Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Hoarseness in a nigerian tertiary health facility: Prevalence, aetiology and predisposing factors.","authors":"Foluso Mercy Adeyeye, Kufre Robert Iseh, Mohammed Abdullahi","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_184_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_184_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the prevalence, aetiology and predisposing factors in patients presenting with hoarseness to Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was a prospective, hospital-based study involving patients with hoarseness ≥7 years. Demographic characteristics and information on voice abuse, smoking, alcohol ingestion and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were taken. Participants had laryngeal endoscopy using a flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy to determine the cause of hoarseness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A prevalence of 2.97% was obtained in the study, and the age range of participants was 7 to 78 years, with a male:female ratio of 1.3:1. The most common cause of hoarseness was laryngeal inflammation 38 (40.0%), followed by benign neoplasm 24 (25.3%) , malignancy 20 (21.1%) and trauma 10 (10.5%). Voice abuse, GERD and smoking were significant predisposing factors for benign neoplasm (χ² = 8.73; P = 0.0031), inflammation (χ² = 19.79; P < 0.0001) and malignancy of the larynx (χ² = 10.66; P = 0.0011), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study showed that acute and chronic laryngeal infection and neoplasms (benign and malignant) of the larynx were the most common causes of hoarseness. Voice abuse, smoking and GERD were the commonest predisposing factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40655259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiving in a tertiary health institution in North Central Nigeria: Support types and financial burden","authors":"O. Akande, M. Fasiku, O. A. Bolarinwa, T. Akande","doi":"10.1101/2022.07.04.22276588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.04.22276588","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Caregivers play an important role in informal patient management. Identification of the support types and the financial challenges faced by caregivers will provide information on strategies to ease this burden. This study aimed to describe the support types and financial burden amongst caregivers in a tertiary hospital in North Central Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst caregivers of inpatients in a tertiary hospital in North Central Nigeria. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire and were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences package version 23. Results were reported in frequencies and proportions and presented in prose, tables and charts. Results: A total of 400 caregivers were recruited. The mean age was 38.32 ± 12.82 years and most (66.0%) were females. Caregivers supported their patients by running errands (96.3%) and 85.3% reported caregiving as stressful. The reported errands were purchase of medications (92.3%), supply of non-medical needs (63.3%), submission of laboratory samples and collection of results (52.3%) and service payment (47.5%). About two-thirds (63.2%) reported loss of income while caregiving and about half (50.8%) provided financial support to the patients. Conclusion: This study suggests that majority of caregivers experience significant physical and financial burden while caregiving. This burden can be eased off by the simplification of payment and laboratory processes and employment of more staff to support patients admitted to the wards. The financial burden experienced by caregivers reinforces the need to encourage more Nigerians to enrol in a health insurance scheme.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44332259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nigeria in the COVID era: Health system strengthening for national security and prosperity.","authors":"Olumuyiwa O Odusanya","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_106_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_106_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coronavirus disease-19 pandemic has spread to all parts of the world. As of 20 May 2022, over 500 million confirmed cases have occurred with over 6 million deaths. In Nigeria, over 255,000 cases have occurred with more than 3000 deaths. The pandemic has adversely affected virtually all aspects of human endeavour, with a severe impact on the health system. The Nigerian health system was ill prepared for the pandemic, and this further weakened it. The impacts of the pandemic on the health system include disruption of health services, low motivation of the health workforce, unresponsive leadership and poor funding. The national response, though initially weak, was ramped up to expand capacity building, testing, public enlightenment, creation of isolation and treatment centres and research. The funding for the national response was from the government, private sector and multilateral donors. Nigeria must comprehensively strengthen its health system through motivating and building the capacity of its human resources for health, improved service delivery and provision of adequate funding, to be better prepared against future pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40639025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of skeletal-related events in hormone-naive prostate cancer in a low resource setting.","authors":"Fredrick Obiefuna Ugwumba,&nbsp;Ikenna Ifeanyi Nnabugwu,&nbsp;Agharighom David Okoh,&nbsp;Kevin Ndubuisi Echetabu,&nbsp;Okechukwu Onwuasoigwe,&nbsp;Ekeoma Okey Nwosu","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_70_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_70_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Presentation with symptoms of advanced prostate cancer is prevalent in developing societies. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of and factors associated with skeletal-related events (SREs) at presentation with hormone-naïve prostate cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Records of 331 consecutive prostate cancer patients from January 2009 to April 2018 were reviewed. The prevalence of SRE at the presentation was determined. In addition, the relationships between SRE and age of patient, duration of clinical features, serum total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) and biopsy Gleason score (GS) at presentation were evaluated. Analyses were done with IBM SPSS® version 25.