a more resilient and equitable healthcare system in Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"281-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency Medicine as a Medical Speciality in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects.","authors":"Wahab Yinusa","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_139_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_139_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emergency medicine (EM) globally is a new medical speciality when compared with traditional medical specialities such as surgery, obstetrics, gynaecology and internal medicine. It is a medical speciality that deals with the management of acute illnesses and injuries in a timely and result-oriented manner. The International Federation of EM defines it as a field of practice based on the knowledge and care required for the prevention, diagnosis and management of acute and urgent aspects of illness and injury, affecting patients of all age groups with a full spectrum of episodic, undifferentiated physical and behavioural disorders. Two types of EM are recognised: the out-of-hospital emergency medical services (OHEMS) and the in-hospital emergency medical services (IHEMS). OHEMS was introduced into the country in 1998 by the Lagos state government. IHEMS had been in place for much longer, but it was practised in a heterogeneous and substandard manner. The result of the latter is a casualty department with an overwhelming burden of patients and a high mortality rate. The World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution 60.22 of 2007 mandated every member state government to establish and monitor integrated EM care systems; it is therefore expected that the emergency medical services (EMS) in the country would wear a new look. However, anecdotal reports suggest that both OHEMS and IHEMS in the country are rudimentary and there is no strong evidence to show that EM is embraced by all as a medical speciality. The objective of this study is to examine the challenges and prospects of EM as a medical speciality in Nigeria. A review of the past literature searched in Google, Google Scholar, PubMed and African Journal online was conducted. A total of 40 relevant publications in addition to the authors knowledge and exposure in EM supported the information presented in this manuscript. Our study revealed that inadequate funding and ambulance services, nonavailability of trained bystanders, limited infrastructure and skilled manpower, inadequate and inequitable distribution of health resources, lack of standard emergency department, high out-of-pocket expenses and substandard implementation of EMS policies, are factors militating against a functional EMS in the country. In line with the philosophy of WHA resolution72.16 of 2019, it is recommended that the central government should put in place a mechanism for full and sustainable implementation of the NHIA Act (2022), National Emergency Medical Services and Ambulance System (NEMSAS) and the patient's bill of rights and direct the adoption of EM as a medical speciality in all federal and state hospitals. In addition, the central government should create public awareness, improve road networks, provide funding, and establish collaboration with local and international organisations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"346-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral Total Hip and Right Knee Arthroplasty in a Sickle Cell Disease Patient with Multiple Joint Osteonecrosis: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Michael Ebiyon Ugbeye, Kehinde Adesola Alatishe, Chukwuebuka Okezie","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_237_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_237_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with the underlying pathology, resulting in sickling of the red blood cells in deoxygenated conditions. Osteonecrosis is a common orthopaedic manifestation of sickle cell disease, and total joint arthroplasty is the preferred option in managing patients with advanced disease. This article describes bilateral total hip arthroplasty and right total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a 41-year-old woman, a known haemoglobin SS (HBSS) patient who presented to the outpatient clinic of National Orthopaedic Hospital, Igbobi, Lagos, with recurrent bilateral hip and right knee pain of 10-year duration, with associated stiffness, valgus deformity in the knee and severe limitation of function. She had sequential bilateral total hip replacement and right TKA. She had significant improvement in function in the follow-up period. The effectiveness of total hip and knee arthroplasties in HBSS patients with osteonecrosis is well demonstrated in this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"341-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern of Medication Adherence, Spirituality and Viral Load amongst Adult Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Rural Southwest Nigeria.","authors":"Moronkeji Temitope Olanrewaju, Olatutu Ololade Olanrewaju, Azeez Oyemomi Ibrahim, Tope Michael Ipinnimo, Paul Oladapo Ajayi, Oluwafunmilayo Kehinde Sito","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_176_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_176_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Previous studies have been conducted on medication adherence in Southwest Nigeria, but none of these has reported the relationship between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence, spirituality and viral load (VL) amongst people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, especially in rural settings of Southwestern Nigeria. This study assessed the pattern of medication adherence, spirituality and VL and ascertained the association of socio-demographics and spirituality on medication adherence amongst patients on HAART in rural Southwestern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 321 consented patients on HAART who were recruited by systematic sampling technique at the adult HIV clinic. