{"title":"Polarization anisotropy in absorption enhanced modulation transfer spectroscopy and laser locking for Rb D<sub>1</sub> line.","authors":"Wenlei Zhao, Xinxiu Zhou, Wenxiang Xie, Zhaoyang Cao, Jingcheng Shang","doi":"10.1364/OE.563098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer, the pump and probe laser frequencies are tuned to the D<sub>1</sub> transition line of alkali metal atoms to enhance measurement sensitivity. The D<sub>1</sub> line, a non-cycling transition, exhibits a low absorption coefficient. This study theoretically analyzes the influence of different parameters on the absorption coefficient of the D<sub>1</sub> line and proposes a polarization-dependent approach to enhance it. A frequency stabilization method based on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) with an enhanced absorption coefficient is introduced. Compared with the conventional method, optimizing the probe beam's polarization increases the absorption coefficient, raising the amplitude of the MTS signal. The results show that using a stronger MTS signal for frequency stabilization reduces the laser's frequency noise. Using heterodyne measurement, we characterize the linewidth-narrowing effect of MTS locking and evaluate the frequency stability of the locked laser. The linewidth of each laser is reduced from the free-running 2.2 MHz to 885 kHz after MTS stabilization. The Allan deviation measurements of the beat signal between two locked lasers are 2.6 × 10<sup>-11</sup> /<i>τ</i>. This work provides a stable optical frequency reference for SERF atomic magnetometers and offers potential applications in extracting spatial information from optically pumped atoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23503-23514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ti-diffused KTN waveguide enabling intensity modulation based on the quadratic electro-optic effect.","authors":"Tao Wang, Yu Wang, Peng Tan, Bohan Xing, Zhenghao Li, Mingxuan Liu, Ziyao Zhu, Hao Tian","doi":"10.1364/OE.560676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.560676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical waveguides are fundamental components in integrated optics, enabling the confinement of light beams at micron and nanometer scales. The performance of electro-optic materials is the key to realizing waveguide-based modulation devices. Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals exhibit exceptional quadratic electro-optic effects, making them highly promising for applications in optical waveguides and electro-optic modulators. This study explored a novel, to our knowledge, optical waveguide leveraging the quadratic electro-optic effect of KTN crystals. Buried waveguides with a width of 10 μm were fabricated in KTN crystals using the titanium ion diffusion method. The impact of ion diffusion on the crystal structure of KTN was analyzed using confocal Raman spectroscopy. Based on the optical waveguide, an intensity modulator with a single waveguide and an extinction ratio of 14.2 dB at 1550 nm was developed. The modulator's different modulation functions were evaluated without and with an applied bias voltage. This research offers valuable insights for the design and production of low-driving, efficient electro-optic modulation devices in integrated optics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23269-23279"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radial basis function-assisted global + local optimization algorithm for polarization-maintaining hollow-core anti-resonant fiber.","authors":"Lina Guo, Xueqin Sun, Yu Li, Sukai Wang, Ping Chen","doi":"10.1364/OE.566622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.566622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional evolutionary algorithms require a large number of computations for fiber optimization. This paper proposes an enhanced radial basis function-based global and local optimization algorithm to improve efficiency. The algorithm incorporates a surrogate model-based pre-screening module, which integrates both global and local models to improve the exploration and exploitation of the search space. It also employs a local model-assisted search strategy to refine promising regions. A comparative analysis with several other optimization methods is provided. To optimize two low-loss, polarization-maintaining fiber structures, the algorithm needs just 100 evaluations per model, decreasing the computational effort by at least an order of magnitude compared to conventional methods. The best-achieved birefringence is 1 × 10<sup>-4</sup>, with a loss of 0.3 dB/m.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23075-23094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.542612
Ilhwan Kim, Yosep Kim, Yong-Su Kim, Kwang Jo Lee, Hyang-Tag Lim
{"title":"Robust and bright polarization-entangled photon sources exploiting non-critical phase matching without periodic poling.","authors":"Ilhwan Kim, Yosep Kim, Yong-Su Kim, Kwang Jo Lee, Hyang-Tag Lim","doi":"10.1364/OE.542612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.542612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Entangled photon sources are essential for quantum information applications, including quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum metrology. Periodically poled (PP) crystals are commonly used to generate bright photon sources through quasi-phase matching. However, fabricating uniform micron-scale periodic structures poses significant technical difficulties, typically limiting the crystal thickness to less than a millimeter. Here, we adopt non-critical phase matching to produce a robust and bright polarization-entangled photon source based on a bulk KTP crystal located in a Sagnac interferometer. This method is tolerant to variations in pump incidence angles and temperature, and theoretically offers about a 2.5-fold brightness enhancement compared to quasi-phase matching at a specific wavelength. Additionally, the absence of periodic poling allows for a larger crystal cross-section. Using a bulk KTP crystal without a PP structure, we experimentally produce the four Bell states with a brightness of 25.1 kHz/mW at a wavelength of 1079 nm, achieving purity, concurrence, and fidelity values close to 0.99. We believe our scheme will serve as a key building block for scalable and practical photonic quantum information applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22087-22103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.563242