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age was 69.8 ± 8.0 years. While 43.8% of patients had lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) only, 51.4% had LUTS and other features of disease progression. Only 2.1% of the cases were confirmed from screen detection of elevated serum tPSA. SREs were observed in 11.8% at first presentations with hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Symptom duration (odds ratio [OR] 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-0.99; P = 0.02), anaemia that could not be attributed to gross haematuria or external blood loss (OR 9.6; 95% CI 3.12-29.52; P < 0.001) and transrectal biopsy GS (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.17-2.22; P = 0.003 ) were significantly associated with SREs at presentation with hormone-naïve prostate cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence exists that patients who present with SREs from more aggressive prostate cancers may have had more rapid symptom progression, but not a longer delay before presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40641555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria: A health systems building block approach.","authors":"Mcking Izeiza Amedari,&nbsp;Eyitope O Ogunbodede,&nbsp;Omolara G Uti,&nbsp;Adetayo O Aborisade,&nbsp;Ifeoma Katerine Amedari","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_127_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_127_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The present study aimed to describe the building blocks of the oral health system, including the role that the community plays in strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This research was a scoping review of the existing literature retrieved from search engines and databases. Thus, we utilised grey literature, peer-reviewed literature, policy documents and websites. The oral health system was analysed using the World Health Organisation's Health systems framework, and we adapted this framework by introducing a seventh block, community participation. We also inserted the links between the oral health service delivery and oral health workforce blocks of the framework to improve the oral health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More dental clinics are required to improve the availability and accessibility of oral health services. Dental workforce expansion is imperative. This can be approached by training of junior cadre dental professionals and incorporating community health practitioners to deliver basic oral care. There is an unregulated access to medication to treat dental conditions; hence, oral disease treatments need to be included in the country's treatment guidelines to improve standard of care. The government needs to improve on overall health spending and invariably increase oral health care allocation urgently. Furthermore, the country's stewardship of oral health care is hinged on well disseminated and implemented national policies on oral health. The oral health system can achieve its overall goals with community participation, engagement and ownership.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria requires urgent attention on each building block and cross-cutting interventions across the system's building blocks. The role of the community will need to be recognised because it is vital in sustaining any organisational change.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40639023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbapenemase producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>: Environmental reservoirs as primary targets for control and prevention strategies.","authors":"Ifeyinwa Nkeiruka Nwafia,&nbsp;Anthony Chibuogwu Ike,&nbsp;Ibuchukwu Nkeonyenasoya Orabueze,&nbsp;Walter Chukwuma Nwafia","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_95_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_95_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) have become one of the greatest public health challenges globally. In the past decade, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was viewed as a clinical problem in many parts of the world; hence, the role and magnitude of the contribution of the environment were not well appreciated. This review article was done with online published articles extracted from different databases using search terms related to the work. Evidence has shown that there exists the presence of carbapenemase genes in the environment, consequently fuelling the dissemination with alarming consequences. CPE when acquired causes life-threatening infections in humans. The health and economic impact of these infections are numerous, including treatment failure due to limited therapeutic options which hamper the containment of infectious diseases, further contaminating the environment and worsening the public health challenge. It is a well-known fact that the rate of emergence of resistant genes has outpaced the production of new antimicrobial agents, so it is pertinent to institute effective environmental measures to combat the spread of AMR organisms before it will completely gain a foothold and take us back to 'the pre-antibiotic era'. Environmental sources and reservoirs of resistant genes should therefore be amongst the primary targets for the control and prevention of the spread of resistant genes in the environment. This calls for the effective implementation of the 'one health' strategy with stakeholders committed to the design and enforcement of environmental mitigation policies and guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40639024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of kidney dysfunction in patients with acute stroke and the relationship with the type, severity and outcome.","authors":"Abdul-Karim Olayinka Shitu,&nbsp;Adewale Akinsola,&nbsp;Olugbenga Edward Ayodele,&nbsp;Olajide Feyisara Bademosi","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_34_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_34_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Kidney dysfunction is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including stroke. The study aimed at assessing the frequency of kidney dysfunction in patients with acute stroke and to evaluate the relationship to the type, severity and outcome of stroke. To establish a relationship, which has not been explained in past studies.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional analytical study on acute stroke patients and matched controls, evaluating for kidney dysfunction using both estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the spot urine protein creatinine ratio. The type of stroke was observed by neuroimaging. The National Institute of Health Stroke Score was used to assess the severity of stroke at presentation and outcome after 7 days. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) application version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>: Ninety-eight patients and 100 controls were recruited, with a mean age of 64.7 ± 15.5 and 64.8 ± 15.1 years, respectively. The patients with stroke had a statistically significant higher frequency of kidney dysfunction compared to the controls (85.9% vs. 62.0%, P ≤ 0.001). Patients with haemorrhagic stroke had a higher frequency of kidney dysfunction compared with those with ischaemic stroke (93.8% vs. 77.3%, P = 0.048). The proportion of patients with kidney dysfunction was seen to increase from those with mild to those with severe stroke symptoms, both at presentation and after 7 days. Estimated GFR was seen to be an independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with stroke (odds ratio 0.955, 95% confidence interval 0.924 - 0.986, P = 0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated that in patients with acute stroke there is a high frequency of kidney dysfunction. Haemorrhagic stroke, increasing stroke severity and poor outcome were seen to be associated with kidney dysfunction. Thus, recommending the need for kidney care as an important part of stroke management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40639028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile phone usage among Nigerians: Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries and preventive strategies.","authors":"Sunday Rufus Akinbo,&nbsp;Ayoola Ibifubara Aiyegbusi,&nbsp;Udoka Arinze Okafor,&nbsp;Oluwaseyi Jessy Balogun","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_92_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_92_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The increase in the usage of hand-held devices (HHDs) and smartphones (SPs), especially in Nigeria has resulted in an upsurge of musculoskeletal complaints. