Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Viral Infections among Hospitalised Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Tertiary Hospital in Turkey: Relationship with Non-pharmaceutical Interventions.","authors":"Ilkay Özgen Sari, Leyla Gizem Bolaç Özyilmaz, Ezgi Günyüz Türe, Tanyeli Güneyligil Kazaz, Aysu Türkmen Karaağaç, Sirin Güven","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_6_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_6_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>During the COVID-19 pandemic, before vaccines were available, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as masks and hand hygiene were crucial in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, various respiratory viruses continued to infect paediatric patients. This study aimed to detect viral pathogens using respiratory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel among hospitalised paediatric patients during the pandemic, compare these findings with pre-pandemic data and assess the impact of NPIs.</p><p><strong>Subject and methods: </strong>From October 2022 to December 2022, 138 out of 345 hospitalised paediatric patients with respiratory infections were included in this retrospective cohort study. The patients were divided into three age groups: <1 year, 1-5 years and 5-18 years 0-12, 12-60 and 60-216 months, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the hospitalisation duration, pathogens and laboratory values across these groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCR tests were positive in 89 patients (64.5%) and negative in 49 patients (35.5%). Human bocavirus (HBoV) was the only pathogen showing significant age-related differences, with higher detection in the 13-60 month age group. Patients with HBoV and RSV had notably longer hospital stays.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found that HBoV, a small, non-enveloped virus, was more easily transmitted than enveloped viruses like SARS-CoV-2, as it can bypass FFP2 masks. Therefore, NPIs should be designed to target both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses to effectively manage epidemics and pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Cancer Preventive Vaccines among Undergraduate Medical Students.","authors":"Prithvi B Petkar, Rahul S Baghel, Harshal G Mendhe","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_13_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_13_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In many different contexts, cancer vaccination, either by itself or in conjunction with screening has demonstrated potential in lowering the incidence and cancer-attributed mortality.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The current study was performed with the objectives to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical students in central India regarding cancer preventive vaccination and to assess the extent of coverage of vaccination and the factors affecting the acceptance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among medical students.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive study of 2 months duration was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital of a university in Central India among 208 undergraduate medical students. Systematic random sampling was used to select the study participants from different professional years. A semi-structured, validated and pilot-tested questionnaire (Google Forms) was used to collect the data. The collected data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Descriptive analysis was done using mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, while frequency and percentages were calculated for categorical variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the students was 19.15 ± 1.14 years, of which 71 (34.1%) were males and 137 (65.9%) were females. It has been reported that 136 (65.3%) were aware of cancer preventive vaccines, while 169 (81.2%) students knew that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among females in India. Moreover, 144 (69.2%) of the students felt that the person who has received these cancer preventive vaccines can still develop cancer. Most of the students felt that vaccinated individuals could still develop cancer. Reasons for non-acceptance included high cost, fear of complications and uncertainty about vaccine efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To conclude, medical students did not have sufficient understanding of cancer prevention vaccination in nearly every area. Students rarely get the cancer preventive vaccine and have a reluctant attitude about them. Vaccination coverage is quite low and a variety of reasons, including misunderstandings, have affected medical students' acceptance of the HPV vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Extremely Rare Case of Gastroptosis Treated Successfully with Itopride in a Patient with Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Kübra Yildiz Cömert, Alper Tuna Güven","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_62_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_62_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A rare condition known as gastroptosis causes the major curvature of the stomach to shift downward and towards the pelvis. While some are asymptomatic, others experience symptoms. Cross-sectional imaging, or barium X-rays, are diagnostic. The main treatment strategy is conservative, and gastric motility stimulants, including dopamine antagonists, are the mainstay of the treatment. Herein, we describe an elderly patient with multimorbidity, polypharmacy and Parkinson's disease admitted to our clinic with nausea, vomiting and unintentional weight loss complaints who was diagnosed with gastroptosis and treated successfully with itopride, a dopamine antagonist, without worsening Parkinson's disease. This exceedingly rare condition should be kept in mind in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms whose initial diagnostic search is unrevealing. Although the presence of Parkinson's disease casts doubt on the use of dopamine antagonists, itopride has a very low central nervous system (CNS) pass and CNS-related side effects. Moreover, the absence of effective and safe measures other than dopaminergic antagonists and interventional methods renders their use compulsory.