Mohanad Al-Rubaiee, Xiao Sun, Bocheng Yuan, Yizhe Fan, Simeng Zhu, Yiming Sun, John H Marsh, Stephen J Sweeney, Lianping Hou
{"title":"Simultaneous multi-wavelength mode-locked DFB laser based on waveguide Bragg grating microcavities.","authors":"Mohanad Al-Rubaiee, Xiao Sun, Bocheng Yuan, Yizhe Fan, Simeng Zhu, Yiming Sun, John H Marsh, Stephen J Sweeney, Lianping Hou","doi":"10.1364/OE.563242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a monolithic multi-wavelength mode-locked distributed feedback (DFB) laser based on waveguide Bragg grating microcavities, achieving simultaneous three-wavelength lasing near 1.55 μm within a single cavity. The device exhibits a uniform free spectral range of 0.46 nm (57.4 GHz), a side mode suppression ratio exceeding 30 dB, and near-transform-limited pulses (6.25 ps, time-bandwidth product = 0.359). The structure requires only one metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy growth and a single III-V material dry etching step, significantly simplifying fabrication and enhancing reproducibility. By halving and doubling the central cavity length, we also demonstrate dual- and six-wavelength operation with free spectral ranges of 0.75 nm and 0.27 nm, respectively highlighting the design versatility in tailoring the channel count and repetition frequency. This compact platform enables seamless photonic integration with semiconductor optical amplifiers, electroabsorption modulators, and other on-chip components, making it suitable for dense wavelength division multiplexing, coherent optical communications, and photonic sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22222-22234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.564043
Wenbo Zhao, Cong Zhou, Zhengda Li, Jinxin Xiong, Jingli Wang, Hui Li, Yao Lu, Hongdan Wan
{"title":"Ultra-sensitive DNA detection with single-base mismatch resolution using graded hollow-core optical microcavity functionalized by polyA-AuNPs.","authors":"Wenbo Zhao, Cong Zhou, Zhengda Li, Jinxin Xiong, Jingli Wang, Hui Li, Yao Lu, Hongdan Wan","doi":"10.1364/OE.564043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.564043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A graded hollow-core optical microcavity (GHCOM) functionalized by polyA-AuNPs is proposed and demonstrated for DNA hybridization detection with ultra-low limit of detection (LoD) and high specificity. The GHCOM with wall thickness of ∼2 μm and Q factor of 7.8 × 10<sup>6</sup> is fabricated, featuring a graded longitudinal shape which enhances light-matter interaction near sensing interface of the microcavity. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) oscillation is excited and traced spectrally for monitoring DNA hybridization in real-time. PolyA-AuNPs are functionalized onto the surface of the GHCOM to increase biological binding sites on sensor surface and hybridization efficiency between DNA molecules. DNA hybridization detection of concentration ranging from 1 fM to 1 pM is achieved, with measured DNA biosensing sensitivity of 2.38pm/lg fM and LoD of∼ 583 aM. Specific single-base mismatch detection of 19-base target DNA is also achieved by optical spectra detection of WGM oscillation. The proposed label-free DNA biosensor has advantageous of high sensitivity, high specificity and robustness, having important application values in bioengineering and disease diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22598-22609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.563433
Shibo Gao, Bowen Li, Wei Sha, Jan G Korvink, Yongbo Deng
{"title":"Multifunctional polarization converter via liquid metal-based reconfigurable transmission-reflection-integrated metasurfaces.","authors":"Shibo Gao, Bowen Li, Wei Sha, Jan G Korvink, Yongbo Deng","doi":"10.1364/OE.563433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metasurfaces, known for their unique properties such as polarization manipulation, have greatly enhanced wireless systems and optical devices. However, to meet the demand for multi-band functionality and flexibility in wireless systems, there is a need to expand the diversity and integration of polarization conversion devices. Liquid metals, with their excellent electrical conductivity and fluidity, offer a promising opportunity for reconfigurable electromagnetic devices. In this study, we propose an integrated polarization converter based on liquid metal metasurfaces. By adjusting the liquid metal injection, this device can manipulate the polarization state of transmitted or reflected waves, switch between various functions, and adjust the operating frequency. The metasurface consists of four microfluidic layers: the first and third layers contain periodic element arrays, while the second and fourth layers have cavity structures. This design supports multiple functional states, including polarization maintaining, linear-to-left-hand circular polarization, linear-to-right-hand circular polarization, and linear-to-linear polarization conversions. We fabricated a prototype and tested it in a microwave anechoic chamber. The experimental results align with theoretical predictions and simulations, demonstrating the multifunctional capabilities and adaptability of the device, making it ideal for broadband channel multiplexing and integrated antenna systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"24141-24155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of the three-frequency pulse alternation method for simultaneously troposphere wind and aerosol profiling retrieval in a direct