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire that assessed participants' socio-demographic profiles, medication adherence and spirituality. Their blood samples were collected and their VLs were determined. The data were analysed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression was done to identify the independent predictors of medication adherence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of the respondents reported a medium level of medication adherence (66.4%), a high level of spirituality (68.8%) and a low level of VL (67.3%). Amongst variables that had a statistically significant association with medication adherence were being educated, married, divorced, separated or widowed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, persons with high spirituality were 2.6 times more likely to be adherent to antiretroviral drugs when compared to persons with low spirituality (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was shown that high spirituality is a positive predictor of medication adherence amongst patients on HAART. It, therefore, suggests that efforts deployed to improve the spirituality of these patients would most likely improve their medication adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"290-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported Myopia in Trinidad and Tobago: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Ngozika Esther Ezinne, Michael Agyemang Kwarteng, Selassie Tagoh, Arian Jagroo, Darnell Martin","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_201_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_201_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported myopia in Trinidad and Tobago.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was a cross-sectional design, and data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire from January to April 2024. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants aged 15 and above to participate. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the variables and the Chi-square test was used to assess for associations (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 350 participated in the study giving a response rate of 91.15%. Majority of the participants were female (n = 197, 56.3%), mixed race (n = 126, 36%), resided in urban areas (n = 172, 49.4%) and aged 18-35 years (n = 168, 48.3%). The prevalence of myopia was 40.9% and the prevalence was significantly associated with age group, ethnicity, level of education and religion (P < 0.05). Myopia was associated with family history, lifestyle, use of spectacles, daily use of computers, near work, outdoor activities, sleeping and having a father or mother with myopia (All P < 0.05). In addition, ocular diseases such as cataracts and glaucoma were among the most frequent reported conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The myopia prevalence observed in our study validates age-related trends, offers estimates across diverse age groups, and reveals a significant association between myopia rates and family history, with a self-reported myopia rate higher than clinical testing surveys but in line with global prevalence reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"311-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Series of Diagnostic Challenges in Mycosis Fungoides in Resource-poor Settings: Blood Film Examination - A Useful Tool.","authors":"Erere Otrofanowei, Ayesha Omolara Akinkugbe, Yusuf Adetomiwa Adelabu, Olusola Olabisi Ayanlowo","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_48_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_48_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prognosis/mortality rate in mycosis fungoides (MF)/cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) is alarming in resource-poor countries due to delayed diagnosis in meeting recognised criteria. We highlight the diagnostic accuracy of examining peripheral blood films (PBFs). We reviewed clinically diagnosed MF/CTCL cases in the Dermatology Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital between January and October 2022 and analysed clinical, haematological and histology findings. Eight patients (male:female = 5:3) between 35 and 68 years had blood films with characteristic Sezary cells of <5%. Flow cytometry (FC) in 1 (12.5%) was inconclusive, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on skin/lymph nodes in 5 (62.5%) was highly suggestive or confirmatory. Three patients had no biopsy. Patients had methotrexate, phototherapy (±psoralen) and systemic steroids with varying improvements. Since immunophenotyping (FC or IHC) is lacking in resource-poor countries or low- and middle-income countries, Sezary cells in PBF of clinically diagnosed patients with MF/CTCL should prompt treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"337-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of Standard setting in the Assessment of Examinations in a Postgraduate Medical College: Opinions, Experiences and Prospects.","authors":"Oyenike Oyeronke Ekekezie, Titilope Oyinlola Charles-Eromosele, Foluke Adenike Olatona, Emmanuel Nwabueze Aguwa","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_132_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_132_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The world over, there has been a paradigm shift in medical education from the traditional curriculum to Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME), of which the application of standard setting in assessments is an integral part. Standard setting is the process used to define an acceptable level of performance and to establish a pass score for the defined levels of performance in the competency domains assessed by an examination.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study was designed to assess the opinions and experiences of key judges for implementation of standard setting and to outline its prospects from their perspective.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study on the opinions, experiences and prospects for standard setting in the assessment of college examinations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total population survey of Faculty Officers for the year 2024.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>Descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 27.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The use of an arbitrary 50% pass mark was not supported as 80% of the respondents felt it was neither just nor equitable; 84% opined that it will not correctly separate competent from incompetent candidates and 76% felt it was not defensible. Over 90% of the respondents supported the shift to standard setting, though 31% and 51%, respectively, believed that it was difficult to implement and strenuous. Training and retraining of faculty and examiners was advocated by 98% of the respondents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Standard setting is more appropriate in determining true competence than using arbitrary pass scores. Training and retraining of faculty and examiners is required to improve understanding of the process and concepts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"331-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury at a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria.","authors":"Omotayo Abimbola Ojo, Jennifer Chukwuamaka Okei, OyinOluwa Gloria Adaramola, Shakiru Olabisi Olajide, Opeyemi Mercy Awofeso, Chukwuemeka Abraham Agbarakwe, Bruno Jeneru Arekhandia, Bukola Samuel Owolabi, Abidat Adedamola Ashimi, Zaynab Oyindamola Solahudeen","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_61_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_61_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is devastating to the victims, and an understanding of its prevalence, the demography and the causes help reduce the incidence and outcome. Adequate knowledge of such helps in developing preventive and management protocols in the region. The study aims to document the presentation and challenges of TBI in our centre.