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries due to mobile phone usage among Nigerians and the preventive strategies.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study involved 630 male and female participants above 18 years old who were purposively recruited across designated study centres in public places. The instrument used was a questionnaire specifically designed to suit the Nigerian culture and environment and developed from previously validated questionnaires. Data were exported to Statistical Computing Programming R version 4.0.5 for analysis and Chi-square was used to compare the characteristics of those who experienced injury using SPs/HHDS and those who did not. Independent variables with a 95% confidence level and P < 0.05 in the multivariate model were considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common daily use of SPs/HHDS by the participants was phone calls (98.4%) followed closely by social networking (96.0%) while the occupation and educational level of the participants had statistically significant (P < 0.05) impact on musculoskeletal injuries. The type of mobile device and the time spent using these devices were also significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for injuries. Some self-treatment strategies adopted by the participants were all significantly (P < 0.05) associated with reduction of musculoskeletal discomfort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The occupation, educational level, the types of mobile devices and time spent using the devices were risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40639029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common hepatitis B virus genotypes among blood donors in Lagos, Nigeria.","authors":"Ebele I Uche,&nbsp;Nwakaego E Chukwukaodinaka,&nbsp;Akinsegun A Akinbami,&nbsp;Oluwatosin I Adeyemi,&nbsp;Aderonke O Hassan,&nbsp;Rafah A Bamiro,&nbsp;Ismaila Nda Ibrahim,&nbsp;Aisha M Suleiman,&nbsp;Benjamin Augustine,&nbsp;Doris Chinyelu Anaduaka","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_19_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_19_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the public health diseases causing global health problems. It is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Blood transfusion is a major route of its transmission and screening of blood is suboptimal in our environment. Occult HBV infection describes the presence of HBV DNA in blood or liver tissue in patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seronegative. This study documented the common genotypes of HBV a blood-borne infection in the population of blood donors in Lagos.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the blood donor clinics of ten Lagos State Government-owned hospitals in Lagos State. A total of 1400 participants were recruited consecutively from November 2020 to June 2021. All participants' samples were screened using Diaspot Rapid Test Kit (RTK) and Dialabenzyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Furthermore, some of the plasma samples were used for HBV DNA extraction and genotyping using the real time-polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26 and P value was considered significant at ≤0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sero-prevalence of HBsAg using RTK and ELISA was 19.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The prevalence of occult HBV infection was 5.2%. A total of 278 and 313 HBsAg RTK and ELISA positive samples were obtained, respectively. HBV genotype result had A (46.6%) as the most prevalent followed closely by B (44.7%), E (23.8%), D (20.9%) and C (11.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HBV infection has a high prevalence among blood donors. ELISA is a more sensitive screening tool and its use should be advocated nationally. HBV genotype A is the most prevalent genotype from our study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40641111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The risk factors and pattern of traumatic dental injuries in 10-12-year olds in Kano, Nigeria.","authors":"Chizoba Chineme Okolo,&nbsp;Folakemi A Oredugba,&nbsp;Obafunke O Denloye,&nbsp;Yewande Isabella Adeyemo","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_145_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_145_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) rank among the most common conditions in children and adolescents. Nigerian dental trauma data are largely based on studies that were conducted in the southern parts of Nigeria. This study was designed to identify the risk factors and the pattern of TDIs among school-age children in northern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of the study was to identify the risk factors for and to determine the pattern of dental injuries among 10-12-year-old males in Kano, northern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Six hundred and ninety-six 10-12-year olds were selected through a multistage sampling of school children, street children and rehabilitated children in Kano and examined for TDIs using the WHO protocols. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20. Statistical significance was considered when P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six hundred and ninety-four 10-12-year olds participated in the study; The prevalence of TDIs was 6.6%. Being a street-child was associated with 30% higher risk for dental injuries (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60 - 3.1; P = 0.48), whereas living as a rehabilitated street child (aOR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.19 - 0.88; P = 0.02) and older age were associated with a reduced risk (aOR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.39 - 1.01; P = 0.06) to injuries. The most common type of trauma was enamel-dentine injuries or Ellis II, and the most common cause was falls. Street children and low-age groups had more single-tooth injuries (85.7% and 85.0%, respectively). The commonly injured teeth were the maxillary right and left central incisors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Living on the street and young age were associated with the likelihood for injuries in male adolescents in Kano. The maxillary central incisors were the commonly affected teeth.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40641556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}