detection lidar.","authors":"Yimai Jing, Guangyao Dai, Xiangcheng Chen, Kangwen Sun, Wenrui Long, Bingyi Liu, Qichao Wang, Jiaping Yin, Shengguang Qin, Xitao Wang, Rongzhong Li, Songhua Wu","doi":"10.1364/OE.559646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.559646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The direct detection Doppler wind lidar, which is capable of detecting Rayleigh and Mie scattering signals synchronously and achieving the atmospheric wind field profile detection from the surface to the top of the troposphere, has become an important tool for the meteorology measurements. It is divided into two measurement mechanisms, including the edged technique and the fringe-imaging technique. The single-edge measurement method with use of iodine vapor filter is one of the traditional edge detection methods. The existing iodine molecular filter wind profile retrieval algorithms are based on the precise measurement of aerosol backscatter ratio <i>R<sub>b</sub></i> and sensitivity <i>S</i>, which bring certain wind speed errors. In order to improve the wind retrieval accuracy and measurement sensitivity, this paper proposes a retrieval algorithm based on the three-frequency pulse alternation (TFPA) method by using Rayleigh-Mie scattering, realizing the simultaneous retrieval of wind profile and <i>R<sub>b</sub></i> in the troposphere. Simulation experiments were carried out under different atmospheric conditions to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of the algorithm and to analyze the main factors that affecting wind speed accuracy. The simulation results show that the TFPA method is mainly suitable for the wind profile retrieval where the aerosol exists in the atmosphere with <i>R<sub>b</sub></i> > 0.1. Compared with the direct measurement sensitivity method, the TFPA method reduced the radial wind speed error by 50%, decreased the standard deviation of the horizontal wind speed from the true value by 71.6%. The radial wind speed error caused by temperature and pressure uncertainties are small, which can to be ignored. Under stable atmospheric conditions, the effect of vertical wind velocity is also slight.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22165-22184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circular polarization beam splitter based on helically twisted dual hollow-core anti-resonant fiber.","authors":"Xiaolin Chen, Zhaoan Li, Shurui Tian, Ziqi Zheng, Yong Zhou, Xiaohui Ma, Wei Zhang, Wentan Fang, Song Huang, Lei Zhang, Weiqing Gao","doi":"10.1364/OE.563295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Manipulating the spin and orbital angular momentum of light in hollow-core anti-resonant fibers has gained growing interest in the optical community. Sparked by the space-division multiplexing technologies, we have proposed a circular polarization beam splitter (CPBS) based on helically twisted dual hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (TDHC-ARF). The designed CPBS has a length of 17.47 cm, an operating bandwidth of 68 nm, a polarization extinction ratio greater than 20 dB and a higher-order mode extinction ratio exceeding 100 with the operating wavelength ranging from 1.412 to 1.48 μm. The coupling characteristics of circularly polarized eigenmodes supported in the TDHC-ARF are investigated by employing the finite-element method combined with transformation optics technique. To verify the capability of the splitter, we have developed a code to simulate the light propagation in three-dimensional TDHC-ARF based on the full-vector finite-element beam propagation method for helicoidal waveguides. It was demonstrated that when the linearly polarized Gaussian beam composed of circularly polarized lights with opposite handedness is incident from one core, the CPBS can spatially separate the incident light into orthogonal circularly polarized components in two different cores. Our work paves the way for designing the all-fiber optical devices based on hollow-core anti-resonant fiber, opening up applications in optical information processing and communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22974-22987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.561000
Chenpeng Hao, Siwei Sun, Bo Liu, Shuang Wang, Hongwei Li
{"title":"Enhancing the performance of entanglement-based WDM-QKD.","authors":"Chenpeng Hao, Siwei Sun, Bo Liu, Shuang Wang, Hongwei Li","doi":"10.1364/OE.561000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.561000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (EB-QKD) is considered an important implementation method for fully connected quantum networks. Due to practical considerations for conserving fiber resources, the demand for integrating EB-QKD into existing optical networks through wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) in the same fiber (referred to as EB-WDM-QKD) is increasingly urgent. However, the noise generated from the classical system is an inherent limitation that restricts the performance of EB-WDM-QKD. In this work, we proposed an improved scheme that employs optical amplifiers to enhance the performance of EB-WDM-QKD. Under the fixed classical received power scenario, the transmission distance can be increased by more than 70 km compared to the original EB-WDM-QKD scheme without amplifiers. Moreover, for the scenario where the launch power of data lasers and amplifiers in the classical channel is non-adjustable, we applied the advantage distillation (AD) method to further enhance the performance of EB-WDM-QKD, and the transmission distance can be enhanced by more than 50 km. Our work can significantly enhance the performance of the EB-WDM-QKD system by optimizing the configuration of the classical subsystem and the post-processing of the quantum subsystem. The methods have the potential to be extended to various WDM-QKD systems, providing new perspectives for the advancement of WDM-QKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22816-22825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}