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional design was conducted at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Only adult (≥18 years) patients were recruited consecutively from the emergency room following a diagnosis of TBI. Data were obtained with the aid of a study pro forma which recorded participants' sociodemographic information, pre-hospital indices and clinical examination/investigations. Imaging findings, surgical information and follow-up findings were also recorded. Data obtained were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 125 TBI patients with male:female of 8:1 were recruited over 12 months. The mean age was 40.8 years standard deviation ± 16.86. Only 9 patients (7.2%) had health insurance. Eighty-four (67.2%) patients had TBI from road traffic accidents (RTAs). Fall from heights, assaults, industrial accidents and gunshots contributed 16%, 9.6%, 5.6% and 1.6% of patients' injuries respectively. One hundred and fourteen (91.2%) were brought to the hospital by non-healthcare workers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RTAs remain the most common cause of TBI. Majority of the populace cannot afford the cost of TBI management. The scope of national health insurance needs to be broadened to help victims at the points of need.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 4","pages":"325-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Exploratory Case-Control Study for Mitochondrial DNA G10398A in Bipolar I Disorder Patients with a Family History of Affective Disorders.","authors":"Rajan Mishra, Rizwana Quraishi, Raman Deep, Raka Jain","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_119_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_119_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) G10398A polymorphism has been associated with bipolar disorder (BD). It leads to an amino acid substitution within NADH dehydrogenase subunit, thereby altering the mitochondrial complex I function. This exploratory case-control study assesses the association of mtDNA G10398A with the risk of BD and its relationship to clinical variables in Indian patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cases met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnosis of BD-I in remission and had a family history of BD or recurrent unipolar disorder in biological relatives. The healthy controls (HC) had no known illness and were screened negative for Family Interview for Genetic Studies. Participants were assessed using Clinical Pro forma, NIMH-Life Chart Method and Alda lithium response scale. The mtDNA G10398A was assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 82 participants were recruited across cases and controls, with 42 patients (50% with maternal history) and 40 healthy individuals with similar demographic profiles. The mean age of onset was 25.16 (standard deviation [SD] 7.6) years, with illness for 11.59 years (SD: 7.18). Allele A was found in 50% of cases compared to 32.5% HC (odds ratio = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-5.09). Findings remain non-significant for patients with maternal mood disorders (allele A: 38.9%; 21/42). Cases with allele G had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.008) than those with allele A.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study adds information on mtDNA 10398A amongst Indian patient samples and healthy individuals. No significant group difference was found with respect to mtDNA G10398A. The positive association of allele G with higher BMI has potential clinical relevance that can be further investigated in larger samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 3","pages":"234-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with the Outcome of 2023 Diphtheria Outbreak in Jigawa State, Nigeria: A Retrospective Review of the Surveillance Data.","authors":"Usman Muhammad Ibrahim, Salisu Muazu Babura, Sunday Audu, Abba Ahmed Danzomo, Faruk Abdullahi Namadi, Musa Mahadi Made, Sadiq Hassan Ringim, Saidu Yusuf, Usman L Shehu, Rabiu Ibrahim Jalo, Rayyan Muhammad Garba, Fatimah Ismail-Tsiga Ahmed, Kabiru Abdulsalam, Nuruddeen Muhammad, Abubakar Mohammed Jibo","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_96_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_96_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the outcome of the 2023 diphtheria outbreak in Jigawa State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted amongst all line-listed diphtheria cases reported from Jigawa State, Nigeria, using the 2023 Integrated Disease and Surveillance Response line list of cases that met the World Health Organization case definition of diphtheria. A total of 245 line-listed cases from January 2023 to December 2023 met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 22.0 with a P value set at ≤5%. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictors of the outcome of the 2023 outbreak.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The maximum age of the line-listed cases was 39 years, and the minimum was 1 year with a median of 8 (interquartile range = 5-8) years. More than two-thirds (68.2%) of the cases were ≥5 years of age. More than one-third of the cases (39.6%) were from the northeast senatorial zone of the state. Out of the total 245 cases, 14 died of the disease representing a case fatality rate of 6%, and an attack rate of 3.4 per 100,000 populations. The majority of the cases (95.5%) had fever, cough (81.2%), pharyngitis (86.9%), tonsillitis (96.7%) and laryngitis (82.0%). More diphtheria-related mortalities were recorded amongst cases <5 years of age (7.7%), female cases (5.9%), rural residence (7.7%) and cases from the northeast senatorial zone (8.2%) of the state. Significantly higher mortalities (8.8%, P = 0.003) were recorded amongst cases with nasopharyngitis. The odds of diphtheria-related mortality were higher amongst cases who presented clinically with nasopharyngitis and were 4 times more likely to die (adjusted odds ratio = 3.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-14.3) compared with those with no nasopharyngitis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significantly higher mortalities were recorded amongst diphtheria cases whose samples were not taken, and those with nasopharyngitis. These findings underscored the importance of improved immunisation uptake, early and prompt case detection, investigation and proper management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"31 3","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}