Optics express最新文献

{"title":"In-situ synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 on an optical microbubble cavity for enhanced ethanol sensing.","authors":"Yanyan Zhi, Li Liu, Yan Huang, Li-Peng Sun, Wei Wang, Jie Li, Jiejun Zhang, Jianping Yao, Bai-Ou Guan","doi":"10.1364/OE.565435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.565435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical whispering-gallery-mode microcavities have been applied for ultra-sensitive detection of physical parameters and nano-scale analytes due to strong light-matter interactions. Surface treatments to enhance mode confinement or increase analyte interaction with the optical field are effective methods to improve the sensing performance. In this work, an optical microbubble cavity fabricated via heat-and-pull and arc discharge techniques is functionalized with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), for concentration sensing of ethanol solutions. The bubble-shaped structure forms an internal microfluidic channel to sustain the analyte solution, which provides an excellent platform for trace detection. By growing a multilayer of MOFs on the inner surface of the microcavity, the sensitivity is significantly enhanced, with distinct behaviors observed when detecting ethanol solution concentrations lower or higher than 0.1<i>%</i>. Compared to a pure silica microbubble cavity, the sensitivity is enhanced by 47 times and 7 times at lower and higher concentrations, respectively. The knowledge gained on sensitivity enhancement of microcavities induced by surface functionalization will guide the combinations of novel materials and optical sensors for superior detection demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23065-23074"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method for measuring geometric dimensions of micro parts based on a telecentric camera.","authors":"Rui Wang, Fajie Duan, Xiao Fu, Jiaxin Li","doi":"10.1364/OE.565038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.565038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the development of digital precision manufacturing technology, the demand for precision measurement is continuously increasing in fields such as semiconductors, electronic circuits, and 3C. The measurement method based on vision is widely used in precision measurement. However, an ordinary optical lens has large distortion and variable magnification, which limits the improvement of measurement accuracy. Based on this problem, a method for measuring geometric dimensions of micro parts based on a telecentric camera is proposed, where precise calibration of the telecentric camera and detection of sub-pixel edges are the key factors to determine the measurement accuracy. So, a high-precision calibration method of the telecentric camera based on a single image is proposed, which ensures the calibration accuracy and improves the calibration efficiency. Combining the idea of the Steger algorithm, an improved Zernike moment sub-pixel edge detection method is proposed to improve the detection accuracy of sub-pixel edges. Additionally, a measurement system was established to conduct the experiments of camera calibration, system calibration, and practical performance evaluation to verify the proposed method. The results demonstrated that the relative error of the magnification of a telecentric lens is 0.7%, and the maximum mean absolute error of the measurement result is 0.84μm in the measurement range of 2.1 mm. The proposed method in this paper has high precision and good stability, which can provide technical support for the inspection of the manufacturing precision of micro parts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23580-23595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based terahertz linear polarizer made by femtosecond pulse laser ablation.","authors":"Hongye Wang, Zhenyu Zhao, Jiang Yu, Chenhao Zhang, Ye Dai, Takeshi Moriyasu, Yuya Ishikawa, Hui Li, Masahiko Tani","doi":"10.1364/OE.557293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.557293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Linear polarizers with high extinction ratios (ERs) and low insertion losses (ILs) are essential for terahertz applications. We fabricated a Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based terahertz linear polarizer using femtosecond pulse laser ablation. A 7-µm vacant linewidth was drawn on a drop-cast Ti₃C₂T_x MXene thin film. Increasing the line density improved the ER (from 11 dB to 20 dB) and reduced the IL (from 1.5 dB to 0.3 dB). The polarizer's transmittance follows Malus's law, with directivity surpassing that of PEC-based counterparts. This outstanding performance is attributed to Ti₃C₂T_x MXene's high conductivity and large absorption, making it a cost-effective linear terahertz polarizer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"24072-24083"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of heralded high-fidelity high-dimensional entangled states implemented with qudit-encoded photon systems.","authors":"Ming Ma, Qiu-Lin Tan, Fang-Fang Du","doi":"10.1364/OE.561002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.561002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared with traditional two-dimensional qubits, higher-dimensional qubits offer a larger state space for storing and processing information, which can manifest stronger non-classical correlations, simplify circuit complexity, reduce computational resources, and enhance loss tolerance in photon-based quantum information processing. To harness the potential, essential research on preparing qudit-based high-dimensional entangled states is necessary. In the paper, we propose the preparation procedure of arbitrary four-dimensional two-qudit entanglement and three-qudit entanglement for photon systems implemented with error-heralded quantum devices and controlled-not gates. Moreover, as the practical errors that grow