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"157-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nursing-Led Pain Management: Impact on Patient Satisfaction Following Abdominal Surgery.","authors":"Hezil Reema Barboza, Amar Sunil Lobo, M S Moosabba, Fatima Dsilva, Balakrishna Gurmitkal","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_324_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_324_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The post-operative phase is critical among patients who are vulnerable to complications due to psychological and physiological stress. The quality of nursing care provided during this period can directly influence the post-operative outcomes.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions on post-operative pain and satisfaction among patients undergoing abdominal surgery.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A quantitative approach was used for the study to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions on post-operative pain and satisfaction among patients undergoing abdominal surgery in a tertiary care hospital in Mangaluru. Patients in the experimental group were given pre-operative health education and were asked to listen to their preferred music. Post-operative pain and patient satisfaction were assessed in both study groups at different time points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of the study participants in the experimental (62.0%) and treatment-as-usual groups (63.4%) were aged between 41 and 60 years. In the experimental group, the majority (56%) of them were interested in listening to instrumental music, and the remaining participants (44%) were interested in nature sounds. Pain scores significantly decreased in the experimental group than in the treatment-as-usual group. There was a statistically significant difference in the patient satisfaction scores between the study groups (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nurses should develop better strategies and protocols in nursing practice for the assessment of the pre-operative needs of the patient and incorporate various evidence-based interventions to improve pain management and satisfaction among patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"115-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Health Interventions to Optimise the Management of Electronic Waste.","authors":"Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava, Prateek Sudhakar Bobhate, Harshal Gajanan Mendhe","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_1_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_1_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises electronic devices and equipment and has become a cause of global public health concern. The objectives of the current article are to identify the health implications of e-waste, enumerate the current practices and limitations in the disposal of e-waste, and propose public health interventions to overcome these potential challenges. E-waste poses a significant risk to the health of people and the environment. The safe disposal of e-waste has been plagued with multiple challenges, and these must be overcome to safeguard human and environmental health. Acknowledging the huge load of e-waste that has been generated and the hazardous consequences on human and environmental health, there is an immense need to implement a comprehensive package of public health interventions to mitigate the impact. In conclusion, improper handling of e-waste has resulted in harmful health hazards to workers, nearby communities and the environment. The need of the hour is to adopt coordinated global efforts to promote safe and sustainable disposal of e-waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"71-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Common Microorganisms Present in the Intensive Care Unit of Federal Teaching Hospital Owerri, Southeast Nigeria: A Prospective, Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Iheanyi Ihunanya Anokwute, Regina Ugochi Onwudiwe, Ebe Kalu, Chukwuma Grant Madubuko, Chinyere Theresa Egbulem, Edwin Chinaka Eluchie","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_245_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_245_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces in the intensive care unit (ICU) and subsequent cross-transmission of the microorganisms may play a significant role in ICU-acquired infections.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The study aimed to evaluate the common organisms in the ICU and their sensitivity profile.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institution's Health Research and Ethics Committee. Sampling involved all the equipment and furniture with which the health workers and patients have greater contact within the ICU and also the air. Sample collection was done using the open plate method for air and the swab method for the surfaces of equipment and furniture. Microbial growths were isolated using the standard bacteriological methods such as lactose fermentation and gram stain while antibiotic sensitivity was achieved with the disc diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 66 samples were collected and 36 (54.5%) yielded microbial growth, 4 (11.1%) were by open plate method, and 32 (88.9%) by swab method. 