out of defective photon scattering, i.e., coupling strength restriction of the quantum-dot-cavity system and cavity leakage imperfection, can be turned into the response of the single-photon detectors, the generation of arbitrary high-dimensional entanglement appears in an error-heralded way, and their fidelities are robust, enhancing experimental accessibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23678-23691"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable erbium-doped waveguide amplifier with external fiber-to-fiber gain using reactively sputtered polycrystalline aluminium oxide.","authors":"C E Osornio-Martinez, D B Bonneville, M Dijkstra, S M García-Blanco","doi":"10.1364/OE.558707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate reactively sputtered polycrystalline Al₂O₃:Er³⁺ waveguide amplifiers exhibiting external fiber-to-fiber net gain, broadband amplification, and low noise figure. With an erbium concentration of 1.5 × 10²⁰ ions/cm³, a 30 cm amplifier length, and bi-directional pumping at 1480 nm, > 14 dB of external gain at 1550 nm is shown with off-chip output powers of over 56 mW measured at the output fiber, as well as sustained gain across 60 nm of bandwidth. The fiber-to-fiber noise figure (NF) is 6.5 ± 0.1 dB at 1550 nm, with a minimum value of 5.6 ± 0.1 dB at 1566 nm. Such a device is made possible using polycrystalline Al₂O₃:Er³⁺ capable of high-temperature LPCVD SiO₂ cladding, and therefore low coupling and background waveguide losses down to 2.5 dB/facet and below 0.1 dB/cm, respectively, due to high conformality and optical quality. This demonstration highlights the importance and advantages of using polycrystalline Al₂O₃:Er³⁺ for applications that require optical amplification on a scalable and versatile photonic waveguide platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22458-22468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-consistent analysis of quantum transport in a split-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade laser.","authors":"Shiran Levy, Nathalie Lander Gower, Silvia Piperno, Asaf Albo","doi":"10.1364/OE.559242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.559242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The split-well resonant phonon (SWRP) THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a novel design scheme introduced in previous studies, demonstrating significant potential due to its reduced overlap between doped regions and active laser states. This structural advantage was expected to mitigate ionized impurity scattering (IIS) and improve overall device performance, motivating a detailed investigation of the transport mechanisms. Here, we analyze the SWRP design using nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) simulations. Our analysis of the SWRP-based THz QCL design reveals key mechanisms limiting its high-temperature performance and provides a pathway for significant improvement. In our study, we found that the injector level and the upper laser level (ULL) exhibit different population distributions, suggesting that injection coupling can be further enhanced to improve the temperature performance. Additionally, backfilling remains a limiting factor, which could be mitigated by increasing the energy separation between the lower laser level (LLL) and the injector level beyond 36 meV. Furthermore, our analysis highlights that interface roughness (IFR) significantly impacts optical gain and spectral broadening. We propose improving the design by reducing Al content in the barriers to reduce the interface roughness scattering, for example, by implementing mixed potential barriers, maintaining the injector at 30% aluminum while reducing other barriers to 15%. Our findings provide valuable insights into the high-temperature performance of SWRP-based THz QCLs and establish clear guidelines for further optimization, potentially pushing the design beyond the current state-of-the-art.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22483-22496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon photonic MEMS 2 × 2 elementary switch based on horizontal adiabatic directional couplers.","authors":"Yinpeng Hu, Jiayue Zhu, Ye Lu, Yunzhi Liu, Huan Li, Daoxin Dai","doi":"10.1364/OE.558125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-speed data processing requires large-scale photonic integrated circuits, in which photonic switches serve as essential components for reconfiguration. Micro-electromechanical-system (MEMS)-based photonic switches, particularly those utilizing adiabatic directional couplers (ADCs), offer advantages such as broad bandwidth, exceptional fabrication tolerance, and digital operation. However, previous ADC-based switches are limited to 1 × 2 configurations, restricting their compatibility with diverse array topologies. Here, we propose a novel silicon photonic MEMS 2 × 2 switch based on horizontal ADCs (HADCs) which is compatible with all mainstream array topologies. In simulation, the switch features low insertion loss of 6-19 mdB/7-32 mdB and low crosstalk of -44.1 - -37.4 dB/-32 - -22.6 dB in broad bandwidth of 1500-1600 nm in the OFF/ON state, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate insertion loss of 0.15-0.7 dB/1.1-1.6 dB, crosstalk of -48.6 - -40.1 dB/-9.2 - -8.4 dB in the OFF/ON state, respectively. The measured switch performance in the ON state can be further improved by using more comprehensive coordinated photonic/mechanical design or low-strain SOI wafers to suppress the waveguide buckling in our future work. Additionally, fast ON/OFF switching speed of 2.6/1.8 μs and reliable durability of >10⁹ switching cycles have been demonstrated experimentally. This 2 × 2 switch design addresses critical limitations of previous architectures and is a promising approach for versatile applications including microwave photonics, photonic interconnects, LiDAR, and