27 (61.4%) of the isolates were Gram-negative organisms while 9 (20.5%) were Gram-positive organisms. Escherichia coli was the most dominant isolate 26 (59.1%) followed by Staphylococcus spp. 9 (20.5%), fungi 8 (18.2%), and Klebsiella spp. 1 (2.3%). All the isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone/sulbactam and ofloxacin, but they were resistant to augmentin, cefixime, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, erythromycin, azithromycin, and gentamycin. However, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and imipenem were effective with all the isolates except Klebsiella.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The bacteria contamination rate in the ICU was relatively high, mostly by Gram-negative organisms. Frequent profiling and sensitivity testing of the microbial load in the ICU are advocated to guide treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement in Microbiology Education: An Innovative Approach of Integrating Three-dimensional Holography Imaging Technology with Scanning Electron Microscopy.","authors":"Ankit K Badge, Maithili N Bankar, Nandkishor J Bankar, Vaishnavi H Mishra","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_48_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_48_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"79-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitating Access to Pharmaceutical Care in Rural and Remote Communities by Strengthening Telepharmacy.","authors":"Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava, Prateek Sudhakar Bobhate, Arief Wibawa","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_23_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_23_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People living in rural, remote and underserved geographical locations are considered vulnerable for many reasons, including their inability to access essential medications at times of need for their ailments. The objectives of the article are to establish the necessity of telepharmacy, identify the existing challenges in the implementation and propose potential solutions to overcome these challenges. Telepharmacy refers to providing pharmaceutical care with the help of digital technology and telecommunication to persons who cannot access pharmacists physically. This becomes crucial in reducing healthcare disparities as we can ensure equitable access to pharmaceutical care for those in remote settings. Even though telepharmacy has a broad scope and massive utility in reducing healthcare disparities, multiple challenges have been reported in the process of implementation. In conclusion, telepharmacy is an approach to bridge the existing gaps in healthcare delivery, enabling patients to receive holistic pharmaceutical services irrespective of their geographical location. Acknowledging the merits of the approach, there is an indispensable need to address the existing challenges to enable the successful implementation and sustenance of these measures in remote communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"68-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated Heart Disease in Nigerian Children: A Persistent and Difficult Clinical Challenge.","authors":"Ijeoma Ogugua Arodiwe","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_319_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_319_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart disease is one of the end organ damages noticed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. Its incidence globally is 20%-40%. At least 300,000 children were newly infected as of 2020 in Nigeria. This review highlights the prevalence and management challenges of childhood HIV-associated heart disease in a developing country. A search for published data on HIV-associated heart disease was done through several search engines. Keywords such as 'HIV', 'heart disease', 'HAART', 'end organ involvement in HIV', 'echocardiography' and 'children' were used. The global prevalence of HIV-associated heart disease ranged from 38.2% to 75.9%. This includes left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (30.7%-36.4%); mean mitral valve peak E/A ratio 2.09 ± 0.46, Deceleration time (DT) 230.66 ± 36.27 ms and in vitro release test 110.40 ± 10.12 ms were higher in these children than controls (P < 0.001). LV systolic dysfunction was seen in 33.7%-35.4%, dilated cardiomyopathy (6.8%-33.7%) and pericardial effusion (4.5%-14.5%). Other cardiac abnormalities were LV hypertrophy, 7.5%-10%. Management challenges include a dearth of two-dimensional echocardiographic competence in Nigeria, as services are unavailable in some tertiary centres. The comorbidity with anaemia and low systemic vascular resistance from diarrhoeal disease in these children makes diuretics difficult to use. HIV-associated heart disease is one of the common end organ involvements in children with some management challenges. There is a need for routine screening for cardiovascular abnormality at baseline and at follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"14-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noonan Syndrome Associated with a Patent Foramen Ovale.","authors":"Oyewole Adebiyi Kushimo, Ogochukwu Jidechukwu Sokunbi, Festus Ibe, Ayodeji S Adekolade","doi":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_294_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/npmj.npmj_294_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder characterised by abnormalities of the facial, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Pulmonary stenosis is the most common abnormality seen. We describe a 48-year-old male with clinical features of Noonan syndrome, and severe pulmonary stenosis with cyanosis. A long-standing history of effort intolerance was noted since childhood. The cause of cyanosis was unclear since an initial echo did not reveal an obvious shunt by Doppler imaging. An agitated saline contrast study performed confirmed a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with right to left shunting. PFO should be suspected and screened for in patients with Noonan syndrome and unexplained cyanosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"74-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}