spectrometers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23809-23819"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOA-based optical burst power equalization for high-speed next generation passive optical networks.","authors":"Fariba Jamali, Stephen L Murphy, Cleitus Antony, Paul D Townsend","doi":"10.1364/OE.561120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.561120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on passive optical networks (PONs) capable of reaching speeds of 100 Gb/s per wavelength and beyond has become critical in recent years. One cost-effective solution is 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4), which utilizes affordable, low-bandwidth devices. The use of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) as receiver preamplifiers is being investigated to compensate the high PAM4 signal to noise ratio requirement and address PON loss budgets of up to 29 dB. The most recent ITU-T 50G standard specifies an expected loud-soft packet dynamic range of 20.5 dB, currently managed by burst mode trans-impedance amplifiers (BM-TIAs). However, conventional BM-TIAs face limitations in dynamic range and bandwidth when processing high-speed burst-mode upstream signals. To overcome these challenges, we propose burst power equalization in the optical domain to simplify the burst-mode receiver's design. This paper introduces two novel SOA-based equalization techniques referred to here as: (A) variable bias and (B) control light injection. These methods not only equalize the burst packets but mitigate nonlinear SOA patterning effects in high-power bursts. Our experimental results demonstrate that these SOA-based equalizers extend the dynamic range to 24 dB in a 100 Gb/s PAM4 system, maintaining bit error rates below the soft-decision forward error correction threshold. These findings show that SOA-based equalization reduces the need for high-gain BM-TIAs, thereby preventing any bandwidth limitations associated with the TIA. Furthermore, we show that complex digital signal processing is unnecessary to achieve high dynamic range using an SOA preamplifier, and linear equalization is sufficient to compensate low-cost 25G class receiver bandwidth limitations and relevant fiber dispersion effects. Our approach reduces system complexity while enhancing performance, and therefore represents a cost-effective and scalable solution, positioning SOA-based equalization as a critical innovation for future-proofing high-speed optical networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"24084-24097"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial frequency-dependent polarization holography in TI/PMMA photopolymers for high-density storage.","authors":"Peng Liu, Feiyang Song, Jingru Ouyang","doi":"10.1364/OE.562512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.562512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a systematic investigation of orthogonal polarization holographic storage in titaniumocene-doped poly (methyl methacrylate) (TI/PMMA) photopolymers, focusing on spatial frequency dependencies (328-3760 lines/mm) and their interplay with holographic performance. By unifying Maxwell's equations with third-order dielectric tensor analysis, we developed a predictive theoretical framework to resolve the non-monotonic relationship between spatial frequency, diffraction efficiency (<i>η</i>), and refractive index modulation (Δ<i>n</i>). Experimental results demonstrate a maximum Δ<i>n</i> of 1.29 × 10^-4 alongside a stable diffraction efficiency of 42% (1500 lines/mm, 50 ° incident intersection angle) and a record-low response time of 80.2 s at 3760 lines/mm. Notably, the material exhibits exceptional polarization fidelity, with polarization conversion ratios (PCR) exceeding 94% across thicknesses (1-3 mm) and exposure energies (10-30 mW). These findings provide a detailed research foundation for the polarization holographic storage of TI/PMMA polymer materials and offer feasibility and potential for high-density data storage of wavefront phase, polarization, and amplitude information simultaneously in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23926-23938"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wideband low-RCS Fabry-Perot antenna with a low-profile enabled by an absorptive partially reflective surface.","authors":"Ran Liu, Bian Wu, Ding Zhang, Liang Chen, Yu-Tong Zhao","doi":"10.1364/OE.563642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Partially reflective surface is essential especially in the Fabry-Perot (F-P) antenna to achieve high gain radiation property. However, it remains challenging to realize both high gain and wideband low-RCS at the same time. Here we propose a high-gain F-P antenna with a wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction and a low-profile configuration based on a strategic absorptive partially reflective surface (APRS). Compared with the conventional meatasurface integrated in F-P antennas, the conflict between gain and RCS reduction is effectively resolved by the APRS with unidirectional absorption of the external waves instead of the radiated wave. Full-wave numerical simulations show that APRS achieves >0 dB monostatic RCS reduction within 6 ∼ 30 GHz and >10 dB monostatic RCS reduction in 10.5 ∼ 15.2 GHz, 22.5 ∼ 28 GHz, along with more than 10 dB bistatic RCS reduction within 6 ∼ 30 GHz even at incidence angles up to 45°. Meanwhile, the peak realized gain of 13.8 dBi is maintained due to the minimal absorption (approximately 3.7%) of the radiated wave from feed antenna. By properly tailoring the resonance conditions of the cavity, the total profile is minimized to 0.34 λc (λc is the free space wavelength at the center frequency). Finally, a prototype antenna is fabricated and the measured results validate that the proposed APRS broadens the application of multifunctional integrated stealth metasurfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23515-23525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}